Northern Bahamian rock iguana

The northern Bahamian rock iguana (Cyclura cychlura) is a species of lizard of the genus Cyclura that is found on Andros Island and the Exuma islands in the Bahamas. Its status on the IUCN Red List is vulnerable, with a wild population of less than 5,000 animals.[1]

Northern Bahamian rock iguana
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Cyclura
Species:
C. cychlura
Binomial name
Cyclura cychlura
(Cuvier, 1829)
Subspecies
Synonyms[1]
  • Iguana cychlura Cuvier, 1829
  • Cyclura baeolopha Cope, 1861

Taxonomy

It was first described as a new species, Iguana cychlura, by Georges Cuvier in 1829.[1]

Mitochondrial DNA analysis by biologist Catherine Malone found its closest relatives to be Cyclura nubila on Cuba, and C. lewisi on Grand Cayman. According to her C. lewisi, C. nubila and C. cychlura had diverged almost as much as each other, although she only used a single locus and a very small sample set of each species.[3] According to a 2005 article in the magazine New Scientist C. lewisi may have diverged from C. nubila some 3 million years ago.[4]

There are three recognised subspecies of the northern Bahamian rock iguana: the Andros Island iguana (C. cychlura cychlura), Allen's Cay iguana (C. c. inornata) and the Exuma Island iguana (C. c. figginsi).[1][5] Although Malone's research found C. c. cychlura as being phylogenetically distinct from C. c. figginisi and C. c. inornata, she found these two populations were indistinct genetically and should likely be synonymised.[3]

Description

This species, like other species of Cyclura, is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have more prominent femoral pores on their thighs which are used to release pheromones.[6][7]

Distribution

This species only occurs in the southwestern Bahamas. 18,000 years ago during the last ice age and the sea level was much lower, many of the islands of the Bahamas were connected to each other and this species probably existed in an unbroken population,[3] the relict populations now inhabit Andros Island and the Exuma islands.[1]

Ecology (Habitat)

It lives in tropical dry forest, pine barrens, coastal coppice, mangrove and beach strand habitats. These are found on low islands built from karst limestone plateaus. Like all Cyclura species, the northern Bahamian rock iguana is primarily herbivorous. It is ground-dwelling, although juveniles often climb into branches in the morning to bask and feed.[1]

Conservation

Status

In 2004 the IUCN assessed the species as a whole to be "vulnerable", although each of the three subspecies were assessed as endangered. The current global population of all three subspecies was estimated at less than 5,000 members and was thought to be declining. The population had decreased by at least 50% over the last 60 years.[1]

Causes of decline

In 2004 the IUCN listed the main threats to this lizard depended on the islands where the different subspecies came from; with the Andros Island population to be threatened by logging, infrastructure development, feral animals and fires set for agricultural or crab-hunting reasons. The populations from the Exumas were imperilled due to feral animals (goats), fires caused by tourists, and rapid private land acquisition (primarily for tourism purposes). Development, fire and feral animals had caused a reduction in area of suitable habitat of at least 20% over the previous 30 years. Feral animals which pose a threat to the iguanas are cats, dogs, hogs and goats.[1] Dogs prey upon juvenile and adult iguanas, hogs eat their eggs.[8] All populations were still occasionally being hunted for meat or for the pet trade according to the IUCN in 2004.[1] An 2002 article in the Miami Herald quoted an officer of the Bahamas' Department of Agriculture who stated iguanas were still sometimes hunted and eaten, albeit rarely.[8]

References
  1. Knapp, C.R.; Iverson, J.B.; Buckner, S. (2004). "Cyclura cychlura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T6035A12356382. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T6035A12356382.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. Malone, Catherine L.; Wheeler, Tana; Taylor, Jeremy F.; Davis, Scott K. (November 2000). "Phylogeography of the Caribbean Rock Iguana (Cyclura): Implications for Conservation and Insights on the Biogeographic History of the West Indies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0836. PMID 11083940. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  4. Kenyon, Georgina (14 September 2005). "Pulling the blue iguana from the brink". New Scientist. No. 2517. London: Simone Coless. pp. 42–43. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  5. Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004). "The Evolution of Iguanas: An Overview of Relationships and a Checklist of Species". Iguanas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press: 36–37. ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1.
  6. De Vosjoli, Phillipe; David Blair (1992). The Green Iguana Manual. Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems. ISBN 1-882770-18-8.
  7. Martins, Emilia P.; Lacy, Kathryn (2004). "Behavior and Ecology of Rock Iguanas,I: Evidence for an Appeasement Display". Iguanas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press: 98–108. ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1.
  8. Morgan, Curtis (July 7, 2002). "In Bahamas Some Indulge Taste For Dwindling Iguana". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
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