List of COM-clade families

The COM clade consists of, and is named for, three orders of flowering plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales and Malpighiales.[lower-alpha 1] A subgroup of the rosids, it is divided into 45 families of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous perennials and annuals.[4][5]

trees
Pando, an 80,000-year-old grove of quaking aspen in the US state of Utah
Flowering plant families (APG IV)
Early-diverging flowering plants
Monocots: Alismatids • Commelinids • Lilioids
Eudicots
Basal eudicots • Dilleniales and Gunnerales
Superasterids: Basal superasterids (and the asterids)
Asterids: Basal asterids • Euasterids
Superrosids: Saxifragales (and the rosids)
Rosids: COM clade • Malvids • Nitrogen-fixing clade • Vitales and Zygophyllales

Coca leaves containing small amounts of cocaine have been chewed as a stimulant for thousands of years in the Andes.[6] Cassava crops provide a substantial source of carbohydrates in the tropics.[7] Bruguiera, Rhizophora and other mangroves are planted to protect coasts from storms and anchor beach sand.[8] A single rootstock that supports a grove of quaking aspen may be the world's oldest living individual plant, at around 80,000 years.[9] Hybrids of the wild pansy (Viola tricolor) and other species of the violet family are grown as ornamentals, even in temperate winters.[10]

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.[2] In this system, Celastrales is basal within the COM clade.[12]

Families
Families
Family and a common name[13][lower-alpha 2] Type genus and etymology[lower-alpha 3] Total genera; global distribution Description and uses Order[4] Type genus images
Achariaceae (chaulmoogra family)[15] Acharia, for Erik Acharius (1757–1819)[16][17] 31 genera, in the tropics[18][19] Shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants with essentially unisexual flowers. Some species are harvested for their wood.[15][20] Malpighi­ales
"botanical illustration"
Acharia tragodes
Balanopaceae (pimplebark family)[21] Balanops, from Greek for "acorn-like"[21] 1 genus, from northeastern Australia to Fiji[18][22] Unisexual evergreen shrubs and trees with lenticels, horizontal ruptures in the bark that allow gas exchange[18][21] Malpighi­ales
"fruit and foliage"
Balanops australiana
Bonnetiaceae (cascarilla family)[23] Bonnetia, for Charles Bonnet (1720–1793)[23][24] 4 genera, in Southeast Asia and the tropics of the Americas[18][25] Shrubs and trees with durable wood[20][23] Malpighi­ales
"flower"
Bonnetia stricta
Brunelliaceae (palo-bobo family)[26] Brunellia, for Gabriele Brunelli (1728–1797), an Italian clergyman and botanist[26] 1 genus, in the tropics of the Americas[26][27] Evergreen trees[20][26] Oxali­dales
"foliage"
Brunellia comocladifolia
Calophyllaceae (takamaka family)[28] Calophyllum, from Greek for "beautiful leaves"[29][30] 11 genera, in the tropics[18][31] Evergreen trees that exude copious white or yellow sap. Mesua ferrea is one of the species called ironwood for its very sturdy heartwood.[28] Malpighi­ales
"flowers and foliage"
Calophyllum brasiliense
Caryocaraceae (souari-tree family)[32] Caryocar, from Greek for "nut heart"[32][33] 2 genera, in the tropics of the Americas[18][34] Shrubs and trees, pollinated by bats. Caryocar yields edible nuts.[20][32] Malpighi­ales
"flowers"
Caryocar brasiliense
Celastraceae (spindle family)[35] Celastrus, from a Greek plant name[36][37][38] 98 genera, worldwide[35][39] Shrubs, trees, vines and herbaceous plants, some growing on other plants. The fruits or seeds of some species are edible.[35][40] Celas­trales
"flowers"
Celastrus orbiculatus
Centroplaca­ceae (biku-biku family)[41] Centroplacus, from Greek for "spurred and flat" (styles)[41][42][43] 2 genera, in the Asian tropics and West Africa[41][44] Evergreen trees, frequently with buttress roots[41] Malpighi­ales
botanical illustration
Centroplacus glaucinus
Cephalotaceae (Albany-pitcherplant family)[45] Cephalotus, from Greek for "head-like"[46] 1 genus, found only in swamps in southwestern Australia[45][47] Carnivorous evergreen herbaceous perennials. Pitchers (modified leaves) trap and digest insects and other small animals.[45] Oxali­dales
