Lesser Antillean iguana

The Lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima) is a large arboreal lizard endemic to the Lesser Antilles. It is one of three species of lizard of the genus Iguana and is in severe decline due to habitat destruction, introduced feral predators, hunting, and hybridization with its introduced sister species, the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Successful captive breeding of this species has been limited to only two instances, as most captive-laid eggs tend to be infertile.

Lesser Antillean iguana
A Lesser Antillean iguana in Coulibistrie, Dominica
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Iguana
Species:
I. delicatissima
Binomial name
Iguana delicatissima
Laurenti, 1768

Other common names for it are Lesser Antillean green iguana or West Indian iguana.

Etymology and taxonomy

The generic name iguana is derived from iwana, a Spanish form of the Taino name for the species.[3] Its specific name delicatissima is Latin for "delicate". The species was first officially described by Austrian naturalist Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768.[4]

Anatomy and morphology
A juvenile Lesser Antillean iguana near the Coulibistrie River, Dominica

The Lesser Antilles iguana has a more blocky, shortened face than the green iguana and lacks the distinctive stripe pattern present along the green iguana's tail. The feature that most easily distinguishes these two species is the large, round scale that the green iguana has below each ear hole but which the Lesser Antillean iguana lacks.

The Lesser Antillean iguana varies in color between different island populations, but the base color tends to be gray, with green splotching on the underside.[5] They have large pale, ivory colored scales on their heads. The jowls of males are pink and the scales around the eyes are blue.[5] Males also have femoral pores along each inner thigh that exude pheromones during breeding season. Males are larger than females and are 40 cm (15.5 in) long, with an 80 cm (31.5 in) tail when full-grown. Females are two-thirds this size.

Habitat and distribution

The Lesser Antillean iguana is found in scrub woodlands, rainforests, and mangroves throughout the Lesser Antilles on Saint Barth, Anguilla, St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique.[1] Since European settlement the species has disappeared from Sint Maarten, Saint Kitts, Nevis, Barbuda, Antigua, Marie Galante, and Îles des Saintes.[1]

Ecology

Lesser Antillean iguanas are primarily herbivores, feeding on leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of upwards of 100 different species of plant.[5]

Conservation
A Lesser Antillean iguana in Dominica

The Lesser Antillean iguana is a critically endangered species and is found on the IUCN Red List.[1] The Lesser Antillean iguana is legally protected from hunting throughout its range, but enforcement of these regulations is extremely difficult and therefore limited. Other threats include habitat loss to agriculture and development and the introduction of feral predators such as dogs, cats, and mongooses.[1]

The species' greatest threat is from its own relative. The green iguana has been introduced to the Lesser Antilles as an invasive species and directly competes with the Lesser Antillean iguana for food and resources.[6] In addition, the green iguana has been interbreeding with the Lesser Antillean iguana and this hybridization has been the number one reason for the latter species' decline on numerous islands (Basse Terre and Grande Terre (Guadeloupe), St. Barthélemy, Martinique) or complete disappearance (e.g., Les Iles des Saintes).[1] Also on St. Eustatius hybridization has been observed.[7] After a group of green iguanas washed ashore after hurricane Luis in 1995 on the island of Anguilla,[8] the endemic Lesser Antillean iguana population was gone within twenty years.[9] Recently, non-native iguanas also arrived on Dominica, the last major stronghold of the species. These iguanas were translocated together with hurricane-aid supplies during the aftermath of Hurricane Maria in 2017.[10]

Captive Lesser Antillean iguanas are currently kept at the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, the Chester Zoo, the Memphis Zoo, and the San Diego Zoo's Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species. All individuals originate from the Commonwealth of Dominica. Breeding and keeping the species in captivity is difficult. Mating and egg laying have occurred at each institution, but most of the eggs have been infertile; however, a single individual was successfully hatched at the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust in 1997 and in 2000 eight iguanas were hatched. Following on from this success, 11 iguanas hatched at Durrell in 2016 and they will be sent to zoos across Europe in an effort to promote and support the urgent conservation work for this species.[1] In 2018 four captured iguanas from Sint Eustatius were sent to Blijdorp zoo in Rotterdam, The Netherlands for a breeding programme.

References
  1. van den Burg, M.P.; Breuil, M.; Knapp, C. (2018). "Iguana delicatissima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10800A122936983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T10800A122936983.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. Coles, William (2002), "Green Iguana" (PDF), U.S.V.I. Animal Fact Sheet #08, Department of Planning and Natural Resources US Virgin Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-11
  4. Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004), "The Evolution of Iguanas an Overview and a Checklist of Species", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, pp. 40–41, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  5. Lazell, J.D. (1973), "The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, New York, vol. 145, pp. 1–28
  6. Knapp, Charles R.; Grant, Tandora D.; Pasachnik, Stesha A.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle; Buckner, Sandra D.; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Harlow, Peter S.; Mukhida, Farah; Thomas‐Moko, Nunia; Burg, Matthijs P.; Wasilewski, Joseph A. (6 November 2020). "The global need to address threats from invasive alien iguanas". Animal Conservation. 24 (5): 717–719. doi:10.1111/acv.12660. eISSN 1469-1795. ISSN 1367-9430.
  7. van den Burg, Matthijs P; Meirmans, Patrick G; van Wagensveld, Timothy P; Kluskens, Bart; Madden, Hannah; Welch, Mark E; Breeuwer, Johannes A J (19 February 2018). "The Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima) on St. Eustatius: Genetically Depauperate and Threatened by Ongoing Hybridization". Journal of Heredity. 109 (4): 426–437. doi:10.1093/jhered/esy008. eISSN 1465-7333. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 29471487.
  8. Censky, Ellen J.; Hodge, Karim; Dudley, Judy (October 1998). "Over-water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes". Nature. 395 (6702): 556–556. doi:10.1038/26886. eISSN 1476-4687. ISSN 0028-0836.
  9. Pounder, Kieran C.; Mukhida, F.; Brown, R. P.; Carter, D.; Daltry, J. C.; Fleming, T.; Goetz, M.; Halsey, L. G.; Hughes, G.; Questel, K.; Saccheri, I. J.; Williams, R.; Soanes, L. M. (22 February 2020). "Testing for hybridisation of the Critically Endangered Iguana delicatissima on Anguilla to inform conservation efforts". Conservation Genetics. 21 (3): 405–420. doi:10.1007/s10592-020-01258-6. eISSN 1572-9737. ISSN 1566-0621.
  10. van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Knapp, Charles R. (14 October 2019). "Post-hurricane relief facilitates invasion and establishment of two invasive alien vertebrate species in the Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies". Biological Invasions. 22 (2): 195–203. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02107-5. eISSN 1573-1464. ISSN 1387-3547.
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