Lăutari

Lăutarii, a 1995 Moldovan stamp

Lăutar, according to the DEX ("Dicționarul Explicativ al Limbii Române" — "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language"), is formed from lăută (meaning "lute") and the agent suffix -ar, common for occupational names. Originally, the word was used only for the peasant Romanian musicians who played the lăută. A distinction should be made between the generic Romanian-language word lăutar and the Romani clan. The others were named after their instruments, too, e.g.: scripcar (scripcă player), cobzar (cobza player), and naingiu (nai/panflute player).[1] From the 17th century, the word lăutar was used regardless of the instrument that was played.[2]

The first mention of lăutari is from 1558 when Mircea Ciobanul (appointed ruler by the Ottomans in January 1545), the Voivode of Wallachia, gives Ruste lăutarul (Ruste the lăutar) as a gift to the Vornic Dingă from Moldavia.[3] In 1775 the first lăutărească guild (breaslă), was established in Wallachia.

The lăutari were both slave Roma and serfdom Romanians, but the Roma were the majority.[2] Through time there have also been Jewish and Turkish lăutari.[3]

Before the 19th century, Romani musicians were often employed to provide entertainment in the courts of the Princes and Boyars. In the 19th century, most of these musicians settled in rural areas where they sought new employment at weddings, funerals, and other traditional Romanian celebrations. They were called țigani vătrași and have the Romanian language as their mother language, or sometimes the Hungarian language.[4] Only a few of them, with ancestors from the kalderash or from the ursari groups, still spoke the Romani language.

The lăutari existed mainly in the Moldova, Muntenia, Oltenia and Dobruja regions of present-day Romania.[2] In Transylvania, traditional professional musicians didn't exist until the 19th century.[5] For this reason the peasant music of Transylvania remained more "pure". A similar situation was in Banat. Today the Romani lăutari are also predominant in Transylvania.[6]

As performers, lăutari are usually loosely organized into a group known as a Taraf, which often consists largely of the males of an extended family. (There are female lăutari, mostly vocalists, but they are far outnumbered by the men.) Each taraf is led by a primaș, a primary soloist.

Traditionally, the lăutari played by ear, but today more and more lăutari have musical studies and can read notes.[7][8]

The lăutari consider themselves to be the elite of the Roma.[6] For this reason the lăutari want their children to marry only other lăutari.

The music of the lăutari is called muzica lăutărească. There is not a single music style of the lăutari, the music style varies from region to region, the best known being that from southern Romania.[9] The lăutărească music is complex and elaborated, with dense harmonies and refined ornamentations, and its execution requires a good technique[10][11]

The lăutari drew inspiration from all the musics they had contact with: the pastoral music of Romania, the Byzantine music played in the church, as well as foreign music, such as Turkish, Russian or Western European.[3][12][13]

Improvisation is an important part of the lăutărească music. Each time a lăutar plays a melody he re-interprets it.[14] For this reason the lăutărească music has been compared to Jazz music. A lăutar from the Damian Draghici band, who also played Jazz, said that the lăutărească music is a kind of Jazz.[15]

The music of the lăutari establishes the structure of the elaborate Romanian peasant weddings, as well as providing entertainment (not only music, but magic tricks, stories, bear training, etc.) during the less eventful parts of the ritual. The lăutari also function as guides through the wedding rituals and moderate any conflicts that may arise during what can be a long, alcohol-fuelled party. Over a period of nearly 48 hours, this can be very physically strenuous.

The repertoire of the lăutari include hora, sârba, brâul (a high tempo hora), doiul, tunes with Turkish derived rhythms (geamparaua, breaza, rustemul, maneaua lăutărească, cadâneasca), doina, de ascultare (roughly "song for listening", it can be considered a more complex form of doina), cântecul bătranesc, călușul, ardeleana, corăgheasca, bătuta.

In southern Romania, the lăutărească music has a rural stratum and an urban one.[6]

Following custom almost certainly dating back at least to the Middle Ages, most lăutari rapidly spend the fees from these wedding ceremonies on extended banquets for their friends and families over the days immediately following the wedding.

• pan flute (called "muscal" then "nai" in Romanian) – One of the primary instruments of old lăutari, it is seldom used today.
• violin – Always popular among lăutari.
• contra violin - Wider and deeper than a violin.
• double bass – Though often present in the taraf, the bass didn't receive much attention from the lăutari, because it didn't allow for "mărunt" (virtuosic) playing.
• cobza/lăuta – An instrument similar to the lute, but probably not directly related. It is either a direct descendant of the oud, brought by Romani musicians, or it is derived from the Ukrainian kobza. Like the kobza, it has a short neck and is used primary for rhythmic accompaniment, but, like the oud, it has no frets. Today it is virtually extinct.
• cimbalom (called "țambal" in Romanian) – It replaced the cobza/lăuta, having more capabilities.
• accordion – Very popular in the modern lăutarească music.
• clarinet – Used especially in southern urban lăutarească music.
• tárogató ("taragot" in Romanian) – Used especially in Banat, though today the saxophone has largely replaced the tárogató.
• brass instruments – An Austrian influence, used especially in Moldavia.

The lăutari rarely used the blown instruments used in the peasant music, because of their limited capabilities, but there were some lăutari who used the flute ("fluier") or the bagpipe ("cimpoi")

Today, the lăutari also used a lot of electric, electronic, and electroacoustic instruments: various keyboards (electronic accordions included), electric and electroacoustic guitars and basses, etc.

• There is a full-feature movie called Lăutarii (1972, Moldova-film) by Moldavian Soviet director Emil Loteanu. The movie features the leader of the Moldovan State taraf "Flueraș" Sergiu Lunchevici (Sergei Lunkevich).
• Taraf de Haïdouks: their music and performances feature in the films Latcho Drom (France, 1993), The Man Who Cried (UK & France, 2000), and When the Road Bends… Tales of a Gypsy Caravan (UK, US, India, 2007).

• Music of Romania
• Romani music
• Klezmorim (Jewish lăutari-like musicians)

• An ongoing English blog about a quest for traditional Romani and Romanian music
• A British review of The Alan Lomax Collection; World Library of Folk and Primitive Music. Vol XVII, dedicated to Romanian Romani music
• Alexandra Diaconu, Pe urmele lautarilor: Etnomuzicologul Speranta Radulescu, un cercetator printre tarafuri ("Searching for the lăutari: Ethnomusicologist Speranta Radulescu, a seeker of tarafs") in Evenimentul Zilei 3 July 2005, a Romanian-language article about Speranța Rădulescu
• Garth Cartwright, Nicolae Neacsu: Romanian Gypsy violinist who conquered the west — An obituary of famous lăutar Nicolae Neacșu, The Guardian, 16 September 2002
• Lăutarii Cum Mai Cântă! — music of Lautari (on commercial site Lost Trails)
• A blog about old and new lăutari — opinions and reviews
• Lautari Music Archive — old and new lautari, with videos, lyrics and audio recordings.
• Video clips of old and new Romanian Lautari musicians.