"flowers"
Cephalotus follicularis
Chrysobalana­ceae (cocoplum family)[48] Chrysobalanus, from Greek for "gold acorns"[49][50] 27 genera, in the tropics, mostly in the Americas[18][51] Shrubs and trees, many with edible fruit[48][52] Malpighi­ales
fruit and foliage
Chrysobalanus icaco
Clusiaceae (mangosteen family)[53] Clusia, for Carolus Clusius (1526–1609)[54][55] 20 genera, in the tropics[18][56] Mostly unisexual evergreen trees and shrubs. The creamy, sweet-and-sour fruit of the mangosteen is grown commercially.[18][52][53] Malpighi­ales
flower
Clusia rosea
Connaraceae (zebrawood family)[57] Connarus, from a Greek plant name[57][58] 12 genera, mostly in the African and Asian tropics[57][59] Vines, shrubs and small trees. Fibrous vines of Agelaea are used to make rope.[57][60] Oxali­dales
"flowers"
Connarus wightii
Ctenolophona­ceae (litoh family)[61] Ctenolophon, from Greek for "comb hills"[61] 1 genus, in West Africa and Southeast Asia[18][62] Trees with buttress roots[60][61] Malpighi­ales
—
Cunoniaceae (butterspoon-tree family)[63] Cunonia, for Johann Christian Cuno (b. 1708)[64][65] 27 genera, mostly scattered in the Southern Hemisphere[63][66] Mostly evergreen shrubs and trees. Some Davidsonia and Schizomeria fruits are edible.[20][63] Oxali­dales
"flowers"
Cunonia capensis
Dichapetala­ceae (ratbane family)[67] Dichapetalum, from Greek for "two-part petals"[67][68] 3 genera, in the tropics, subtropical India and southern Africa[18][69] Shrubs, trees and woody vines[52][67] Malpighi­ales
foliage
Dichapetalum gelonioides
Elaeocarpaceae (fairy-petticoats family)[70] Elaeocarpus, from Greek for "olive (or oil) fruit"[71][72][73] 12 genera, mostly in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and the Americas[70][74] Evergreen and partly deciduous shrubs and trees. Fruits of some Aceratium and Elaeocarpus species are edible.[20][70] Oxali­dales
"flowers"
Elaeocarpus serratus
Elatinaceae (waterwort family)[75] Elatine, from a Greek plant name[71][76] 2 genera, scattered worldwide[18][77] Herbaceous plants and subshrubs in aquatic or damp habitats[18][60][75] Malpighi­ales
foliage
Elatine hydropiper
Erythroxylaceae (coca family)[6] Erythroxylum, from Greek for "red wood"[78][79] 4 genera, in the tropics, mostly in the Americas[18][80] Trees and shrubs, some with opaque sap. Coca leaves were a trading commodity for the Incas.[6][20] Malpighi­ales
flowers and foliage
Erythroxylum coca
Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)[7] Euphorbia, from a Greek plant name[81][82][83] 227 genera, around the world[18][84] Trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants and a few vines, usually unisexual, and frequently succulent with opaque sap. Members of this family are grown for food, as ornamentals, and for their wood, latex and seed oil. The latex of Hevea brasiliensis is the most common source of natural rubber.[7][20] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Euphorbia antiquorum
Euphroniaceae (euphronia family)[85] Euphronia, for Euphronis, an ancient writer on cultivation[86] 1 genus, in South America[18][87] Shrubs and trees with spidery hairs[20][85] Malpighi­ales
botanical illustration
Euphronia hirtelloides
Goupiaceae (kopi family)[88] Goupia, from a Ndyuka plant name[88] 1 genus, in Central and South America[18][88][89] Evergreen trees that bioaccumulate aluminium[20][88] Malpighi­ales
fruit and foliage
Goupia glabra
Huaceae (Cameroon-garlic family)[90] Hua, for Henri Hua (1861–1919), a French botanist[91][92] 2 genera, in tropical Africa[90][93] Shrubs and trees. Leaves, seeds and stems are used as a garlicky seasoning.[90] Oxali­dales
"flowers"
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (type genus not shown)
Humiriaceae (umiri family)[94] Humiria, from a Carib plant name[94][95] 8 genera, mostly in South and Central America[18][96] Evergreen shrubs and trees, many with scented wood. The seed oils are used in the Amazon rainforest.[60][94] Malpighi­ales
