Legal interpretation in South Africa

The oldest surviving statutes in South Africa are the old colonial Dutch placaaten, which are regarded as common law, and for whose demise no formal procedure is necessary.[9] They are abrogated by disuse.[10]

Old-order legislation is defined in terms of the Constitution as "legislation enacted before the previous Constitution took effect."[11]

Laws enacted prior to the establishment, in 1910, of the Union of South Africa, and after the 1806 British annexation of the Cape, have mostly been repealed or incorporated into other legislation.[9]

Legislation enacted after 1910, but before the current constitutional dispensation, still forms a substantial—indeed predominant—part of the current body of statute law in South Africa.[9]

New-order legislation refers to the whole body statute law enacted in South Africa since 1994. It includes both the Interim Constitution and the current Constitution of 1996, under which all such legislation has been enacted, and with which all legislation must be compatible if it is to be valid.

Before 1994 and the new era of constitutionalism, it was Parliament rather than the Constitution which enjoyed supremacy. Statutes were divided simply into original legislation (Acts of Parliament) and subordinate legislation (such as regulations and proclamations).[12] Now, however, the Constitution is supreme, and all other legislation subordinate to it.[13] Today legislation is divided according to its status and its position in the hierarchy.

"Hierarchy" is classification of legislation according to the level of government (national, provincial or local) whereat it is passed. Statutes which prevail over others are "superior" to them, and superior statutes can be either original or delegated,—see below—even within one level of government. In certain circumstances, however, in certain levels of government, delegated legislation is always subordinate; likewise the Constitution, "not passed by Parliament, but [...] adopted by the Constitutional Assembly,"[14] is always supreme, in that any law inconsistent with it is invalid, and in that the obligations it imposes must be fulfilled.[15][16]

• Parliament is South Africa's highest legislator, its original powers bestowed by the Constitution.[17] Some Acts of Parliament give effect to specific human rights, and are created by specific mandate in the Constitution.[16] These are superior to all other legislation, but subordinate to the Constitution. The Promotion of Access to Information Act,[18] for example, is constitutionally prescribed,[19] and over-rides all other legislation that "is materially inconsistent with an object, or a specific provision, of this Act."[20]
• The original power for new Provincial Acts (those passed since 1994) is derived directly from the Constitution.[21]
• Some provincial ordinances, passed between 1961 and 1986, are still in force. Given that they were enacted by an elected body, could alter the common law and could even have retrospective force, they clearly represent a category of original legislation. A provincial ordinance only applies now in the "old" geographical region of the relevant former province.[22]
• The self-governing former homelands enjoyed concurrent legislative powers in South Africa with the central government, although there were certain limitations on their legislators. Defence and foreign policy, for example, were outside of their legislative competence.[23]
• The legislation of the former TBVC states (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei) is still valid in the applicable areas, as these states have since been re-incorporated into South Africa.
• New municipal legislation or "by-laws", enacted since 1993, derive their original power from the Constitution.[24]

Acts of Parliament and other original legislation are often drafted in skeleton form, as the legislative bodies responsible are not able to account continuously for every change in South African society which such legislation would be required to accommodate. Delegated legislation "adds the flesh;"[25] it is "legislation by administration."[26] An original statute thus "orders" (in an enabling provision) that legislation be drafted, usually at a lower level of government, to address certain aspects of what the original statute is supposed to remedy.

Existing provincial proclamations and regulations (1968–1994) include those issued by the Provincial Councils and, since 1986, the Provincial Administrator, who

• issues proclamations to amend or repeal provincial legislation; and
• issues regulations under and in terms of existing provincial legislation.

New provincial proclamations and regulations (since 1994) are issued to fulfil the requirements of the prescribing Act, to "add flesh" to it.

Other proclamations and regulations may be made or issued by the conferral of delegated powers. A cabinet minister may be authorised to make regulations according to a prescribing statute: for example, section 75 of the National Road Traffic Act,[27] which so empowers the Minister of Transport.

The minister may also empower or authorise another statutory body or person to make such regulations. University councils, for example, and the South African Towing and Recovery Association are so authorised. The Chief Justice, for another example, prescribes the Rules of the Constitutional Court.

The use or consideration of the structure of legislation for the purposes of interpretation is known as the systematic or contextual method of statutory interpretation.

