L. Smit en Zoon

From 1807 to 1820 Jan Smit Fopszoon's second son Jan Smit and his mother continued his shipyard, which had about 10 employees. Afterwards Jan continued alone. Meanwhile, Fop acquired the shipyard of Jacques Smit Fopszoon (1756–1820). Until 1824 the shipyards of Fop Smit and Jan Smit continued to build only built small vessels.[9]

In 1824 Jan Smit contracted to build the paddle steamer Willem de Eerste for a shipping line between Rotterdam and Nijmegen. The engines were made by Billard in Jemappes.[10] It was probably on account of this project that Fop and Jan entered into a partnership.[9]

On 9 May 1825 the first Batavier was laid down by Fop Smit for an Amsterdam Hamburg line managed by the Nederlandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij (NSM, later NSBM). The engines would be built by John Cockerill in Liège.[11] Also for NSM, Fop Smit launched the steam vessel Lodewijk on 15 March 1826. It would be used for service between Mainz and Strasbourg[12] On 14 November 1826 the brothers laid down for their own account the Kinderdijk, a 380 tons Kofschip.[13] She was launched on 24 May 1828.[14] A Kofschip was a most often two-masted vessel meant for coastal shipping. Kinderdijk's hull was sheathed in zinc.[15]

The shipbuilding partnership between Fop and Jan Smit did not last long. Jan left it, and rented his part of the shipyard to Fop.[9] Fop Smit thus continued alone, but with both terrains. On 28 November 1828 Fop Smit laid down a two-deck commercial frigate of 34.2 m length.[16] This might have been Vier Gebroeders, launched in 1830.

What made Fop Smit special was the amount of steam vessels he built. Most of these were for inland shipping lines. For ocean-going sailing ships Fop Smit started a close cooperation with Willem Ruys J.D. zn. (1809–1889) in the late 1830s. Fop built a long line of sailing ships for Willem Ruys, who managed them for multiple owners that formed a partenreederei for each ship. Fop Smit himself also became a partner in many of these ships. These ships formed the nucleus of what would later become the Royal Rotterdam Lloyd.

The ship Louise, launched in 1840 was launched from Fop Smit's shipyard in Slikkerveer, municipality Ridderkerk.[19] This also applied to Drie Gebroeders in 1844.[22] In 1851, the Fop Smit was launched by J. Smit from his shipyard in Slikkerveer.[32] From then on a list of ships was built in Slikkerveer by Jan Smit, a.k.a. as Jan Smit Fopszoon, or Jan Fz. Jan would also build several ships for his father, amongst these most of the Noach's, designed by his son Arie.[8]

In 1847 the sons of Jan Smit started their own shipyard J. & K. Smit on the terrain of their father Jan Foppe, southeast of that of Fop Smit. In 1906 J. & K. Smit had to leave this terrain.[33] It obviously moved to a terrain north of that of L. Smit, a situation recognizable on the black and white aerial photograph. In 1906 the new shipyard was getting readied.[34]

In 1842 Fop Smit founded a towage service between Hellevoetsluis and Brouwershaven. At the time Hellevoetsluis was the outport of Rotterdam. Hellevoetsluis was connected to Rotterdam via the ship canal Canal through Voorne. Brouwershaven on Schouwen-Duiveland offered the best opportunity to wait for a favorable wind to sail through the English Channel. Another reason to found the tug service was to decrease the losses through accidents. Therefore, many shipping lines and insurers in Rotterdam united to enable the foundation of the towage service. Fop Smit would manage it and build its first tugboat of 140 hp. The company would receive a yearly subsidy by multiple commercial parties.[35] The first tug, Kinderdijk entered service in December 1843.[36]

This tug service would become a major customer of the shipyard. In April 1847 Fop Smit bought the steam yacht Stad Gorinchem for 45,000 guilders, to serve as the second ship of the tow service.[37] The tug service would be continued as L. Smit & Co., later Smit International.

The first steam vessels were made of wood, but in time the first iron hulls appeared. In 1837 Fijenoord launched its first commercial iron steamship. In 1844 Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel secured orders for iron tugs on the Rhine, and started to construct its own shipyard. If iron was the future for inland navigation, Fop Smit had to follow suit, or loose this market. In June 1846 Fop Smit delivered the iron steam yacht Amicitia.[38] For construction in iron, the shipyard had to acquire a lot of technical skills. On the other hand, it could employ these on the market for sailing ships. In 1847 Fop Smit launched the schooner Industrie, the first iron sailing vessel of the Netherlands. Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel followed by launching its own iron schooners.

