Kota Kinabalu International Airport

Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) (IATA: BKI, ICAO: WBKK) is an international airport in Kota Kinabalu, the state capital of Sabah, Malaysia. It is located approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) southwest of the city centre. In 2019, over 9 million passengers passed through the airport, making it the second busiest airport in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur International Airport in terms of passenger movements & aircraft movements and the third busiest in terms of cargo handled.

Kota Kinabalu International Airport

Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kota Kinabalu
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerKhazanah Nasional
OperatorMalaysia Airports
ServesGreater Kota Kinabalu (also West Coast and Interior divisions of Sabah)
LocationKepayan and Tanjung Aru, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Hub for
Operating base for
Time zoneMST (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL10 ft / 3 m
Coordinates05°56′41″N 116°03′31″E
Map
BKI /WBKK is located in Sabah
BKI /WBKK
BKI /WBKK
Location in Sabah state
BKI /WBKK is located in East Malaysia
BKI /WBKK
BKI /WBKK
Location in East Malaysia
BKI /WBKK is located in Borneo
BKI /WBKK
BKI /WBKK
Location in Borneo
BKI /WBKK is located in Malaysia
BKI /WBKK
BKI /WBKK
Location in Malaysia
BKI /WBKK is located in Southeast Asia
BKI /WBKK
BKI /WBKK
Location in Southeast Asia
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
02/20 3,780 12,402 Asphalt
Statistics (2018)
Passengers8,622,488 (Increase 7.7%)
Airfreight (tonnes)28,039 (Increase 2.4%)
Aircraft movements79,044 (Increase 7.9%)
Source: official web site[1]
AIP Malaysia[2]

Being the main gateway into East Malaysia, the airport serve as the main hub for MASwings, the secondary hub for Firefly[3][4] and Malaysia Airlines, and the operating base for AirAsia and MYAirline.[5] Other general aviation companies such as Sabah Air Aviation, Sabah Flying Club, Sazma Aviation & Layang Layang Aerospace had set up their main base here. Besides that, Royal Malaysia Police Air Operation Force also have their base here.

Batik Air Malaysia (formerly known as Malindo Air), will re-activate Kota Kinabalu International Airport as its secondary hub soon. The airline previously operated flights from Kota Kinabalu to Sandakan, Tawau, Kuching, Tianjin and Wuhan. Currently, the airline only focuses its operation in KLIA & Subang Airport.

History
Kota Kinabalu International Airport.

The airport began as a military airfield built by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.[6] It was then known as Jesselton Airfield (Kota Kinabalu was known as Jesselton at the time). Towards the end of the war, it suffered severe bombings by Allied Forces.[7] After the war, the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) of North Borneo (now Sabah) took over the operation and maintenance of the airport.

Regular passenger service commenced in May 1949, with a weekly Malayan Airways flight from Singapore, via Kuching and Labuan; the route was extended to Sandakan in September 1949.[8] By 1950, the airport served as a stopover for a biweekly flights between Hong Kong and Labuan, via Manila and Sandakan operated by Cathay Pacific.[9][10] The domestic air service was further developed by Sabah Airways Limited (later known as Borneo Airways) in 1953, connecting the town to Sandakan, Kudat, Ranau, Keningau and Tawau.[11]

By 1957, the original grass strip runway was resurfaced with bitumen material and a new terminal was built.[6] In 1959, the runway had been extended to 1,593 metres to enable the operation of Malayan Airways' turboprop Viscount aircraft.

By 1963, the runway was further reinforced and lengthened to 1,921 meters to cater for Malaysian Airways Comet 4 jet operations. Commercial flights and passenger arrivals gradually increased and a larger terminal building was needed. By 1967, Cathay Pacific operated a twice-weekly Convair 880 jet service between the airport and Hong Kong with an intermediate stop in Manila.[12]

In 1969, a British consultancy firm was appointed to formulate a Master Plan for a phased and organised development of KKIA over the next few decades. The master plan was submitted to the government with recommendations to:

  • reinforce and extend the runway to 2,987 metres to cater for Boeing 707 and 747 jet operations
  • build a new terminal complex and parallel taxiway connecting to the runway
  • provide navigation equipment, communication facilities and a modern light system for the runway

In the 1970s and 1980s, a new terminal building was built on the other side of the runway from the original terminal. Almost all commercial flights were shifted to this newer and larger terminal. Subsequently, the original terminal became known as the Airport Lama ("Old Airport"). In 1992, the DCA of Sabah was corporatised and Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad took over the management and operations of the airport.[6] A further expansion project for both terminals began in 2006, and in January 2007 the original terminal was rebranded Terminal 2 whilst the newer terminal became known as Terminal 1.

