Lifan Yuan

The Lifan Yuan (Chinese: 理藩院; pinyin: Lǐfān Yuàn; Manchu: ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᡤᠣᠯᠣ
ᠪᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ
ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: tulergi golo be dasara jurgan; Mongolian: Гадаад Монголын төрийг засах явдлын яам, γadaγadu mongγul un törü-yi jasaqu yabudal-un yamun) was an agency in the government of the Qing dynasty of China which administered the empire's Inner Asian territories such as Mongolia and oversaw the appointments of Ambans in Tibet. Until the 1860s, it was also responsible for the Qing's relations with the Russian Empire.

Name

The name Lifan Yuan has various translations in English, including the Board for National Minority Affairs,[1] Court of Territorial Affairs,[2] Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions,[3] Office for Relations with Principalities,[4] Office of Barbarian Control,[5] Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs[6] and Court of Colonial Affairs.[7][8] etc. The office was initially known as the Mongol Yamen (Chinese: 蒙古衙門; pinyin: Měnggǔ Yámén;[9] Manchu: ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: monggo jurgan, lit. the Mongol department) when it was first created in 1636. In 1639 the department was renamed and expanded to "Lifan Yuan" in Chinese and "Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan" in Manchu. The Manchu name literally means the department for the administration of outlying regions.[10] During the period of the late Qing reforms (or "New Policies"), the name was changed again to Lifan Ministry (Chinese: 理藩部; pinyin: Lǐfān Bù) in 1907 and existed until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

Function

Prior to the establishment of the Zongli Yamen, the Court also supervised the empire's relation with Russia under the treaties of Nerchinsk and Kyakhta.[11] Lifan Yuan was exclusively staffed with members from the Eight Banners. Lifan Yuan was the closest administrative office that the Qing dynasty had that would have been comparable with a foreign policy department.

Guests of the Lifan Yuan were housed in the Bureau of Interpreters (Chinese: 會同館; pinyin: Huìtóng Guǎn; Wade–Giles: Hui-t'ung Kuan) in the southeast part of the Inner City, later also known as the Russian hostel (Chinese: 俄羅斯館; pinyin: Éluósī Guǎn; Wade–Giles: O-lo-ssu Kuan) due to the predominance of Russian visitors there. It was also called the ‘south pavilion’ (南館 nan kuan) to distinguish it from the ‘north pavilion’ (北館 pei kuan) where the Albazinians lived. From the Treaty of Kyakhta this residence became permanent.

There was also a Russian Language Institute (Chinese: 俄羅斯文館; pinyin: Éluósī Wénguǎn; Wade–Giles: O-lo-ssu Wen-kuan), which was a school where Manchus learned to speak Russian. Founded in 1708, it was incorporated into the newly founded Tongwen Guan in 1862.

The Lifan Yuan was roughly a Qing version of the Xuanzheng Yuan (Chinese: 宣政院; pinyin: Xuānzhèngyuàn) or Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, instituted by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty for administering affairs in Tibet.[12] It is to be distinguished from the Ministry of Rites, which was the traditional Chinese institution for dealing with all outsiders during the Ming dynasty. The Qing used the Board of Rites to deal with the tributary countries to the south and east like Joseon Korea, Nguyen dynasty Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom and western peoples who came by sea like the Dutch and the English. The Lifan Yuan was established at the time of Huang Taiji to deal with the Mongols. After the establishment to the Qing dynasty it continued to be a separate institution for dealing with Mongols and Russians and other Inner Asian peoples to the north and west. It was replaced by the Zongli Yamen for conducting foreign relations in 1861.

See also
Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
Similar institutions

References
  1. The biographies of the Dalai Lamas By Hanzhang Ya, P33
  2. Opium and the limits of empire: drug prohibition in the Chinese interior ... By David Anthony Bello, P65
  3. Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history By Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J. Wyatt, P367
  4. Imperial China 900-1800 By Frederick W. Mote, P868
  5. Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History By R. K. I. Quested, P46
  6. Traditional government in imperial China: a critical analysis By Mu Qian, Mu Ch'ien, George Oakley Totten, P135
  7. Coleman, William M., IV (2014). Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 (PDF). p. 193-194. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. "China - The Qing empire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  9. Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. pp. 214–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
  10. The Imperial Moment, by Kimberly Kagan, p97
  11. Akifumi, Shiyoya (2019). "The Treaty of Ghulja reconsidered: Imperial Russian diplomacy toward Qing China in 1851". Journal of Eurasian Studies. 10 (2): 147–158. doi:10.1177/1879366519842882. S2CID 164659711.
  12. State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, by Xiaolin Guo, p29

Further reading
  • Mayers, William Frederick. The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles, Categorically Arranged and Explained, with an Appendix. 3rd edition revised by G.M.H. Playfair ed. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1897; reprint, Taipei: Ch'eng-Wen Pub. Co., 1966.
  • Brunnert, S., V. V. Hagelstrom, and N. F. Kolesov. Present Day Political Organization of China. Translated by Andrei Terent'evich Biel'chenko and Edward Eugene Moran. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1912.
  • March, G. Patrick, Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.
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