Lava lake

Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified (sometimes referred to as frozen lava lakes).

Not to be confused with crater lakes, lakes of water that form in a volcanic crater or caldera.
For places named Lava Lake, see Lava Lake.
Lava lake at Nyiragongo Volcano in a molten state. (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Lava lake at Erta Ale Volcano, Ethiopia.
The lava lake of Halemaʻumaʻu at Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi, United States).
Lava lake in Marum crater, Ambrym, Vanuatu.
Satellite picture showing the lava lake of Mount Erebus, Antarctica.
Aerial view of a lava lake in Pu’u ’Ō’ō crater, east rift zone of Kīlauea. The crater is about 820 ft (250 m) in diameter.
Aerial view of a lava lake atop the Kūpaʻianahā vent on the east rift zone of Kīlauea volcano.

Formation

Lava lakes can form in three ways:[1]

  • from one or more vents in a crater that erupts enough lava to partially fill the crater; or
  • when lava pours into a crater or broad depression and partially fills the crater; or
  • atop a new vent that erupts lava continuously for a period of several weeks or more and slowly builds a crater progressively higher than the surrounding ground.

Behaviors

Lava lakes occur in a variety of volcanic systems, ranging from the basaltic Erta Ale lake in Ethiopia and the basaltic andesite volcano of Villarrica, Chile, to the unique phonolitic lava lake at Mt. Erebus, Antarctica. Lava lakes have been observed to exhibit a range of behaviours. A "constantly circulating, apparently steady-state" lava lake was observed during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi.[2] By contrast, a lava lake at the 1983–1984 Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption of Kilauea displayed cyclic behaviour with a period of 5–20 minutes; gas "pierced the surface" of the lake, and the lava rapidly drained back down the conduit before the onset of a new phase of lake activity.[3] The behaviour observed is influenced by the combined effects of pressure within the reservoir, exsolution and decompression of gas bubbles within the conduit and, potentially, exsolution of bubbles within the magma reservoir. Superimposed upon this is the effect of bubbles rising through the liquid, and coalescence of bubbles within the conduit. The interactions of these effects can create either a steady-state recirculating lake, or a lake level that periodically rises and then falls.[4]

Notable examples

Persistent lava lakes are a rare phenomenon. Only a few volcanoes have hosted persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades:

The lava lakes at Ambrym volcano disappeared after a large eruption in December 2018.

For many years, Kīlauea had two persistent lava lakes: one in the Halemaʻumaʻu vent cavity within the summit caldera, and another within the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone located on the east rift zone of the volcano.[10] In May 2018, both of these lava lakes disappeared as a result of increased activity in Kīlauea's east rift zone. The lava lake at Halemaʻumaʻu returned in December 2020, after Kīlauea's first eruption in over two years.[11] The lava lake solidified after the eruption ended in May 2021, but returned again when eruptive activity at Halemaʻumaʻu resumed on September 29, 2021. The lava lake is still active as of September 2022.

Nyiragongo's lava lake has usually been the largest and most voluminous in recent history, reaching 700 meters wide in 1982,[12] although Masaya is believed to have hosted an even larger lava lake at the time of the Spanish conquest, being 1,000 meters wide in 1670.[13] The lava lake at Masaya came back in January 2016.[14]

In addition to the aforementioned persistent lava lakes, a certain number of occurrences of temporary lava lakes (sometimes called lava ponds or lava pools, depending on their size and nature[15]) have also been observed and are listed in the following table.

List of volcanoes having displayed past or present lava lake activity
VolcanoLocation
Persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades
Erta Ale[6]Ethiopia
Mount Erebus[5]Ross Island, Antarctica
Kīlauea[7] HalemaʻumaʻuHawaiʻi (Big Island)
Nyiragongo[9] (the largest one in the past century)Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ambrym[16] (two lava lakes in both Benbow and Marum craters since around 1991;[17] following an earthquake in December 2018 both lakes are buried under collapsed craters and as of July 2019 lava is only partially visible)Ambrym Island, Vanuatu
Mount MichaelSaunders Island, South Sandwich Islands
Recent intermittent lava lake activity
Masaya[14][18]Nicaragua
Mount YasurTanna Island, Vanuatu
Villarrica[19]Chile
Karthala[20]Grande Comore, Comoros
Piton de la Fournaise[21][22] (small temporary lava pond in Dolomieu crater)Réunion Island
Ol Doinyo Lengai[23][24] (only active volcano in the world emitting carbonatite lava)Tanzania
Turrialba[25] (small lake)Costa Rica
Unconfirmed lava lake activity
Telica[26] (possibly in 1971 and 1999–2000)Nicaragua
Tungurahua[27] (possibly in 1999)Ecuador
Tofua[28] (possibly in 2004 and 2006)Tofua Island, Tonga
Nabro[29] (possibly in 2012)Eritrea
Lava lake activity suggested by satellite remote-sensing data
Mount Michael[30]Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands
Mount Belinda[31]Montagu Island, South Sandwich Islands
Mawson Peak[32]Heard Island
Past lava lake activity
Kīlauea[7] Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater (1983-2018, collapsed during the 2018 Puna eruption)Hawaiʻi (Big Island)
Mount Matavanu[33][34] (during the 1905–1911 eruption)Savai'i Island, Samoa
Nyamuragira[34][35] (lava lake located within the summit caldera, confirmed for the first time in 1921, drained in 1938, and temporary lava pond in the Kituro cone on the SW flank, during the 1948 eruption)Democratic Republic of the Congo
Capelinhos[36][37] (in 1958, a Surtseyan eruption)Faial Island, Azores
Surtsey[38][39][40] (in 1964, during the 1963–1967 eruption which led to the formation of the island)Iceland
Tolbachik,[34][41] part of the Klyuchevskaya volcanic complex (last observation of lava lake activity in 1964)Kamchatka, Russia
Etna[42] (in 1974)Sicily, Italy
Ardoukôba[43] (in 1978)Djibouti
Mount Mihara[44] (in 1986)Izu Ōshima, Japan
Stromboli[45] (in 1986 and 1989)Aeolian Islands, Italy
La Cumbre[46] (in 1995)Fernandina Island, Galápagos
Pacaya[47] (in 2000 and 2001)Guatemala
Lava lake activity on other planetary bodies
Loki Patera[48]Io
Janus Patera[49]Io
Pele[49]Io

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Lava lake". Volcano Hazards Program Photo Glossary. United States Geological Survey.

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