Kutnohorite

Kutnohorite is a rare calcium manganese carbonate mineral with magnesium and iron that is a member of the dolomite group. It forms a series with dolomite, and with ankerite. The end member formula is CaMn2+(CO3)2,[6] but Mg2+ and Fe2+ commonly substitute for Mn2+, with the manganese content varying from 38% to 84%,[2] so the formula Ca(Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)(CO3)2 better represents the species. It was named by Professor Bukowsky in 1901 after the type locality of Kutná Hora, Bohemia, in the Czech Republic.[7] It was originally spelt "kutnahorite" but "kutnohorite" is the current IMA-approved spelling.

Kutnohorite
Kutnohorite, Wessels Mine, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Size 4.4 x 4.2 x 1.9 cm
General
CategoryCarbonate mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		CaMn2+(CO3)2
IMA symbolKut[1]
Strunz classification5.AB.10
Dana classification14.2.1.3
Crystal systemTrigonal
Crystal classRhombohedral (3)
H-M symbol: (3)
Space groupR3
Unit cell330.60 ų
Identification
Formula mass215.0 g/mol (end member)
ColorWhite, pale pink or light brown
Crystal habitAggregates of bundled bladed crystals
CleavagePerfect on {1011}
FractureSubconchoidal
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness3.5–4
LusterVitreous to dull
StreakWhite to pale pink
DiaphaneityTranslucent
Specific gravity3.12
Density3.10–3.12
Optical propertiesUniaxial (-)
Refractive indexno = 1.710–1.727,
ne = 1.519–1.535
Birefringence0.191–0.192
SolubilitySoluble in acids
References[2][3][4][5]

Dolomite group

Unit cell

There are three formula units per unit cell (Z = 3) and the lengths of the sides are a close to 4.9 Å and c between 16 Å and 17 Å, although different sources give slightly different values, as follows:

a = 4.915 Å, c = 16.639 Å [2]
a = 4.8518(3) Å, c = 16.217(2) Å [4][5]
a = 4.85 Å, c = 16.34 Å [3]

Structure

The crystal class is trigonal 3, space group R3, the same as for the other members of the dolomite group. There are layers of (CO3)(−2 groups perpendicular to the long crystal axis c, and between these layers there are layers of the cations Ca2+ and Mn2+.[2] If there were perfect ordering amongst the cations they would separate into different layers, giving rise to the ordered sequence: Ca−(CO3)−Mn−(CO3)−Ca−(CO3)−Mn−(CO3)− along the c axis;[2] not all specimens, however, display such ordering.[8]

Optical properties

Kutnohorite may be white, pale pink or light brown. The pink shades are due to increased manganese and the brown colours are due to increased iron content. The mineral is translucent with a white to pale pink streak and vitreous to dull luster. It is uniaxial (-) with refractive indices No = 1.710 to 1.727 and Ne = 1.519 to 1.535, similar to dolomite. The ordinary refractive index, No, is high, comparable with spinel (1.719).

Physical properties

Kutnohorite occurs as aggregates of bundled blades of white through rose pink to light brown crystals. Also as simple rhombs with curved faces, polycrystalline spherules and in massive and granular habits. It has perfect rhombohedral cleavage, typical of carbonates. It is brittle with a subconchoidal fracture and it is quite soft, with hardness 3.5 to 4, between calcite and fluorite. Specific gravity is 3.12, denser than both dolomite and calcite. It is soluble in acids, as are all carbonates.

Occurrence

Kutnohorite occurs typically in manganiferous sediments, associated with rhodochrosite, aragonite and calcite.[5] Notable occurrences include Tuscany, Italy and Kutná Hora, Czech Republic. It probably occurs at the Trepča Mines, Stari Trg, Kosovo, in the Balkans.[9] At the Eldorado Mine, Ouray County, Colorado, US, it occurs as tiny white crystals partially encrusting quartz and dolomite.[10] At the Ryujima Mine, Nagano Prefecture in Japan, magnesian kutnohorite occurs with quartz and rhodochrosite.[11] The type locality is Poličany, Kutná Hora, Central Bohemia Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic, and type material is conserved at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.[5]

References
  1. Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. Gaines et al (1997) Dana’s New Mineralogy Eighth Edition. Wiley
  3. Barthelmy, David (2014). "Kutnohorite Mineral Data". Webmineral.com. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  4. Kutnohorite, Mindat.org, retrieved 8 August 2022
  5. Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005). "Kutnohorite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  6. "IMA Mineral List with Database of Mineral Properties".
  7. Frondel, Clifford and Bauer, L H (1955), Kutnahorite, a manganese dolomite, CaMn(CO3)2. American Mineralogist 40: 748
  8. Peacor, D R, Essene, E J and Gaines, A M (1987) Petrologic and crystal-chemical implications of cation order-disorder in kutnahorite. American Mineralogist 72:319
  9. The Mineralogical Record (2007) 38-4:284
  10. Rocks & Minerals (2009) 84-5:423
  11. Akio Tsusue (1967) Magnesian Kutnahorite from Ryujima Mine, Japan. American Mineralogist 52:1751
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