D.C. United

D.C. United is an American professional men's soccer club based in Washington, D.C. that competes in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS), the top tier of American soccer. Domestically, the club has won four MLS Cups (league championships), four Supporters' Shields (league regular season), three U.S. Open Cups (domestic cups), and six Eastern Conference championships. In international competitions, the club has one CONCACAF Champions Cup title and one Copa Interamericana, the only American team to win the latter. In terms of trophies won, it is the joint-most successful overall club in American soccer (tied with the New York Cosmos and LA Galaxy).

D.C. United
A shield with stylized black eagle facing right with three red stars and two red strips across its chest, and the words "D.C. UNITED" above.
Nickname(s)Black-and-Red[1][2][3]
FoundedJune 15, 1994 (1994-06-15)
StadiumAudi Field
Washington, D.C.
Capacity20,000
OwnerD.C. United Holdings
Co-chairmen
ManagerVacant
LeagueMajor League Soccer
2023Eastern Conference: 12th
Overall: 23rd
Playoffs: Did not qualify
WebsiteClub website

Founded in 1995, the club was an inaugural franchise in Major League Soccer, playing in MLS since its first season in 1996. The club played a majority of its matches at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium from 1996 until 2017 before moving to the soccer-specific stadium, Audi Field, in 2018, where it has played since. D.C. United was one of the premier franchises in Major League Soccer, and in American soccer in the late 1990s, where it won the bulk of its trophies. Players such as Raúl Díaz Arce, Marco Etcheverry, Roy Lassiter, Jaime Moreno, Ben Olsen, and Eddie Pope, along with head coach, Bruce Arena, helped the club win eight of their 12 major titles from 1996 through 2000. The club would win an MLS Cup, a U.S. Open Cup, and two Supporters' Shield titles under Piotr Nowak and Tom Soehn in the mid-to-late 2000s. In 2013, under the management of Ben Olsen, the club won the U.S. Open Cup, its most recent major trophy.

Throughout the 2010s, and into the early 2020s, the club managed by Olsen, went through mediocrity, with only one major trophy, and several missed playoff appearances, including two last place finishes in the league. During this time, some high-profile acquisitions joined United, including Wayne Rooney, and several homegrown players began making impacts on the United squad including Bill Hamid, Andy Najar, and Kevin Paredes. After a string of poor seasons, Olsen was fired in 2020, after a ten-year tenure as head coach. Olsen was replaced by Hernán Losada, who managed the club until 2022, when he was replaced by former player Wayne Rooney.

History
Main article: History of D.C. United

Before the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the United States Soccer Federation fulfilled its promise to FIFA by aiding in the foundation of a new professional league, which would become Major League Soccer (MLS).[5] On June 15, 1994, MLS selected Washington, D.C. out of twenty-two applicants to host one of the league's first seven franchises, with three more added before the league's launch.[6] The team's name was chosen as a reflection of the names of European clubs, such as Manchester United or Leeds United, as well as being the capital of the United States.[7][8]

The team's colors and original logo, along with those of the other ten original teams, were announced in October 1995, during a presentation in New York City.[9] Black and white were announced D.C. United's primary colors, and red was announced as the club's secondary color.

Early years and dynasty (1996–1999)

The club's first season was in 1996.[10] Ahead of the season, United hired Bruce Arena,[11] who had led the University of Virginia men's soccer program to five NCAA College Cup titles,[12] to be the head coach of the club.[13] Under Arena, the club quickly established itself as one of the flagship franchises in MLS,[14][15] winning two MLS Cup (league championship) titles, a U.S. Open Cup (domestic cup) title, a Supporters' Shield (regular season winner), a CONCACAF Champions' Cup (continental championship), and a Copa Interamericana (intercontinental championship) all within the club's first two seasons.[16] During this late 1990's dynasty, the club was led by its "magic triangle" of Jaime Moreno, Marco Etcheverry, and Raul Diaz Arce.[17] Additionally, the club had several U.S. international stars at the time including Eddie Pope,[18] John Harkes,[15] and Jeff Agoos.[19] United's inaugural match was played on April 6, 1996, against the then-called San Jose Clash (now Earthquakes) at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California, which also was the first match to ever be played in MLS history.[20] United would lose the match to the Clash, 0–1 off a late match-winner by Eric Wynalda.[20] However, the season was hallmarked by the Arena leading the team to the first "double" in modern U.S. soccer history by beating the Los Angeles Galaxy in the first MLS Cup and the Rochester Raging Rhinos of the USL First Division in the 1996 U.S. Open Cup.[21][22] The club's early success continued into 1997, repeating as MLS Cup champions,[23] and winning their first Supporters' Shield, becoming the first club in MLS history to achieve the "league double" by winning both the regular season championship and league championship.

In 1998 the club won the Eastern Conference regular season and postseason championship, but finished runners-up for the Supporters' Shield, and lost to Chicago Fire in MLS Cup 1998. Despite not winning any domestic titles, the club managed to win the CONCACAF Champions' Cup (now known as the CONCACAF Champions League),[24] defeating Mexican side, Toluca, in the final thanks to a Pope goal, as well as winning the now-defunct Copa Interamericana[25] (a two-legged aggregate series between the CONCACAF and CONMEBOL club champions).[26] D.C. United became the first American club to win a CONCACAF club championship, and the only American club to have won the Copa Interamericana. As of 2022, only two other American clubs have won the CONCACAF Champions' Cup or Champions League (LA Galaxy in 2000 and Seattle Sounders in 2022).