The long title is a short summary of the content of the statute.

Not every statute has a preamble, but many do. It may be useful in furnishing details of the circumstances, the background and reasons for the creation of the statute.

The enacting provision of a statute acknowledges the legislator and authority responsible (be it national, provincial or municipal).

The definitions of terms or words or concepts in the Act are usually included in an "internal dictionary," to be found in the opening section of the Act itself.

Purpose and interpretation causes are mostly to be found in new-order legislation. They state the purpose of the Act and prescribe how it ought to be interpreted.

The short title is usually included in the final section. It is the official "name" of the Act. An obvious example would be "Interpretation Act 33 of 1957."

Included in the final section also will usually be an indication of the commencement date of the statute. If no such date is given, it may be found in the relevant gazette.

Schedules provide auxiliary detail and other information additional to the text of the Act, as is the case, for example, in the Constitution, with its seven schedules.

Chapters are normally to be found in longer statutes. They are sometimes also called "parts." They are not usually referred to in citation, however; scholars and judges cite instead the relevant sections and subsections of the Act. The rationale for this is that, while not all statutes have chapters, they are almost always divided into sections. This promotes uniformity.

Examples of a statute number include the Interpretation Act 33 of 1957 and Proclamation R255 of 7 October 1977. Statutes are numbered by the order of their signature or assention by the President, not in order of their publication or enactment.

National legislation is cited by its short title and number (as above). The same applies to provincial legislation, but with reference to the relevant province: for example, "Eastern Cape Provincial Tender Board Act 2 of 1994." The Constitution is usually cited as "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996," while the Interim Constitution is cited as "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993."

It is now generally agreed that the final Constitution of 1996 ought, in recognition of its supreme status, not to be cited with its statute number (although it has one).[28]

In the citation "s 2(a)(i)(cc),"

• "2" refers to the section number;
• "(1) refers to the sub-section;
• "(a)" refers to the paragraph;
• "(i)" refers to the sub-paragraph; and
• "(cc)" refers to the item.

"s 2A" would refer to a new section inserted in terms of an amendment.

Delegated legislation usually has no official short title. Regulations issued by GN R999 GG 174254 of 28 June 1996, under s 56 of Aliens Control Act 96 of 1991, for example, would be known broadly as "Aliens control regulations."

In the citation of proclamations, one should cite the number and the year of promulgation: for example, Proclamation R255 [GG 5766 of 7 October] of 1977. Proclamations are divided into sections, sub-sections and paragraphs.

Regulations are promulgated by Government Notices: for example, GN R1412 of 2003, which issued explosives regulations in terms of the Explosives Act.[29] They are divided into (individual) regulations, sub-regulations and paragraphs.

By-laws are passed by municipal councils. Such councils can also promulgate original legislation, however, because they are representative and deliberative legislative bodies.

In Fedsure v Greater Johannesburg,[30] the court held that, although the detailed powers and functions of local governments have to be determined by the laws of a competent authority, this does not mean that the powers they exercise are "delegated." Nor does it prevent those powers from being regarded as "original" and not "delegated."[31]

By-laws are divided into sections, sub-sections and paragraphs.

Examples of rules include the Uniform Rules of the High Court and the Magistrates' Court Rules. These are divided into (individual) rules, sub-rules and paragraphs.

• Botha, C. Statutory Interpretation: An introduction for students. 4 ed. Juta and Company Ltd, 2010.
• Du Plessis, LM. Re-Interpretation of Statutes. Butterworths, 2002.
• Devenish, GE. The Interpretation of Statutes. Juta and Company Ltd, 1992.
• Kellaway. Principles of Legal Interpretation. Butterworths, 1995.
• HR Hahlo and E Kahn The South African legal system and its background. 1973.

• Citation of Constitutional Laws Act 5 of 2005.
• Interpretation Act 33 of 1957.
• Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000.

• Fedsure Life Assurance Ltd and Others v Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council and Others 1999 (1) SA 374 (CC).
• Kruger v President of Republic of South Africa and Others 2009 (1) SA 417 (CC).
• R v Patz 1946 AD 845.
• Theart and Another v Minnaar NO; Senekal v Winskor 174 (Pty) Ltd 2010 (3) SA 327 (SCA).
• True Motives 84 (Pty) Ltd v Mahdi and Another 2009 (4) SA 153 (SCA).