In 1853 Fop Smit launched California, the first Dutch iron ship.[39] (Ship in the sense of a fully rigged three mast sailing vessel.) Other innovations that Fop Smit promoted were iron masts[40] and iron stays. On 31 March 1856 the machine factory Diepeveen, Lels en Smit was founded. With Smit referring to Fop's son Leendert, and Fop's brother's son Jan.[41]

The main market for Dutch ocean going ships was the route to the Dutch East Indies. From about 1848 this profited from extremely favorable circumstances, such that even small old ships still made a profit. This lasted until freight rates suddenly plummeted in 1857. It led to a major crises in the Dutch shipping industry.[42] Fop Smit survived the crisis, and even built some more iron sailing ships in the early 1860s. These had the advantage that they suffered less partial damage to the cargo.[43] Another advantage of Smit's ships was their speed. E.g. in 1859 the clipper Noach made the trip from Batavia to Brouwershaven in a record time of 82 days.[44]

Overstolz, launched in 1890

Friede (1866) of 73 m

After his death on 25 August 1866, Fop Smit was succeeded by his four sons. Leendert Smit would succeed to his shipyard, and his office as ambachtsheer of Nieuw Lekkerland. However, there can be little doubt that Fop Smit's estate consisted primarily of stock and participations in a lot of businesses. A substantial part was formed by the partial and or full ownership of many ships. These had probably not earned much, or even lost money since the 1857 shipping crisis. In summary, the financial power behind L. Smit en Zoon was a lot less than that behind Fop Smit shipyard. On 15 November Leendert made a partnership with his nephew Jan Smit V.[96] This probably brought a lot of capital back into the business.

In the night of 25 to 26 February 1869 most of the shipyard of L. Smit en Zoon would burn down.[97] The insurance would handle the damage to the satisfaction of the company.

Fop Smit's tug service was continued by a consortium called L. Smit & Co. from Alblasserdam, which got its permit by decree of 4 January 1869.[98] In 1903 it became the N.V. L. Smit en Co.'s Sleepdienst. Thus L. Smit & Co, refers to the tug service. L. Smit en Zoon refers to the shipbuilding company.

After the death of Fop Smit, the business of building ships for inland navigation kind of continued as usual. For deep rivers, the propeller became ever more popular, but for shallow waters, the paddle steamer remained in use. L. Smit was a leader in the construction of vessels for inland (passenger) shipping lines. This is shown by the number of vessels that L. Smit exported to Germany, and in particular by the fact that this export continued after German industrial capability had surpassed the Dutch in so many ways. A telltale sign is that some German shipping lines ordered vessels at L. Smit with Swiss engines.

The opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869 radically changed shipping to the Dutch East Indies. In 1872 Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland established a reliable and fast shipping line between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. In about 1880 steamships still required a 25-50 guilders a last higher freight rate than sailing ships.[153] It meant that for higher value products, it became more economical to rely on steamships. For commodities like sugar and coffee, sail continued to be important.[154] It all led to an increase in the average size of sailing ships, from 454 ton in 1860 to about 1000 ton in 1880.[155]

The sailing ship with auxiliary power Nestor of 2,000 ton, was the last ship laid down by Fop Smit, and one of the first ships completed by L. Smit en zoon. The sailing ship with auxiliary power was supposed to sail most of the time, and to steam when the weather was unfavorable. The idea was probably sound, but the sailing ship with auxiliary power would lose to the ocean liner, which was supposed to use steam except for emergencies. The problem for L. Smit, and the rest of the Dutch shipbuilding industry, was that it was not capable of building machinery that was on par with that of British shipbuilders. When it finally could, it lacked the experience to prove its ability.[156]

The tables reflect this story. While L. Smit built dozens of river vessels in the 1870 and 1880s, only a handful of ocean-going vessels was built. The launch of Maetsuijcker in 1890 came about thanks to the foundationo of the Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij, which ordered four of her first ships at shipbuilding company De Schelde. De Schelde then subcontracted with L. Smit to build Maetsuijcker, for which she would herself build the engines.