In October 1998, Arena left D.C. United to accept the head coaching role for the United States men's national soccer team, following their poor performance in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Dutch manager, Thomas Rongen, who had previously coached the New England Revolution was hired to coach United for the 1999 season. With the squad, largely constructed by Arena, United achieved a domestic double, winning MLS Cup 1999 (their third MLS Cup title) against their cross-country rivals, the Los Angeles Galaxy, a rematch of MLS Cup 1996, and winning their second Supporters' Shield title (off of 57 points). Striker Roy Lassiter led United with 18 goals during the season earning joint Golden Boot honors. United did not fare as well in the 1999 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, losing in the semifinals to eventual champions, Necaxa.

Playoff failures (2000–2003)
Clyde Simms

Ultimately, Arena's departure marked the beginning of a downturn in the team's fortunes.[27] After reaching MLS Cup for the club's first four seasons, the 2000 season saw the club lose nine of their first twelve matches. United ultimately finished in 11th out of 12 teams in MLS during the 2000 season, missing the 2000 MLS Cup Playoffs altogether, for the first time in franchise history. Outside of MLS play, the club suffered early exits in the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, losing in the semifinals to eventual champions, the LA Galaxy, and being knocked out in the quarterfinals of the U.S. Open Cup by eventual finalists, Miami Fusion.

During the 2001 season, United played in the CONCACAF Giants Cup which was held in March 2001, prior to the start of the MLS regular season. United reached the finals of the Giants Cup, beating Jamaican club, Arnett Gardens, and Guatemalan club, Comunicaciones in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, before losing to Mexican club, América, in the final. During the 2001 MLS regular season United once again, finished in last place in the Eastern Conference and 11 points outside of the playoff picture. Although the offense led by Abdul Thompson Conteh, and Jamie Moreno contributed to 42 goals on the season, the porous United defense let in 50 goals the second worst in the East. The season however, was truncated by three weeks due to the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Following the 2001 season, club management decided to fire Rongen, and replace him with English manager Ray Hudson, who had just coached the Miami Fusion to a Supporters' Shield title.

Hudson signed a two-season contract with United and began the 2002 season participating in the 2002 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, due to their performance in the previous years' Giants Cup. United suffered their worst loss in CONCACAF play, losing by a four-goal margin to Comunicaciones, a club they had beat the previous year in the Giants Cup. United won the return leg, but by too little of a margin to advance. Their fortunes during the regular season did not fare better than the previous two seasons, where United ultimately finished last in the MLS regular season overall table, their first Wooden Spoon finish in franchise history, and their worst season until 2010. United scored only 31 goals during the season, last in MLS, where Ali Curtis and Bobby Convey were joint top scorers with the club, with only five goals each. However, the season showed signs of promising young talent with then-17 year old, Santino Quaranta, having a breakout season with United, and Nick Rimando, who became the club's first-choice goalkeeper for the next five years.

Ahead of the 2003 season, United received the first overall draft pick in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft, where they selected University of Virginia standout, Alecko Eskandarian. Additionally, United brought in MLS veterans, Dema Kovalenko and Hristo Stoichkov, from Chicago Fire. After a slow start to the season taking eight matches to win, United gained momentum during the latter half of the season, going 8–5–5 to close out the season. The form allowed United to qualify for the playoffs as the final seed, giving United their first playoff berth since 1999. Despite the berth, United was blanked by Shield winners Chicago Fire 4–0 on aggregate. At the conclusion of the season, despite signs of promise, Hudson was released by D.C. United and Polish manager, Piotr Nowak, replaced him before the start of the 2004 season.[28]

Nowak era, return to success (2004–2006)

The club's first season under Nowak was marred by injuries in the early going, and some players were known to have complained about Nowak's methods.[29] During Nowak's tenue, United selected Freddy Adu, a 14-year-old soccer prodigy, in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft. When Adu entered United's regular-season opener as a second-half substitute on April 3, 2004, he became the youngest player in any professional sport in the United States since 1887.[30] That season, Adu, along with the likes of Christian Gómez, Moreno, and Brian Carroll, helped to propel United into the playoffs as the second seed in the East. There they advanced past the New England Revolution in the Eastern Conference Final on penalty kicks in what has been called one of the best games in MLS history.[31][32][33][34][35] United then defeated the Kansas City Wizards to win MLS Cup 2004, their fourth, and as of 2022, their most recent MLS Cup title.[26]

A team celebrates in the center of a soccer field while fans in stand on both sides cheer.
D.C. United won the 2004 Eastern Conference championship in what has been called one of the best games in MLS history.

Following their 2004 MLS Cup triumph, the club spent the next four seasons as one of the top clubs in MLS. In 2005, the club again made MLS history by becoming the first United States-based team to participate in Copa Sudamericana, entering in the Round of sixteen.[36] In 2006, the MLS All-Star Team, which included eight United players, was managed by United's manager Piotr Nowak, defeated English champions Chelsea.[28] In 2006 United won their third consecutive Supporters' Shield title.