flowers, fruit and foliage
Humiria balsamifera
Hypericaceae (St.-John's-wort family)[97] Hypericum, from a Greek plant name[97][98] 6 genera, around the world[18][99] Shrubs and herbaceous plants, often with yellow or purple resin. Some species are grown as ornamentals.[97][100] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Hypericum canariense
Irvingiaceae (ogbono-nut family)[101] Irvingia, for Edward Irving (1816–1855)[102][103] 4 genera, in the African and Asian tropics[18][104] Evergreen trees, some as tall as 90 m (300 ft), with very sturdy wood. Nutritious Irvingia seeds are grown as a cash crop in Cameroon.[52][101] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Irvingia smithii
Ixonanthaceae (twentymen-tree family)[105] Ixonanthes, from Greek for "sticky flowers"[106][107] 4 genera, mostly in the tropics[18][105][108] Shrubs and trees[100][105] Malpighi­ales
tree
Ixonanthes reticulata
Lacistemata­ceae (cemp-wood family)[109] Lacistema, from Latin for "torn" + Greek for "stamens"[109][110] 2 genera, in the tropics of the Americas[109][111] Small trees and shrubs, most with hairs on the new branches[20][109] Malpighi­ales
fruit and foliage
Lacistema hasslerianum
Lepidobotrya­ceae (snail-cedar family)[112] Lepidobotrys, from Greek for "scale clusters"[112][113] 2 genera, in the tropics of the Americas and Central Africa[112][114] Unisexual trees[60][112] Celas­trales
"flowers"
Lepidobotrys staudtii
Linaceae (flax family)[115] Linum, from a Latin plant name[116][117][118] 9 genera, mostly in the tropics, with some species extending into temperate zones[18][115][119] Trees, shrubs, woody vines and herbaceous plants. Flax has been grown for over 7,000 years for its seed oil and as a source of linen.[60][115] Malpighi­ales
flower
Linum usitatissimum
Lophopyxida­ceae (koteb family)[120] Lophopyxis, from Greek for "crested box" (on the fruit)[120] 1 genus, in the Malay Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and Melanesia[18][121] Woody vines, shrubs and small trees with tendrils and unisexual flowers[18][120] Malpighi­ales
—
Malpighiaceae (acerola family)[122] Malpighia, for Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694)[122][123] 77 genera, in the tropics and subtropics, mostly in the Americas[18][124] Trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous perennials. Acerola cherries (Malpighia emarginata) are grown commercially in the tropics, mainly in Brazil.[100][122] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Malpighia glabra
Ochnaceae (Mickey-Mouse-plant family)[125] Ochna, from a Greek plant name[126][127] 36 genera, in the tropics, mainly in Brazil[18][128] Evergreens, mostly shrubs and trees. Ochna, the Mickey-Mouse plant, is often grown in tropical gardens. Lophira is grown for its seed oil.[52][125] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Ochna thomasiana
Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel family)[129] Oxalis, from a Greek plant name meaning "sharp"[129][130][131][132] 5 genera, worldwide[129][133] Trees, shrubs, vines and mostly perennial herbaceous plants, with some succulents. Oxalis tuberosa is a mainly South American food crop, similar to potatoes. Carambola is a juicy tropical fruit.[100][129] Oxali­dales
"flowers and foliage"
Oxalis acetosella
Pandaceae (kana-nut family)[134] Panda, for Paul Panda Farnana (1888–1930)[134][135] 3 genera, in the African and Asian tropics[18][136] Unisexual shrubs and trees. Panda oleosa is grown for seed oil in West Africa.[18][60][134] Malpighi­ales
fruit
Panda oleosa
Passifloraceae (passionfruit family)[137] Passiflora, from Latin for "passion flowers"[138][139][140] 30 genera, mostly in the tropics[18][141] Small trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants and vines with tendrils, frequently with glandular hairs. Maracuja is cultivated for its fruit. Passiflora (especially P. caerulea), Turnera and Piriqueta are grown as ornamentals.[60][137] Malpighi­ales
flower
Passiflora incarnata