As a major economic and leisure hub in Malaysian Borneo, past operators at the airport include Air Macau, Airphil Express, Asiana Airlines, Australian Airlines, Cathay Dragon, Cathay Pacific, China Northern Airlines, Dragonair, Far Eastern Air Transport, Fly Asian Xpress, HK Express, Indonesia AirAsia, Korean Air, Lucky Air, Mandarin Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Jetstar Asia Airways, Shenzhen Airlines, SilkAir, Singapore Airlines, South East Asian Airlines, South Phoenix Airways, Thai AirAsia, Thai Airways International, Thai Smile, Tiger Airways, TransAsia Airways, Uni Air, Vladivostok Air, Wings Air and Xiamen Airlines.

Terminal 2 was closed on 1 December 2015 and all airlines shifted their operations to Terminal 1.[13] There are plans to use Terminal 2 for cargo operations and general aviation.[14]

Expansion and renovation

In mid-2005, the Malaysian federal government approved major renovation and refurbishment works to the main terminal (Terminal 1) as well as a runway expansion project worth RM1.4 billion. The project saw the runway extended from 2,988 m (9,803 ft) to 3,780 m (12,402 ft) and the size of the main terminal increased from 34,000 m2 (370,000 sq ft) to 87,000 m2 (940,000 sq ft). Terminal 1 can accommodate four Boeing 747s, one Airbus A330, seven Boeing 737s, three Fokker 50s and three Dorniers at any given time. It has 12 jetways for passenger use.[15][16] The air traffic control tower, which had hitherto been attached to Terminal 1, was demolished and replaced by a stand-alone tower. Due to delays in upgrade works and disputes between the Department of Civil Aviation of Malaysia and the contractor responsible for the project, the runway extension and upgrading of the ILS (Instrument Landing System) was delayed to Q1 2014.[17]

Schematic map of the airport.

As a result of this expansion, the airport is now able to accommodate the world's largest passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380. It has also become the second largest airport in Malaysia, with an annual capacity of 12 million passengers – 9 million for Terminal 1 and 3 million for Terminal 2.[18]

Generally, flights operating into and out of KKIA are serviced by narrow-body aircraft. However, during school holiday seasons, airlines such as Malaysia Airlines[19] may upgrade their flights to wide-body aircraft, particularly the Airbus A330-300. Additionally, KKIA was the first airport in Malaysia to welcome the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, operated by Royal Brunei during several product introductory flights in November 2013.[20] As to date, the largest aircraft to have utilize the airport are the Boeing 747-8,[21] B777-300ER[22] and Airbus A350 XWB.[23]

Airport relocation to Kimanis (planning stage)
For the proposed airport in Kimanis, see KKIA@Kimanis.

In June 2022, a MOU was signed by Berjaya land with Sabah state-owned strategic investment arm, Qhazanah Sabah Bhd for the relocation of the existing airport to Kimanis (KKIA@Kimanis).[24][25]

As of July 2023, the state-owned strategic investment arm, Qhazanah Sabah Bhd chairman Datuk Dr Yusof Yacob said the state investment arm recently presented the feasibility study on the relocation of the airport to Sabah Economic Planning Unit (EPU) and had met with Transport Ministry personnel about the proposal. The outcome is positive, and they acknowledged the Chief Minister's plan as a vision for Sabah. He added that it would now be up to the state cabinet's approval.[26]

The relocation would develop an area of 6,070.5 hectares. Out of the total area, 2,023.5 hectares was for the airport while the remaining for supporting services, a new airport city, industrial and residential areas. It will also include expansion programmes for Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) for the Aeronautics or aeroplane related industry the aviation training centre.[27]

Terminals
Check-in counters, Terminal 1.

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 is the newer and the main terminal of KKIA. It can be accessed via Jalan Kepayan, Jalan Lintas and Jalan Putatan located in the suburb or township of Kepayan. The terminal is capable of handling 9 million passengers per annum and is equipped with the following facilities:

  • 64 check-in counters for international and domestic flights
  • 2 baggage x-ray check-in machines and 5 hand luggage x-ray machines (3 for departures, 1 for VIPs and 1 for staff)
  • 36 immigration counters (16 for departures and 20 for arrivals)
  • 6 baggage carousels
  • 5 floors (First floor: arrival hall, second floor: airline offices and inter-state departures, third floor: check-in counters and domestic/foreign departures, fourth floor: Malaysia Airports office, fifth floor: Malaysia Airports administration office)
  • 12 aerobridges (to provide jetway facilities for landing arrangements of either 5 widebody aircraft along with 2 narrowbody aircraft or 12 narrowbody aicraft)
  • 22 aircraft parking bays capable of accommodating wide-body, narrow-body and turboprop aircraft
  • 1,400 car parking bays

The Departure Hall column head design is inspired by the 'Wakid' basket design. A 'Wakid' is, in Sabahan tradition, a symbol of preparing for a meaningful journey. Some ethnic patterns of the Rungus and Bajau ethnic groups are also incorporated into the design of the floor tiles.