Soehn era, U.S. Open Cup title (2007–2009)

Nowak left United as head coach to become an assistant under Bob Bradley with the United States men's national soccer team. Nowak was replaced by his assistant Tom Soehn, who coached the club starting in 2007. The 2007 squad, largely built by Nowak, had a historically successful regular season in MLS. Led by the likes of Luciano Emilio, Fred, Ben Olsen, and Christian Gómez, United finished the regular season atop the MLS table, winning the Supporters' Shield for a then-MLS record fourth time, and for the second consecutive season. Finishing the season with 55 points in 30 games, United set a club record in points per game (1.8), and lead the league in total goals (56). It was the first time in MLS history a franchise won the Shield in consecutive seasons. Outside of MLS play during the 2007 season, the club participated in the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, reaching the semifinals; the Copa Sudamericana, being eliminated in the opening round; the North American SuperLiga, reaching the quarterfinals; and the U.S. Open Cup, being eliminated in the third round. In September 2007, Dave Kasper was promoted from the club's Technical Director to the team's General Manager,[37] which as of 2022, is a position he still holds.

Following the 2007 season, the club failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs for five consecutive seasons. During this stretch, United's lone major title came in 2008, when they won the U.S. Open Cup. In league play during the 2008 and 2009 campaigns, United faltered at the tail-end of each season, ultimately causing them to miss out on the playoffs. Following the end of the 2009 campaign, Soehn resigned as head coach of United, thus ending the Sohen era with two major titles in three seasons. To date, Soehn is the most recent manager at United to win two or more major titles during their tenure as head coach.

Olsen era (2010–2020)
A soccer player wearing a white jersey and white pants dribbling a ball.
Andy Najar (pictured), was one of the first Homegrown Players in D.C. United history. Najar won the 2010 Rookie of the Year Award.

Following Soehn's replacement, the organization hired Curt Onalfo as the head coach.[38] United had approached then University of Akron men's soccer head coach, Caleb Porter, but Porter rejected their offer.[39] Recently retired club midfielder, Ben Olsen, joined Onalfo's staff as an assistant coach, along with Kris Kelderman, who served as an assistant to Onfalo at Kansas City. Additionally, Soehn's assistant coaches of Chad Ashton and Mark Simpson remained on Onalfo's coaching staff for the 2010 season. Ahead of the season the club saw the departures of Luciano Emilio and Fred, two key contributors to the club during the late 2000s. The club, marred by injuries, and poor tactics, had a historically poor start to the 2010 MLS season, having a record of 3-12-3 in the clubs first 16 matches.[39]

In August 2010, United fired Onalfo and named Ben Olsen as the club's interim manager for the remainder of the 2010 season.[39] The club would finish the season out with a 3-8-1 record, finishing with a historically poor 6-20-4 record, the worst in MLS during the 2010 season. During the 2010 season, the highlights of the season included the rise of two homegrown signings, Bill Hamid, who took over as starting goalkeeper to Troy Perkins during the season, and became the club's first choice goalkeeper throughout the 2010s, along with Andy Najar, who won the MLS Rookie of the Year Award (now Young Player of the Year),[40] becoming the first homegrown player to win the honor.[41] Following the end of the 2010 season, long-time United striker Jamie Moreno retired from professional soccer.[42]

Olsen would ultimately assume full-time managerial duties ahead of the 2011 season, where he kept Ashton on the coaching staff, but dismissed Kelderman from his staff. Olsen brought in recently retired goalkeeper and former Canadian international, Pat Onstad, on to his coaching staff, along with former Dutch international, Sonny Silooy. Throughout Olsen's tenure, he employed a defensive style of play, followed by a diamond 4-4-2 formation focused on counter-attacking soccer. Pundits described the play as "Bennyball", and a soccer-style form of moneyball. During Olsen's coaching career, he would qualify for the playoffs six times, with the furthest being the Eastern Conference final, and win one major title, the U.S. Open Cup in 2013. The club qualified for the CONCACF Champions League twice during his tenure, where they reached the quarterfinals each time.

During Olsen's first full season in charge the club acquired Perry Kitchen in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft, U.S. international Charlie Davies on loan,[43] and Canadian international Dwayne De Rosario. Additionally, 2010 Designated Player acquisition, Branko Bošković, became healthy for the season. The club experienced a turnaround in contrast to 2010, but ultimately a four-match losing streak and a six-match winless streak to close out the regular season cost the club a chance at the MLS Cup Playoffs. Despite not making the playoffs, De Rosario won the MLS Most Valuable Player Award (now known as the Landon Donovan MVP Award). During the 2011-12 offseason, minority owners of the Philadelphia 76ers basketball team, Jason Levien and Erick Thohir were named new majority owners, buying Will Chang's majority stake in the club. Chang, however, remained part of the ownership group as a minority owner. The goal of Levien and Thohir was to construct a soccer-specific stadium for United.[44]

On the field during the 2012 season, United's fortunes fared much better, with new acquisitions Nick DeLeon, Lewis Neal, Maicon Santos, and Hamdi Salihi having immediate contributions to the club. United ultimately finish the 2012 season with a third-place finish, their best since 2007, and a second-place finish in the East, again their best since 2007. The club defeated their rivals, New York Red Bulls in the Conference Semifinals, before advancing to the MLS Eastern Conference final, their first Conference Final since 2005,[45] against Houston Dynamo. United lost the series 2–4 on aggregate ending their season.[46]

