Lütf-ü Celil-class ironclad

In the early 1860s, the Eyalet of Egypt, a province of the Ottoman Empire, ordered several ironclad warships for its fleet as part of a rearmament program to again challenge the power of the central government—the last having been the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War twenty years earlier. These included the two Lütf-ü Celil-class vessels, ordered in 1866. After lengthy negotiations, the crisis was resolved when the Egyptian ironclads, including Lütf-ü Celil and Hifz-ur Rahman, were transferred to the central government on 29 August 1868, among other concessions made by Egypt.[1][2]

Characteristics

Hifz-ur Rahman in the 1890s

The ships of the Lütf-ü Celil class were 64.4 m (211 ft 3 in) long overall and 62.18 m (204 ft) long between perpendiculars. They had a beam of 13.6 m (44 ft 7 in) and a draft of 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in). The hull was constructed with iron, incorporated a ram bow, and a raised forecastle and sterncastle. They displaced 2,540 metric tons (2,500 long tons) normally and 1,741 t (1,714 long tons) BOM. They had a crew of 12 officers and 110 enlisted men.[3][4]

The ships were powered by a single horizontal compound engine which drove two screw propellers. Steam was provided by two coal-fired locomotive boilers that were trunked into a single funnel amidships. The engine was rated at 2,000 indicated horsepower (1,500 kW) and produced a top speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), though by 1877 the ships were only capable of 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph). Lütf-ü Celil carried 300 t (300 long tons; 330 short tons) of coal. A supplementary barque rig with three masts was also fitted.[3][4]

Lütf-ü Celil and Hifz-ur Rahman were seagoing monitors armed with a battery of two 225 mm (8.9 in) muzzle loading Armstrong guns and two 178 mm (7 in) Armstrong guns, each pair mounted in a revolving gun turret, both of which were on the centerline. The 225 mm guns were placed in the forward turret and the turret for the 178 mm guns was located aft of the main mast.[3][4] The turrets were hand-operated.[5] In 1875, both ships received a single 120 mm (4.7 in) gun manufactured by Krupp. In 1891—1894, Hifz-ur Rahman was partially rearmed. The two 225 mm guns were replaced with a pair 150 mm (5.9 in) Krupp guns, and four 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss guns and two 25.4 mm (1 in) Nordenfelt guns were added.[3][4]

The two ships were armored with wrought iron plates. The ships' armored belt was 140 mm (5.5 in) thick and was reduced to 117 mm (4.6 in) toward the bow and stern. It extended 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in) above and below the waterline. Above the main belt, a strake of armor 76 mm (3 in) thick protected the turret bases, magazines, and machinery spaces. The upper portion of the side armor was connected to an armored deck that was 38 mm (1.5 in) thick. The turrets were protected by 140 mm of iron plating.[3][4]

Illustration of Lütf-ü Celil exploding, after having been hit by Russian artillery fire

Both ships of the class were stationed in Crete after they entered service, to assist in stabilizing the island in the aftermath of the Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869. Nevertheless, the Ottoman fleet remained largely inactive during this period.[6] Both ships saw action during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, where they operated against Russian forces in the Black Sea. At the start of the war, Lütf-ü Celil and Hifz-ur Rahman were assigned to the Danube Squadron,[7] where they were tasked with preventing Russian forces from crossing the river.[8] While on patrol on 11 May 1877, Lütf-ü Celil engaged a Russian artillery battery, and one of the Russian shells struck the vessel, probably in the boiler room, where it caused a large explosion that destroyed the ship, killing most of her crew.[9][10] Hifz-ur Rahman later assisted in the defense of Sulina at the mouth of the Danube, and engaged Russian minelayers in an action on 9 November 1877 where she was lightly damaged.[11]

Hifz-ur Rahman was laid up in Constantinople. She was refitted at the Imperial Arsenal in 1891–1894, but was nevertheless in poor condition by the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in February 1897, like the rest of the ancient Ottoman ironclad fleet. As a result, the fleet was kept safely behind the Dardanelles forts and it saw no action. The ship remained in service for another decade until she was decommissioned in 1909; she was sold in November that year to ship breakers and thereafter dismantled.[12]

• Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro (1998). Ironclads at War: The Origin and Development of the Armored Warship, 1854–1891. Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. ISBN 978-0-938289-58-6.
• Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.
• Lyon, Hugh (1979). "Turkey". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 388–394. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
• Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21478-0.
• Sturton, Ian. "Through British Eyes: Constantinople Dockyard, the Ottoman Navy, and the Last Ironclad, 1876–1909". Warship International. Toledo: International Naval Research Organization. 57 (2). ISSN 0043-0374.
• Very, Edward W. (1880). Navies of the World. New York: John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 20400836.
• Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1896). Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare from 1855 to 1895. London: S. Low, Marston and Company. OCLC 1111061.