The first flight to depart at the new wing was MH2637 to Kuala Lumpur at 06:50 while the last flight at the old wing was at 00:25. Malaysia Airlines is the main operating airline in this terminal.[28]

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, KKIA experienced issues during peak periods where aircraft parking is limited. A temporary workaround by Malaysian Airports was the introduction of a few new aircraft remote bays situated beside the MASkargo hangar. The remote bay allows either 3 additional narrowbody aircraft or 1 widebody and 1 narrowbody aircraft at any given time. Also introduced was the revision on current turboprop aircraft to narrowbody jet parking to allow more B737/A320 aircraft.[29] The remote bay construction has been completed on August 2022 which mostly use by freighter airlines.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 was the original terminal building of the airport when it was first built. It is accessed via Jalan Mat Salleh in Tanjung Aru and is located on the other side of the runway from Terminal 1. Terminal 2 served charter and low-cost carriers, the main airline utilizing the terminal being AirAsia.

In 2006, Terminal 2 underwent a major renovation and extension to accommodate low-cost carriers, reopening on 1 January 2007 in conjunction with Visit Malaysia Year 2007. The works were completed 27 months ahead of schedule. It had 26 check-in counters for domestic and international flights and 9 parking bays capable for narrow-body aircraft as well as 7 luggage x-ray machines, a VIP room and 13 immigration counters. The terminal had the capacity to handle 3 million passengers annually.[18]

However, with limited expansion space and the congestion at Terminal 2, as well as to consolidate all airlines operations in one terminal, airlines at Terminal 2 was ordered to move to Terminal 1. The decision was opposed by AirAsia, and the airline refused to move despite a government directive to do so, missing the deadline five times as of 1 August 2015.[30] The issue was resolved when AirAsia agreed to move to Terminal 1 on 1 December 2015, and Terminal 2 was closed at midnight that day.[13] The terminal will be converted for cargo, charter, VIP flights and general aviation use.[14]

The Terminal currently serves for cargo operators such as Raya Airways and several General Aviation companies such as Weststar and Layang-Layang. Recently, during a state event with many VIP's in attendance, private jets on charter were moved to Terminal 2 to avoid congestion aircraft parking bays on Terminal 1. This includes a Boeing BBJ2 and B747-8i. [31]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
AirAsia Beijing–Daxing,[32] Bintulu, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Hong Kong, Johor Bahru,[33] Kota Bharu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching, Macau,[34] Miri, Sandakan, Shenzhen, Sibu, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tawau, Wuhan
AirAsia XSeasonal: Kuala Lumpur–International (resumes 15 December 2023)[35]
Air Busan Busan[36]
Batik Air Malaysia Kuala Lumpur–International
Seasonal Charter: Chengdu–Tianfu[37]
Cebu Pacific Manila
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou
Firefly Kuching, Penang, Sandakan, Tawau[38]
Jeju Air Seoul–Incheon
Jin Air Seoul–Incheon
Seasonal: Busan
Loong Air Seasonal Charter: Xi'an[39]
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International, Taipei–Taoyuan,[40] Tokyo–Narita[41]
MASwings Labuan, Lahad Datu, Lawas, Limbang, Mulu
MYAirline Kuala Lumpur–International,[42] Tawau (both suspended)[43][44]
Philippines AirAsia Manila
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Scoot Singapore[45]
Shanghai Airlines Shanghai–Pudong[46]
T'way Air Seoul–Incheon[47]
Seasonal Charter: Jeju[48]

Cargo
AirlinesDestinations
Teleport operated by AirAsia Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International[49]
MASkargo Bandar Seri Begawan, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International, Labuan
Raya Airways Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuala Lumpur–Subang
SF Airlines Shenzhen
World Cargo Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International, Macau, Miri
My Jet Xpress Airlines[50] Kuala Lumpur–International
Kargo Xpress[51] Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International, Shenzhen