During Olsen's third season in charge, the new club ownership constrained the teams budget, in part to finance a future soccer-specific stadium.[47] Consequently, the club relied on several reserve players, second-division players, and Academy players to form the core of the team, as well as releasing several key contributors from the 2012 team, in order to stay within budget. As a result, D.C. United tallied a total of only three wins in the 2013 season, setting a record for fewest wins in league history.[48] Despite the team's poor showing in league play, D.C. United defeated Real Salt Lake in the U.S. Open Cup final thanks to a late first half goal from Lewis Neal. As of 2022, this is the club's most recent major honor.[49] Despite this season, Olsen was retained as head coach, in part, due in part to the fact the club won the Open Cup. The Open Cup title gave United a berth into the 2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League, their first Champions League appearance since 2009.[49]

In 2014, D.C. United executed a historic turnaround by clinching first place in the Eastern Conference, and going undefeated in CONCACAF Champions League group play, the first time an American club went undefeated in Group Stage of the Champions League. The Eastern Conference regular season title earned the team its second consecutive Champions League berth.[50] Despite this, the club was eliminated by their rivals, New York Red Bulls, in the Conference Semifinals of the MLS Cup Playoffs. Notable offseason acquisitions included Steve Birnbaum, Chris Rolfe, Fabian Espindola, Sean Franklin, and Bobby Boswell. At the conclusion of the 2014 season, Olsen won the MLS Coach of the Year Award (now known as the Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award). For the turnaround, management extended Olsen's contract with United.[51]

Wayne Rooney (pictured), led the team in scoring during the 2018 and 2019 seasons.

During the latter half of Olsen's tenure, Olsen saw the club qualify for the playoffs in four of his final six seasons,[52] although the club never went further past the Conference Semifinals in the playoffs. During this time, the club revealed a new crest in 2016, and opened their new soccer-specific, Audi Field, in 2018. Off the field, Chang and Thohir sold their ownership stake to Levien in 2016 and 2018, respectively. In the late 2010s the club signed several notable players such as Wayne Rooney, Luciano Acosta, and Paul Arriola. During the shortened 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, United saw themselves have an early group stage exit during the MLS is Back Tournament,[53] coupled with a poor run of play during the fall 2020 segment of the season.

In October 2020, club management relieved Ben Olsen of his coaching duties, after a club-record 10 seasons as the head coach of the team. Olsen became the third-longest tenured head coach for an MLS team in league history, and by far, the longest tenured head coach in United history. While some members of the media felt that the dismissal was necessary, some individuals in the media felt that as long as Kasper was General Manager and Levien owned the franchise that little would change.[54] Following the dismissal, it was reported that Olsen may stay with the United organization in a different role.[55] Ultimately, in September 2021, Olsen was hired as the Club President for the Washington Spirit, the National Women's Soccer League franchise in the Washington metropolitan area,[56] which he held until May 2022.[57]

Recent years (2021–present)

During the 2021 season, United hired Argentine manager, Hernán Losada, who had previously coached Belgian outfit, Beerschot. The decision came after the ownership decided to not hire Chris Armas as head coach. The media found the hire a unique and ambitious hire.[58] As head coach, Losada moved the team away from a counter-attacking defensive style, and focused more on a high-octane, attacking style, where Losada prioritized fitness and speed, putting intense pressure on the opponents defense. Losada only managed the club for the entirety of the 2021 season, where on the final day of the season, they finished just outside of the playoff spot. Despite this, Losada remained in charge of United for the first two months of the 2022 campaign. However, due to disagreements between the front office and Losada in coaching philosophy,[59] as well as a poor string of league results,[60] Losada was fired in April 2022 after coaching the club for about 14 months.[59]

Several United players later spoke publicly about Losada's poor communication with players, and strict dietary regulations,[61] which had caused tension between the players and Losada's coaching staff. Management felt that Losada was too critical of the front office, particularly of Dave Kasper and Jason Levien, and that the relationship between coaching staff and the front office staff had been strained. During this time off the field, Mario Mims and Mark Ingram II joined D.C. United Holdings as minority owners.

Losada's firing sparked anger from some of D.C. United's fans, who felt the dismissal was too premature. Following Losada's sacking, long-time assistant coach Chad Ashton took over on interim duties until July 2022, when the club hired former player and former English international player Wayne Rooney to coach the club.[62][63] The 2022 season ended in United finishing at the bottom of the MLS overall table, resulting in General Manager, Lucy Rushton, being relieved of her duties.[64] During the 2023 season, United's record improved, finishing with 40 points on the season, up from 27 the previous season. However, the improvement was not enough to qualify for the 2023 MLS Cup Playoffs, resulting in Rooney's dismissal.[65]

Colors and badge
  • First logo (1995–1997)
    First logo (1995–1997)
  • Second logo (1998–2015)
    Second logo (1998–2015)

The team's colors and original logo were announced on October 17, 1995, along with those of the other ten original teams during a presentation in New York City.[6] Black and white are D.C. United's primary colors, though the team's nickname is the "Black-and-Red." Red is used to accent the home jersey, while white is the main color of the team's road uniform. The three stripes along the shoulder – in white at home and black on the road – do not represent the three jurisdictions of the Washington Metropolitan Area (Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia); rather, they represent the fact that the team's uniforms are made by Adidas. In 2011, the team introduced a predominantly red third uniform with black accents to be worn four or more times in the season.[66] The team has also previously used white road uniforms with red stripes; white and red are the colors of the flag of Washington, D.C., and the stripes are also reminiscent of those used on the flag.