Peraceae (lightning-bush family)[142] Pera, from Greek for "pouch" (on the fruit)[142][143] 5 genera, in Africa, the tropics of the Americas, and southern, southwestern and southeastern Asia[142][144] Herbaceous perennials, shrubs and trees, usually unisexual[20][142] Malpighi­ales
fruit
Pera glabrata
Phyllanthaceae (leafflower family)[145] Phyllanthus, from Greek for "leaf-flowers"[146][147] 58 genera, mostly in the Malay Archipelago[18][148] Mostly shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, with some climbers, succulents and aquatic species. Some plants have edible fruit, consumed locally.[20][145] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Phyllanthus niruri
Picrodendra­ceae (hollyspurge family)[149] Picrodendron, from Greek for "bitter tree"[149][150] 25 genera, in the tropics, mostly south of the equator[18][151] Shrubs and trees with unisexual flowers. Lebombo ironwood provides durable wood for floors and structural beams in parts of Africa.[20][149] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Petalostigma pubescens (type genus not shown)
Podostemaceae (riverweed family)[152] Podostemum, from Greek for "foot stamens"[153][154] 51 genera, globally in the tropics and warm temperate zones[18][155] Herbaceous aquatic plants with anchoring roots in fast-flowing streams, rapids and waterfalls, many resembling seaweed, lichens or moss. Dried Rhyncholacis is used as a peppery seasoning.[18][60][152] Malpighi­ales
foliage
Podostemum ceratophyllum
Putranjivaceae (childlife-tree family)[156] Putranjiva, from a Sanskrit plant name[156][157] 2 genera, in the tropics and subtropics, mainly in Africa and the Malay Archipelago[18][158] Mostly unisexual shrubs and trees, with hairy, fleshy fruit. Putranjiva is widely grown in the tropics, as an ornamental and for its seed oil.[20][156] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Putranjiva roxburghii
Rafflesiaceae (corpse-flower family)[159] Rafflesia, for Stamford Raffles (1781–1826)[159][160] 3 genera, mainly in Southeast Asia[18][161] Parasitic plants without chlorophyll, usually with unisexual flowers. They flower infrequently, remaining hidden most of the time inside a host plant. Rafflesia arnoldii can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, a record size for flowers.[18][52][159] Malpighi­ales
flowers
Rafflesia arnoldii
Rhizophoraceae (mangrove family)[8] Rhizophora, from Greek for "root-bearing"[8][162] 15 genera, in the tropics[18][163] Evergreen shrubs and trees, many with aerial roots adapted to shallow water[8][100] Malpighi­ales
mangroves
Rhizophora mangle
Salicaceae (willow family)[9] Salix, from a Latin plant name[164][165][166] 54 genera, in tropical, temperate and arctic climates[9][18][167] Trees, shrubs and partly herbaceous plants, most with unisexual flowers. Salix arctica, a willow, grows at the northern limit for vascular plants (83° N). Dovyalis caffra is grown as a hedge with edible fruit in the tropics. The bark of the white willow, Salix alba, contains salicin (related to aspirin), and was used traditionally as a painkiller in Europe.[9][100] Malpighi­ales
trees
Salix alba
Trigoniaceae (triangle-vine family)[168] Trigonia, from Greek for "triangular" (fruit)[168][168][169] 4 genera, in the tropics of the Americas, the Malay Archipelago and Madagascar[18][170] Shrubs, trees and woody vines. Trigoniastrum hypoleucum provides high-quality wood.[20][168] Malpighi­ales
fruits
Trigonia nivea
Violaceae (violet family)[10] Viola, from a Latin plant name[171][172][173] 24 genera, around the world[18][174] Small trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants. V. odorata is an ingredient in perfumes and in jellies, chocolates and other sweets.[10][100] Malpighi­ales
flower
Viola odorata

See also

Notes
  1. The taxonomy (classification) in this list follows Plants of the World (2017)[1] and APG IV.[2] Total counts of genera for each family come from Plants of the World Online (POWO).[3] (See the POWO license.) Extinct taxa are not included. A clade of plants is a subgroup consisting of all the descendants of a theoretical ancient ancestor.
