Kotwica

The kotwica was first painted on walls in Warsaw on 20 March 1942 by Polish boy scouts, as a psychological warfare tactic against the occupying Germans. On 27 June, it was used for a new form of minor sabotage: in order to commemorate the day of the patron saint for President Władysław Raczkiewicz and commander-in-chief Władysław Sikorski, members of the AK stamped several hundred copies of the German propaganda newspaper Nowy Kurier Warszawski ('The New Warsaw Courier') with the kotwica. This would become an annual event during the occupation: only 500 papers were defaced in the first year, but this the number grew to 7,000 the year after.

On 18 February 1943, General Stefan Rowecki, commander of the AK, issued an order specifying that all sabotage, partisan and terrorist actions be signed with the kotwica. On 25 February, Biuletyn Informacyjny, the official press outlet of the AK, called the kotwica "the sign of the underground Polish Army". The emblem gained enormous popularity and became recognised throughout the country. By the later stages of the war, most of the political and military organisations within Poland had adopted it as a symbol, even those not linked to the AK. It was painted on city walls, stamped on German banknotes and postage stamps, and printed on the headers of underground newspapers and books. It also became one of the symbols of the Warsaw Uprising, as PW is also an initialism for Wojsko Polskie ('Polish Army') and powstanie Warszawskie ('Warsaw Uprising').

After the war, Poland's communist regime banned the kotwica, although it continued to be used abroad by associations of former AK members living in exile. Prohibition on the emblem's use was relaxed in the later years of communist rule, and in 1976 it became one of the symbols of Ruch Obrony Praw Człowieka i Obywatela (ROPCiO), an anti-communist organisation defending human rights in Poland. It was also adopted by other anti-communist political organisations, ranging from the rightist Confederation of Independent Poland (KPN) of Leszek Moczulski to Fighting Solidarity ('Fighting Solidarity'), an organisation formed in response to the de-legalisation of the independent trade union Solidarity and government repression of opposition after martial law was declared in 1981.

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  The Aviator Monument in Warsaw, taken during the German occupation, with kotwica graffiti added by Szare Szeregi member Jan Bytnar
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  The kotwica that was permanently added to the Polish Pilots monument in 2010
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  Painted on a German bunker near Bonifraterska Street during the Warsaw Uprising
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  The unofficial wartime flag of the Armia Krajowa and the Polish Underground State
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  On the emblem of the Zośka battalion of the Armia Krajowa
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  On the emblem of the Miotła battalion of the Armia Krajowa
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  On the cross of the Armia Krajowa
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  Incorporated into the Fighting Solidarity logo
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  On the back of a memorial commemorating SS Police Chief Franz Kutschera's assassination by the Polish resistance
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  On a monument in the cemetery dedicated to the Kampinos Group of the AK in Budy Zosine
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  On the observation tower of the Warsaw Uprising Museum
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  On the wall next to the Warsaw Uprising Monument in Krasiński Square
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  On the AK monument in Bielany
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  On top of Warsaw Uprising Hill

• Home Army
• Polish resistance movement in World War II
• Minor sabotage during World War II in Nazi-occupied Poland
• Warsaw Uprising
• Symbols of Poland

• History of the Kotwica (in Polish) Internet Archive. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
• Article about the "Small sabotage" unit (in Polish)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kotwica symbol.

• Lesław J. Welker "Symbolika znaków Polski Walczącej", publisher Adam Marszałek ISBN 83-7174-498-6, ISBN 9788373220904
• Jan Bijata, Wawer, Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1973