Traffic and statistics

Traffic
Annual passenger traffic at BKI airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger numbers and aircraft statistics
Year Passengers
handled		 Passenger
% Change		 Cargo
(tonnes)		 Cargo
% Change		 Aircraft
Movements		 Aircraft
% Change
19942,096,241Steady24,270Steady40,608Steady
19952,554,181Increase 21.829,537Increase 21.743,882Increase 8.0
19962,622,190Increase 2.723,099Decrease 21.845,726Increase 4.2
19972,732,146Increase 4.237,203Increase 61.149,148Increase 7.5
19982,393,431Decrease 12.927,942Decrease 24.938,716Decrease 21.2
19992,752,207Increase 15.027,087Decrease 3.140,634Increase 5.0
20003,092,326Increase 12.327,347Increase 1.041,411Increase 2.0
20013,036,196Decrease 1.824,887Decrease 9.040,157Decrease 3.0
20023,256,212Increase 7.228,112Increase 13.044,528Increase 10.9
20033,302,366Increase 1.425,638Decrease 8.844,748Increase 0.5
20043,918,201Increase 18.627,191Increase 6.152,352Increase 17.0
20053,975,136Increase 1.425,473Decrease 6.351,824Decrease 1.0
20064,015,221Increase 1.028,356Increase 11.352,055Increase 0.4
20074,399,939Increase 9.635,638Increase 25.752,047Decrease 0.01
20084,689,164Increase 6.634,532Decrease 3.154,317Increase 4.4
20094,868,526Increase 3.825,079Decrease 27.453,554Decrease 1.4
20105,223,454Increase 7.326,733Increase 6.655,241Increase 3.2
20115,808,639Increase 11.228,534Increase 6.759,638Increase 8.0
20125,848,135Increase 0.723,563Decrease 17.458,366Decrease 2.1
20136,929,692Increase 18.521,922Decrease 7.067,601Increase 15.8
20146,792,968Decrease 2.123,769Increase 8.473,074Increase 8.1
20156,573,461Decrease 3.224,768Increase 4.271,209Decrease 2.6
20167,263,339Increase 10.528,764Increase 16.170,138Decrease 1.5
20178,006,446Increase 10.227,372Decrease 4.873,237Increase 4.4
20188,622,488Increase 7.728,039Increase 2.479,044Increase 7.9
20199,445,494Increase 9.528,664Increase 2.283,580Increase 5.7
20202,302,514Decrease 75.641,724Increase 45.632,081Decrease 61.6
Source: Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad[52]

Statistics
Busiest Flights Out of Kota Kinabalu International Airport by Frequency as of July 2019
RankDestinationFrequency
(Weekly)
1 Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 208
2 Sabah Tawau 71
3 Sabah Sandakan 53
4 South Korea Seoul 42
5 Sarawak Kuching 39
6 Sabah Lahad Datu 35
7 Labuan Labuan 28
8 Johor Johor Bahru 21
8 Singapore Singapore 21
8 China Guangzhou 21
8 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan 21

Accidents and incidents
  • 6 June 1976 – A chartered Sabah Air aircraft carrying several government ministers crashed in nearby Sembulan upon descending towards the airport, killing 11 passengers including the then-Chief Minister of Sabah Tun Fuad Stephens.[53]
  • 4 September 1991 – A chartered Grumman Gulfstream II aircraft crashed into a hill while on approach to the airport, killing all 12 people on board.[54]