The team's original shield was implemented in 1996, consisting of the team's name, D.C. United, above a black bald eagle facing right on a red field, clawing three soccer balls overlaid on three white stars. The three stars and balls were intended to represent the region's three jurisdictions. The bird, associated with the federal government based in Washington, D.C., symbolizes many of the attributes of the team, including speed and power. The logo was redesigned before the 1998 season. This second logo design reoriented the eagle facing left and removed the three stars below it, whose metaphor was retained by three raised wing feathers. At the center of the eagle is a single gold-colored star and a soccer ball, which represents the team's victory in Major League Soccer's inaugural cup in 1996.[67] The logo can also be adorned with four silver stars above it, representing the MLS Cups the team has won.

On December 10, 2015, D.C. United unveiled an updated logo designed by Peter Horridge, featuring a D.C. flag-inspired design across the eagle, an updated wordmark, and more dynamic wings.[68][69]

Sponsorship
Season Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor Ref.
1996–2001 Adidas MasterCard [70]
2002–2004 —
2005–2007 Sierra Mist
2008–2013 Volkswagen [71]
2014–2021 Leidos [72]
2022–present XDC Network [73]

XDC Network blockchain technology provider was announced as the jersey sponsor in February 2022 for a three-year partnership,[73] replacing the previous sponsor Leidos.[74] The sponsor plans to reward fan loyalty through several engagement opportunities, for example, to trade or interact with NFTs through a video platform.[73]

Stadium

RFK Stadium (1996–2017)
Main article: Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
RFK Stadium was the first home to D.C. United

Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (RFK) was home to D.C. United, from the club's inaugural season in 1996, until the end of the 2017 season. The D.C. United Training Complex is located north of the stadium, and is where the Reserve Division team plays.[75]

RFK was built in 1961 as a dual-use stadium for baseball and American football. Before 1996, it occasionally hosted soccer matches, including the 1980 Soccer Bowl, the 1993 Supercoppa Italiana, and five matches during the 1994 FIFA World Cup. When the Washington Nationals baseball team shared the field from 2005 to 2007, there were criticisms about the playing surface and the field's dimensions.[76]

Audi Field (2018–present)
Main article: Audi Field
D.C. United moved to Audi Field in 2018

Audi Field is a soccer-specific stadium at Buzzard Point in Southwest, Washington, D.C., and has a capacity of 20,000. It hosted its first game against Vancouver Whitecaps FC on July 14, 2018.[77] The stadium's naming rights are owned by Audi, who signed a 12-year contract in February 2017.[78] It was designed by Populous[79] and Marshall Moya Design.[80]

Plans for a new stadium dated back to July 2006, when D.C. United proposed building a new stadium along the Anacostia River near Anacostia Park, but disputes with the city government forced the team to consider other sites.[81][82]

The tentative deal for the stadium was announced on July 25, 2013, which would see a 20,000–25,000-seat stadium built on the site, costing $300 million.[83][84] It was signed into law on December 30, 2014.[85] Groundbreaking began on February 27, 2017,[86] and the ribbon cutting was on July 9, 2018.[87]

Other stadiums

Several regional university stadiums have been used by the team for Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup matches, including Klöckner Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1996,[88] and George Mason Stadium in Fairfax, Virginia, in 2010.[89] Similarly, the team has also used the Maryland SoccerPlex in Germantown, Maryland, for multiple early-round games in U.S. Open Cup and CONCACAF Champions' Cup since it opened in 2001.[90][91][92] On April 14, 2018, D.C. United played an MLS game against Columbus Crew SC at the Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis, Maryland, while Audi Field was being constructed.[93] Exhibition games,[94] as well as occasional regular season matches,[95] have also been played in nearby FedExField in Landover, Maryland; the latter have generally been played as part of doubleheaders featuring friendlies between national teams or foreign clubs.

Club culture

Supporters and mascot
A black and white costumed bald eagle mascot with exaggerated features and an orange beak raising his wings. He wears a black soccer jersey with a white Volkswagen logo and the team's shield on it.
D.C. United's mascot, Talon.
Fans wearing black cheer with several large graphics in a stadium's bleachers.
Supporters display a tifo supporting head coach Ben Olsen (drawn to lampoon Rambo) during a regular season match against FC Dallas

D.C. United has three major supporters groups; La Barra Brava, the Screaming Eagles and the District Ultras.[96] All three groups occupy the safe standing sections together at the north end of Audi Field. La Barra Brava, Spanish for "The Brave Fans", was founded in 1995 by Latino fans in the Washington, D.C. area, mostly Bolivian immigrants in support of original United players Marco Etcheverry and Jaime Moreno. They seek to bring a South American style to home games.[97] All three clubs host public tailgates before home matches, and are known for singing during games.[98]