The shipyard continued to innovate. Construction of iron ships required specialized staff.[169] By 1882 engineer L.D. van Ouwerkerk from Delft University worked at L. Smit, and was also part of the executive board.[170] The requirements for skills also applied to the blue collar workers. In 1869 the shipyards of the Smit clan asked the municipality of Nieuw-Lekkerland to improve extended primary education by adding French, English, mathematics and construction drawing. They provided 1,075 guilders a year for an extra teacher to make this possible.[171]

The cooperation between the companies, which had earlier led to the establishment of machine factory Diepeveen, Lels & Smit, also led to the establishment of one of the first power stations of the Netherlands. By 1881 the shipyard had electric lighting, which enabled it to work more hours in winter.[119] The construction of Industrie, launched in January 1885 was another highlight. She was a steel twin screw ship which established a direct connection between London and Cologne. Meanwhile, shipbuilding in the Kinderdijk area was in a crisis by 1886.[172]

In July 1893 orders were given for the foundations of a new patent slip at Kinderdijk.[173] In 1899 the foundations for a boiler factory and machine factory were tendered.[174] In 1904 a new office was built.[175] In 1906 orders were given for a boiler shed, smithy and electricity station.

Soon after its foundation, the shipbuilding company De Schelde started to cooperate with L. Smit. Arie Smit, younger brother of Jan Smit V, was the main founder of De Schelde. De Schelde would bring expertise about engines for the high seas into the Smit "cluster". It became the preferred supplier of L. Smit for the larger types of engines. In April 1891 it got orders for two triple expansion compound steam engines with surface condensers for two ocean going screw tugs that L. Smit was building for tug service L. Smit & Co.[176]

These two ocean going tugs were Noordzee and Oostzee. They were very much fit for service on the Nieuwe Waterweg, which had been completed in 1872. What made them special was their ability to serve on the ocean. For this they had a raised forecastle, a bridge, a covered stern, and bunkers large enough to store enough coal to steam for 12 days at full power. Their size of 39 * 7 * 4.25 (hold) m was another feature which enabled them to operate on the oceans.[177]

Oceaan (1894) came next. With a size of 45 * 8.60 * 4.60 m, and twice the power of the previous tugs, it clearly expressed the ambition of tug service L. Smit & Co. Indeed, the market for long distance towing would develop. It led to many orders for ocean going tugs at L. Smit and related shipbuilding companies. By March 1897 there were plans for two more Noordzee class tugs, and two more Oceaan class tugs.[178]

The specialization in dredging equipment like hopper barges can be traced back to at least 1877, and would prove to be a long-term success. For a time J. & K. Smit would build much more dredging equipment than L. Smit and Son did. After the 1900 Galveston hurricane the Americans ordered the steam suction hopper barge Leviathan at L. Smit. It showed that in niche areas, the Dutch shipbuilders could compete with the generally more advanced American shipbuilders.

On 5 March 1906 L. Smit and Son shipbuilding company was visited by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and Prince Hendrik. They were received by L.J. Smit (son of L. Smit), the company's engineer W. de Gelder, and L.F.J. van Vliet, mayor of Nieuw-Lekkerland. They also met Mrs. L.J. Smit and Jan Smit V. At the time, a bucket dredger for England was getting finished, as was the saloon paddle steamer Schiller. The suction hopper barge Seahound for a Sliedrecht company was launched by the queen. The tug Gouwzee of L. Smit & Co. was at the yard. The paddle steamer Emma was on the parallel slipway, where she was getting lengthened. The couple then visited the boiler factory, and the machine factory where saw many modern machines, most of them American.[179] In 1913 orders were given to add a new factory of 2,300 m³.[180]

World War I shut down the international market for river- coastal and dredging vessels, and forced the Dutch shipbuilding industry to construct sea-going ships.[181] It seems that in 1915, L. Smit still launched only dredging equipment.[182] However, that same year it already had three freighters at the slipways. The facilities at L. Smit made that these were small ships. Alblasserdam and Dagny I (ex-Kinderdijk), launched in 1916 were only 1,382 GRT. In 1917 L. Smit launched Kralingen and Tilburg of 1,378 Grt / 2,200 ton dwt.[183] In 1918 she had two more of these ships (No. 795 and 796) on the slipway.[184] These remained on the slipway in 1918.