See also

References
  1. "Malaysia Airports". Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  2. WBKK – KOTA KINABALU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT at Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia
  3. "Firefly to set up secondary hub in KK". The Star. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  4. "Firefly tubuh hab sepenuhnya di Sabah pada Mei". Sabah Media. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  5. "MYAirline plans KK airport as second hub either on Q4 2023 or Q1 2024". The Vibes. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  6. Profile Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Civil Aviation, Sabah. Accessed 10 April 2007.
  7. "USAAF Chronology". Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  8. Ivor Kraal (15 May 1949). "Singapore Skyline". NLB. The Straits Times. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  9. "Singapore Skyline". eresources.nlb.gov.sg/. The Straits Times. 14 May 1949. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  10. Colonial Reports - North Borneo 1951. London: Her Majesty Stationery Office. 1951. p. 77.
  11. Colonial Reports - North Borneo 1953 (PDF). London: Her Majesty Stationery Office. 1954. p. 127.
  12. timetableimages.com, Cathay Pacific 16 April 1967 system timetable
  13. Sario, Ruben (30 November 2015). "KKIA Terminal 2 to close from midnight". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  14. "Airasia must relocate from KKIA'S 'land-locked' terminal 2, says MAHB". The Sun Daily (Malaysia). 17 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  15. "Airport expansion of national interest: CM" Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Express News, 12 April 2006.
  16. Design and Build Contract – Upgrading of the Kota Kinabalu International Airport Project (Package 1 – Terminal Building and Landside Infrastructure & Facilities) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, WCT Engineering Berhad. Accessed 11 May 2007.
  17. "KKIA to get ILS in 2014" Archived 6 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Malaysian Insider,
  18. "LCC terminal ready year end" Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Express News, 23 May 2006.
  19. "Photo: 9M-MTG (CN: 1318) Malaysia Airlines Airbus A330-323 by ChinJH". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  20. "Book International Flights to Asia - Royal Brunei Airlines". Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  21. "Photo: V8-BKH (CN: 673) B747-8i by Ahmad Sallehuddin A.Sahak". 23 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  22. "Photo: HL8250 (CN: 37650) B777-300ER by ChinJH". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  23. "MAS Airbus A350 conducts test flight to KKIA". The Borneo Post. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  24. "Sabah govt investment arm signs MoU with Berjaya Land to explore moving Kota Kinabalu International Airport to Kimanis". The Edge. 30 June 2022.
  25. "Berjaya Land And QSB Study Feasibility In Relocating Sabah Airport". Business Today. 30 June 2023.
  26. "Relocation of KKIA to Kimanis takes up five 5 years". Bernama News. 31 July 2023.
  27. "Airport relocation likely to happen in 2030, if Sabah cabinet approves". NST News. 31 July 2023.
  28. Kota Kinabalu International Airport, A-Z World Airports Online. Accessed 11 May 2007.
  29. "KOTA KINABALU FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION KOTA KINABALU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTTHE PROPOSED PARKING APRON EXPANSION, RECONFIGURATION OF AIRCRAFT STAND, PAVEMENT REHABILITATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED WORKS WORK SCHEDULE AND MOVEMENT AREAS RESTRICTION".
  30. Yeong, Eva (17 September 2015). "AirAsia to stay put at KKIA Terminal 2". The Sun Daily (Malaysia). Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  31. "Sultan Johor, Brunei antara tetamu majlis perkahwinan anak KM Sabah". Berita Harian (Malaysia). 17 September 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  32. "AirAsia adds BKI-PKX route". Teleport FB page. 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  33. "Johor route for AirAsia".
  34. "AirAsia to resume BKI-MFM route". Teleport FB page. 27 June 2023.
  35. "AIRASIA X / THAI AIRASIA X NW23 A330 GENERAL NETWORK OVERVIEW". AeroRoutes Website. 8 October 2023.
  36. "Air Busan schedules Kota Kinabalu service from May 2019". Routesonline.
  37. "Batik Air Malaysia resumes TFU-BKI chartered flight". Pelancongan Kini. 30 July 2023.
  38. "Firefly reinstates jet ops from Penang with direct flights to Johor Bahru, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu". TheEdgeMarkets. 17 February 2022.
  39. "143 penumpang dari Xi'an tiba di KKIA disambut meriah". 19 July 2023.
  40. "Malaysia Airlines NW22 Kota Kinabalu–Taipei Schedule Changes". AeroRoutes. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  41. "Malaysia Airlines NS23 Kota Kinabalu–Tokyo Service Adjustment". AeroRoutes. 27 June 2023.
  42. "MYAirline debuts key domestic routes". ARGS. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  43. "MYAirline April 2023 Network Additions". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  44. "MYAirline Suspends Operation from 12OCT23". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  45. Lim, Sean (22 November 2018). "Frequent fliers on some SilkAir routes will soon have to fly Scoot, SIA announces ahead of merger". businessinsider.sg. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  46. "Shanghai Airlines Resumes Kota Kinabalu Service In 3Q23". AeroRoutes. 5 June 2023.
  47. "T'Way Air Adds Seoul – Kota Kinabalu Service From late-June 2023". AeroRoutes. 16 May 2023.
  48. "Jeju-Kota Kinabalu charter flight to begin in mid-October by T'way Air". FlightsFrom.com. 28 September 2023.
  49. "Teleport A321F Routes". Teleport Facebook page. 29 August 2023.
  50. "MyJet Express tambah 2 pesawat".
  51. "Malaysia's Kargo Xpress outlines fleet growth plans".
  52. "Malaysia Airports: Airports Statistics 2020" (PDF). malaysiaairports. 2 April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  53. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident GAF Nomad N.22B 9M-ATZ Kota Kinabalu Airport (BKI)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  54. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Grumman American G-1159 Gulfstream II N204C Kota Kinabalu". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
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