La Norte (also La Curva Norte or The Northside) was a soccer supporters' club[99] affiliated with D.C. United from 2001–2016.[100][101] The club was founded in 2001 when members of La Barra Brava left section 135 of RFK Stadium to form a new club. The club was originally situated in section 120 of RFK, as the section sat directly behind the north goal. The club takes its name from their preferred location on the north side of the stadium. La Norte were forced to change sections with the arrival of the Washington Nationals baseball franchise, and the subsequent reconfiguration of RFK's seating to accommodate a baseball diamond. La Norte has since merged with the District Ultras and occupied sections 127 and 128 at RFK Stadium prior to the team's move to Audi Field.[102]

D.C. United's mascot is Talon, an anthropomorphic bald eagle.[103]

Rivalries

D.C. United's primary rival is the New York Red Bulls. The two teams compete annually for the Atlantic Cup, a competition instituted by the two clubs. The cup is awarded to the team that gets the most points across the teams' meetings throughout the season. D.C. United also has a burgeoning rivalry with the Philadelphia Union as the two teams represent two cities separated by only 120 miles.[104][105] D.C. United is also unique among MLS teams for its rivalry with the Charleston Battery of the United Soccer League, as they compete every time they face one another for the Coffee Pot Cup, a trophy established by the two sides' supporters.[106]

Ownership
Main article: D.C. United Holdings

When the league was founded in 1995, billionaire investor George Soros was the primary financial backer and director of Washington Soccer L.P., the group that owned the operating rights to D.C. United.[107] Kevin Payne, former President of Soccer USA Partners and current CEO of D.C. United, was instrumental in organizing this ownership group. By 1998 the group was looking for new investors. On February 15, 2001, it agreed to sell the team to Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), founded by Colorado billionaire Philip Anschutz, with AEG exercising its option to become the sole investor-operator on January 8, 2002.[6] AEG, who also owned MLS's Los Angeles Galaxy and Houston Dynamo, ran the team until 2007.

In May 2007, United entered into an initial one-year strategic partnership with the Brazilian club Atlético Mineiro. The partnership's goal is to enhance the sporting and commercial success of the respective clubs by sharing expertise and experience and creating new opportunities for the clubs in both areas.[108]

On January 8, 2007, the operating rights to D.C. United were sold to D.C. United Holdings, a newly formed group venture that included real estate developer Victor MacFarlane, founder of MacFarlane Partners, and William H.C. Chang, chairman of Westlake International Group. Other investors included D.C. United president Kevin Payne and Blue Devil Development, headed by former Duke basketball players Brian Davis and Christian Laettner.[109] In April 2009, Victor MacFarlane sold his share of the team to his partner William Chang after two stadium proposals had fallen through.[110] In October 2009, Chang also bought out Davis and Laettner to fully control the team.[111] Chang is also one of the primary investors of Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants.[6] In July 2012, Erick Thohir and Jason Levien, minority owners of the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association franchise, joined Chang as partners. Thohir and Levien stated their primary goals are to make United a global brand and build a soccer-specific stadium for the club.[112]

On June 4, 2021, NFL running back Mark Ingram II joined DC United's ownership group as an investor.[113]

In 2021, Rapper Yo Gotti became a minority owner of D.C United.[114] Local investor and entrepreneur Devin Talbott joined the ownership group in 2022.[115]

Broadcasting

Television

Rights to D.C. United matches not covered by one of MLS' national television partners (ESPN, Fox Sports, and Univision) were held by NBC Sports Washington until the end of the 2022 season. Spanish-language coverage aired on TeleXitos affiliate WZDC-DT2 (channel 44.2). Dave Johnson was the longtime the English-language commentator, and WZDC sports anchor Moises Linares was the Spanish-language commentator.[116]

NBCSW also held television rights from the team's inception in 1996 through 2015, dating back to its time as Comcast SportsNet and Home Team Sports. In the previous three-year deal, which was not completed until five games into the 2013 season, it was to show a minimum of 16 matches per season.[117] The team became frustrated that late-season and playoff matches were often relegated to the network's secondary CSN Plus channel or not televised at all due to scheduling conflicts with the Washington Capitals and Washington Wizards, leading them to conclude a new deal with Sinclair Broadcast Group for the 2016 season.[118] Sinclair's local cable channel WJLA 24/7 News served two stints as D.C. United's television partner, covering the 2016 through 2018 seasons as well as 2020.[119]

For the 2019 season, D.C. United sold their local rights to subscription over-the-top service FloSports rather than a television broadcaster. The team signed a $12 million contract for four years, marking the first time it collected a substantial rights fee for its local games.[120] The deal was controversial, as fans and the media balked at the high subscription price and criticized the team for shutting out casual fans and public viewings.[121] Technical issues marred early broadcasts, and FloSports promised additional soccer broadcasts and shoulder programming to justify its subscription fee that largely never materialized. D.C. United canceled the contract before the final match of the 2019 regular season, opting to stream the remaining game on its website for free.[122]

With every MLS game available on Apple TV via their rights deal in 2023, D.C. United games will be broadcast almost exclusively on this service, with exceptions for certain national linear television broadcast partners. This marks the second time United matches will be carried on a streaming service, with the aforementioned 2019 FloSports deal.