L. Smit en Zoon was incorporated in March 1920 as N.V. L. Smit & Zoon's Scheeps- en Werktuigbouw.[189]

Zwarte Zee (1933)

After the war there was a boom in shipbuilding. Already in 1922, more than enough ships had been built, and shipping lines started to lose money. Shipbuilders then cut hours and wages, which L. Smit also did. In 1922 L. Smit launched a suction hopper barge and a bucket dredger for its own account. It ended the year with a freighter, a suction hopper barge, a suction dredger and a bucket dredger at the slipways, all for its own account. This was a rather unusual order portfolio in comparison to other shipyards. E.g. J. & K. Smit had regular orders for 5 ships.[190] The January 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr was very damaging to the Dutch shipbuilding industry, especially in South Holland. Raw material prices soared, and demand for ships collapsed.

In 1925 the situation was somewhat better with the construction of the suction hopper barges Meuse and H.A.M. 301, two Dortmund Ems Canal ships and some barges for the Thames.[191] In 1926 4 vessels were launched.[192] In 1927 two tugs and some barges were built. For L. Smit & Co. the sea going tug Noordzee was built.[193] In 1928 L. Smit launched two bucket dredgers and some barges.[194] In 1929 L. Smit launched three suction hopper barges, a bucket dredger, and a few smaller vessels.[195]

For the Dutch shipbuilding industry, the third quarter of 1929 would be the busiest since the fourth quarter of 1922.[196]

By mid 1930, the Great Depression took its toll. In 1930 L. Smit still launched three tugs and two dredging barges. It next took the risk to build a bucket dredger and a suction hopper barge without having a customer for them.[197] In 1932 only two dredging barges for Belgium, and the bucket dredger G.G.A, were launched. By the end of that year it had the tug Zwarte Zee, and two dredging vessels under construction.[198] Zwarte Zee was the only ship launched by L. Smit in 1933. By the end of that year it had the small tanker Leonidas 3 under construction. In 1934 it launched the small motor tanker Leonidas III and two dredging vessels. By the end of that year it had two small motor tankers and one cutter suction dredger on order.[199] By the end of 1935 only about a hundred people were still employed by L. Smit.[200]

In 1936 the shipbuilding market started to recover.[201] L. Smit now built a number of heavy tugboats, some more coastal motor tankers, and also more dredging equipment.

The shipbuilding company continued to operate during World War II. In 1941 the tug Javazee was launched, but she capsized immediately after.[202]

The Industriële Handels Combinatie IHC in the Hague was a partnership founded during the war. The idea was focused on the dredging market, where the partners deemed themselves too small to take on the expected post-war orders on their own.[203] The partnership consisted of Conrad Shipyard in Haarlem, Gusto Shipyard in Schiedam, Machine Factory De Klop in Sliedrecht, J. & K. Smit in Kinderdijk, L. Smit in Kinderdijk, and Verschure & Co's in Amsterdam. These were all strong players in dredging, but wanted to be more efficient and limit risk. In sales e.g. it was very inefficient for all these relatively small companies to have their own agents abroad.[204]

In December 1946 IHC contracted with Turkey for 6 twin screw passenger ships.[205] In September 1947 IHC got a French order for five big dredgers. The orders were then divided over the partners. In 1951 L. Smit launched a hopper barge for the harbor of Calcutta. On 18 June 1953 L. Smit launched Edgar Bonnet, the strongest tug of the world, for the Suez Canal Company.[206] In 1958 L. Smit received orders for two more tugs of the same size as Edgar Bonnet, but with Diesel-electric propulsion.

Meanwhile, the partners continued to contract as separate legal entities on the national market. On 23 September 1947 L. Smit en Zoon's launched the ocean going tug Humber for L. Smit & Co. On 16 July 1955 HAM 302 was launched for Hollandse Aannemings Maatschappij. This was a trailing suction dredger hopper of 72 m length. HAM 304 (later W.D. Mersey), launched in March 1960, measured 94.50 * 16 * 7.30 m, could carry 4.000 ton and had 3,625 hp.[207]