  2. Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.[14]
  3. Some plants were named for naturalists (unless otherwise noted).

Citations


  1. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
  2. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
  3. POWO.
  4. Stevens 2023, Summary of APG IV.
  5. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 292–341.
  6. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 305–306.
  7. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 332–336.
  8. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 304–305.
  9. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 329–330.
  10. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 324–325.
  11. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 638–670.
  12. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10.
  13. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 292–341.
  14. ICN, art. 18.
  15. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 323–324.
  16. Burkhardt 2018, p. A-3.
  17. USDA, Achariaceae, Type.
  18. Kubitzki 2013, pp. 1–4.
  19. POWO, Achariaceae.
  20. POWO, Neotropikey.
  21. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 318–319.
  22. POWO, Balanopaceae.
  23. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 308.
  24. USDA, Bonnetiaceae, Type.
  25. POWO, Bonnetiaceae.
  26. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 301.
  27. POWO, Brunelliaceae.
  28. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 310–311.
  29. Stearn 2002, p. 77.
  30. IPNI, Calophyllaceae, Type.
  31. POWO, Calophyllaceae.
  32. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 313–314.
  33. IPNI, Caryocaraceae, Type.
  34. POWO, Caryocaraceae.
  35. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 293–295.
  36. Coombes 2012, p. 87.
  37. Stearn 2002, p. 86.
  38. IPNI, Celastraceae, Type.
  39. POWO, Celastraceae.
  40. POWO, Flora of Somalia.
  41. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 315–316.
  42. Quattrocchi 2000, p. 474.
  43. USDA, Centroplacaceae, Type.
  44. POWO, Centroplacaceae.
  45. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 300–301.
  46. Quattrocchi 2000, p. 479.
  47. POWO, Cephalotaceae.
  48. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 321–322.
  49. Stearn 2002, p. 93.
  50. IPNI, Chrysobalanaceae, Type.
  51. POWO, Chrysobalanaceae.
  52. POWO, Flora of Zambesiaca.
  53. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 309–310.
  54. Burkhardt 2018, p. C-46.
  55. IPNI, Clusiaceae, Type.
  56. POWO, Clusiaceae.
  57. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 296.
  58. IPNI, Connaraceae, Type.
  59. POWO, Connaraceae.
  60. POWO, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  61. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 303–304.
  62. POWO, Ctenolophonaceae.
  63. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 298–299.
  64. Burkhardt 2018, p. C-75.
  65. IPNI, Cunoniaceae, Type.
  66. POWO, Cunoniaceae.
  67. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 320.
  68. IPNI, Dichapetalaceae, Type.
  69. POWO, Dichapetalaceae.
  70. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 299–300.
  71. Stearn 2002, p. 129.
  72. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 300.
  73. IPNI, Elaeocarpaceae, Type.
  74. POWO, Elaeocarpaceae.
  75. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 316–317.