Radio

Radio rights are held by iHeartMedia. Coverage airs on WTSD and WWDC-HD2. The broadcast is an audio simulcast of the English-language television commentary; both the English and Spanish television audio are also available on iHeartRadio.[123] Longtime former TV play-by-play voice of D.C. United Dave Johnson serves as the radio play-by-play voice.[124]

D.C. United's first radio partner was WMET (1160 AM), which picked up coverage in 2003. For the 2009 season, games moved to WTOP (1050 AM), but the station did not renew its deal and the team went the next four seasons without English-language radio. Tony Limarzi was the commentator.[125][126]

WACA (1540 AM) broadcast commentary in Spanish from the team's founding through the 2009 season.[127] In 2010, coverage moved to WDCN-LP (87.7 FM) through the end of the 2012 season.[128]

Coverage in both languages returned for the 2014 season, as D.C. United entered into a four-year deal with CBS Radio, including English commentary on WJFK-FM (106.7 FM) or WJFK (1580 AM) and Spanish on WLZL-HD2 (107.9 FM-HD2).[129][130] The contract with CBS Radio expired after the 2017 season.

Players
For details on former players, see All-time D.C. United roster. For player records, including player awards, see List of D.C. United records and statistics.

Roster
As of August 3, 2023[131]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK United States USA Tyler Miller
2 DF Brazil BRA Ruan
3 DF Republic of Ireland IRL Derrick Williams
4 DF United States USA Brendan Hines-Ike
5 DF Iraq IRQ Mohanad Jeahze
6 MF United States USA Russell Canouse
7 DF Portugal POR Pedro Santos
8 MF United States USA Chris Durkin
9 FW United States USA Erik Hurtado
10 MF Brazil BRA Gabriel Pirani (on loan from Santos)
12 FW Colombia COL Cristian Dájome
14 DF Honduras HON Andy Najar
15 DF United States USA Steve Birnbaum (captain)
19 FW Netherlands NED Nigel Robertha
No. Pos. Nation Player
20 FW Belgium BEL Christian Benteke
21 MF United States USA Theodore Ku-DiPietro
22 MF Argentina ARG Yamil Asad
23 DF United States USA Donovan Pines
24 GK United States USA Alex Bono
25 MF United States USA Jackson Hopkins
30 DF United States USA Hayden Sargis
31 DF Panama PAN Eric Davis
43 MF Poland POL Mateusz Klich
45 DF United States USA Matai Akinmboni
49 MF Jamaica JAM Ravel Morrison
50 GK United States USA Luis Zamudio
72 DF Ivory Coast CIV Gaoussou Samaké
77 MF Chile CHI Martín Rodríguez
84 FW Panama PAN José Fajardo

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
18 MF El Salvador SLV Jeremy Garay (on loan to Loudoun United FC)
26 FW United States USA Kristian Fletcher (on loan to Swansea City)
33 DF United States USA Jacob Greene (on loan to Loudoun United FC)

Academy
Bill Hamid was D.C.'s first Academy signing.
Main article: D.C. United Academy

The D.C. United Academy is the youth and development program for D.C. United. The program consists of the affiliate (formerly reserve) team Loudoun United FC as well as the academy (U-15, U-16 and U-17) and Pre-Academy teams (U-14, U-13). The academy and Pre-Academy teams play in MLS Next.

Notable players to have graduated from the D.C United Academy include Bill Hamid, who has been called up by the U.S. national team, and Andy Najar, who has been capped for Honduras.[132][133]

Team management
Front office
President of soccer operations & Sporting director United States Dave Kasper
Technical director & General manager United States Stewart Mairs
President of business operations United States Danita Johnson
Coaching staff
Manager Vacant
Assistant manager France Frédéric Brillant
Assistant manager Wales Carl Robinson
Assistant manager England Pete Shuttleworth
Head of goalkeeping United States Diego Restrepo

Last updated: April 21, 2022
Source: D.C. United

Head coaching history
Main article: List of D.C. United head coaches
NameNatTenureHonors
Bruce Arena  USA 1996–1998 1996 U.S. Open Cup
1996 MLS Cup
1997 MLS Cup
1997 Supporters' Shield
1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
1998 Copa Interamericana
Thomas Rongen  NED 1999–2001 1999 MLS Cup
1999 Supporters' Shield
Ray Hudson  ENG 2002–2003 None
Piotr Nowak  POL 2004–2006 2004 MLS Cup
2006 Supporters' Shield
Tom Soehn  USA 2007–2009 2007 Supporters' Shield
2008 U.S. Open Cup
Curt Onalfo  USA 2010 None
Ben Olsen  USA 2010–2020 2013 U.S. Open Cup
Hernán Losada  ARG 2021–2022 None
Wayne Rooney  ENG 2022–2023 None

Honors
A table holding seven golden trophies of various sizes. The table is cover by a cloth with the team's shield on it.
D.C. United trophy collection as of 2007.
Continental
Competitions Titles Seasons
CONCACAF Champions Cup[134] 1 1998
Copa Interamericana 1 1998
National
Competitions Titles Seasons
MLS Cup[135] 4 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004
Supporters' Shield[135] 4 1997, 1999, 2006, 2007
U.S. Open Cup 3 1996, 2008, 2013
Eastern Conference (Playoffs) 5 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004
Eastern Conference (Regular season) 6 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2014

Record
Main article: List of D.C. United records and statistics
See also: List of D.C. United first-round draft picks

Seasons
Main article: List of D.C. United seasons

This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the D.C. United. For the full season-by-season history, see List of D.C. United seasons.

Season League Position Playoffs USOC Continental / Other Average
attendance		 Top goalscorer(s)
Div League Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts PPG Conf. Overall Name(s) Goals
2016 1 MLS 34 11 10 13 53 47 +6 46 1.35 4th 10th R1 Ro16 DNQ 17,081 United States Lamar Neagle 9
2017 MLS 34 9 20 5 31 60 –29 32 0.94 11th 21st DNQ Ro16 17,904 Argentina Luciano Acosta 5
2018 MLS 34 14 11 9 60 50 +10 51 1.50 4th 9th R1 Ro16 17,635 England Wayne Rooney 12
2019 MLS 34 13 11 10 42 38 +4 50 1.47 5th 10th R1 Ro16 17,744 England Wayne Rooney 13
2020 MLS 23 5 12 6 25 41 −16 21 0.91 13th 24th DNQ NH Leagues Cup
MLS is Back Tournament		 NH
GS		 17,056 Norway Ola Kamara 3
2021 MLS 34 14 15 5 56 54 +2 47 1.38 8th 16th DNQ NH DNQ 12,791 Norway Ola Kamara 19

^ 1. Avg. attendance include statistics from league matches only.
^ 2. Top goalscorer(s) includes all goals scored in League, MLS Cup Playoffs, U.S. Open Cup, MLS is Back Tournament, CONCACAF Champions League, FIFA Club World Cup, and other competitive continental matches.

Player records

Statistics below show the all-time regular-season club leaders. Bold indicates active D.C. United players.

A Hispanic soccer player with shiny brown hair smiles and faces left. He is wearing a red jersey with white and black details and a VW logo.
Jaime Moreno holds most of D.C. United's offensive records.
As of July 15, 2022[136]
CategoryRecord holderTotal
GamesBolivia Jaime Moreno329
GoalsBolivia Jaime Moreno131
AssistsBolivia Jaime Moreno102
Penalty kick goalsBolivia Jaime Moreno42
Game-winning goalsBolivia Jaime Moreno26
Hat tricksEl Salvador Raúl Díaz Arce
Canada Dwayne De Rosario
United States Chris Pontius
United States Patrick Mullins		2
ShutoutsUnited States Bill Hamid80
WinsUnited States Bill Hamid55
  • All-Time regular-season record: 314–313–167 (Through 2020 season)

Team MVP
Wayne Rooney played for D.C. United from 2018 to 2020
Dates Name Nation
2004Jaime Moreno Bolivia
2005Christian Gómez Argentina
2006Christian Gómez (2) Argentina
2007Luciano Emilio Brazil
2008Jaime Moreno (2) Bolivia
2009Clyde Simms United States
2010Andy Najar Honduras
2011Dwayne De Rosario Canada
2012Chris Pontius United States
2013Perry Kitchen United States
2014Fabián Espíndola Argentina
2015Chris Rolfe United States
2016Steve Birnbaum United States
2017Bill Hamid United States
2018 Wayne Rooney[137] England
2019Luciano Acosta Argentina
2020Julian Gressel Germany
2021Ola Kamara Norway

MLS All-Time Best XI

Four players who were with D.C. United during the 1990s were chosen in 2005 as members of the MLS All-Time Best XI:

Hall of Tradition
Main article: D.C. United Hall of Tradition

In 2003, D.C. United introduced the "Hall of Tradition" (formerly "Tradition of Excellence"), an honor bestowed upon players, coaches & front office staff deemed by United to have been crucial to the team's success.[138] People are listed in the order in which they joined the club.

Seven large black shield-shaped banners are hung on a green wall, with white text for the name and number, or role that the individual played.
Banners for the "Hall of Tradition" members are displayed at RFK Stadium.
NamePosition/RoleYearsInducted
United States Jeff AgoosDF1996–00October 16, 2008
El Salvador Raúl Díaz ArceFW1996–97; 2000September 2, 2009
Betty D'AnjolellExecutive1995–98June 29, 2008
Danilo Noel DirónBroadcaster1997–08September 2, 2009
Bolivia Marco EtcheverryMF1996–03October 20, 2007
United States John HarkesMF1996–98May 14, 2003
Bolivia Jaime MorenoFW1996–02
2004–10		September 14, 2013
United States Ben OlsenMF1998–09September 15, 2012
Kevin PaynePresident/CEO1994–01
2004–12		October 2, 2015
United States Eddie PopeDF1996–02July 18, 2010
United States Richie WilliamsMF1996–00, 2002October 15, 2011

Affiliations

See also

References

General

  • MLS statistics sourced to: Litterer, David. "Major League Soccer". RSSSF. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  • U.S. Open Cup statistics sourced to: Hikala, Josh. "1995 – present (Pro Era)". TheCup.us. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  • CONCACAF statistics sourced to: Torres, Steven. "CONCACAF Champions Cup and Champions League history" (PDF). CONCACAF. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  • Top scorers sourced to: "Statistics". Major League Soccer. Retrieved July 12, 2011.

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