  76. IPNI, Elatinaceae, Type.
  77. POWO, Elatinaceae.
  78. Stearn 2002, p. 135.
  79. IPNI, Erythroxylaceae, Type.
  80. POWO, Erythroxylaceae.
  81. Coombes 2012, p. 138.
  82. Stearn 2002, p. 136.
  83. IPNI, Euphorbiaceae, Type.
  84. POWO, Euphorbiaceae.
  85. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 320–321.
  86. Burkhardt 2018, p. E-27.
  87. POWO, Euphroniaceae.
  88. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 325–326.
  89. POWO, Goupiaceae.
  90. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 295–296.
  91. Burkhardt 2018, p. H-63.
  92. USDA, Huaceae, Type.
  93. POWO, Huaceae.
  94. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 322–323.
  95. IPNI, Humiriaceae, Type.
  96. POWO, Humiriaceae.
  97. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 302–303.
  98. IPNI, Hypericaceae, Type.
  99. POWO, Hypericaceae.
  100. POWO, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  101. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 303.
  102. Burkhardt 2018, p. I-8.
  103. USDA, Irvingiaceae, Type.
  104. POWO, Irvingiaceae.
  105. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 338.
  106. Quattrocchi 2000a, p. 1325.
  107. IPNI, Ixonanthaceae, Type.
  108. POWO, Ixonanthaceae.
  109. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 328.
  110. IPNI, Lacistemataceae, Type.
  111. POWO, Lacistemataceae.
  112. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 292–293.
  113. IPNI, Lepidobotryaceae, Type.
  114. POWO, Lepidobotryaceae.
  115. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 337–338.
  116. Coombes 2012, p. 193.
  117. Stearn 2002, p. 192.
  118. IPNI, Linaceae, Type.
  119. POWO, Linaceae.
  120. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 314.
  121. POWO, Lophopyxidaceae.
  122. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 317–318.
  123. IPNI, Malpighiaceae, Type.
  124. POWO, Malpighiaceae.
  125. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 306–308.
  126. Stearn 2002, p. 221.
  127. IPNI, Ochnaceae, Type.
  128. POWO, Ochnaceae.
  129. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 297.
  130. Coombes 2012, p. 220.
  131. Stearn 2002, p. 227.
  132. IPNI, Oxalidaceae, Type.
  133. POWO, Oxalidaceae.
  134. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 302.
  135. IPNI, Pandaceae, Type.
  136. POWO, Pandaceae.
  137. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 326–328.
  138. Coombes 2012, p. 225.
  139. Stearn 2002, p. 232.
  140. IPNI, Passifloraceae, Type.
  141. POWO, Passifloraceae.
  142. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 330–331.
  143. USDA, Peraceae, Type.
  144. POWO, Peraceae.
  145. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 340–341.
  146. Stearn 2002, p. 239.
  147. USDA, Phyllanthaceae, Type.
  148. POWO, Phyllanthaceae.
  149. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 339.
  150. IPNI, Picrodendraceae, Type.
  151. POWO, Picrodendraceae.
  152. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 311.
  153. Quattrocchi 2019, p. 2126.
  154. IPNI, Podostemaceae, Type.
  155. POWO, Podostemaceae.
  156. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 315.
  157. IPNI, Putranjivaceae, Type.
  158. POWO, Putranjivaceae.
  159. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 331–332.
  160. IPNI, Rafflesiaceae, Type.
  161. POWO, Rafflesiaceae.
  162. IPNI, Rhizophoraceae, Type.
  163. POWO, Rhizophoraceae.
  164. Coombes 2012, p. 261.
  165. Stearn 2002, p. 265.
  166. IPNI, Salicaceae, Type.
  167. POWO, Salicaceae.
  168. Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 319.
  169. USDA, Trigoniaceae, Type.
  170. POWO, Trigoniaceae.
  171. Coombes 2012, p. 303.
  172. Stearn 2002, p. 308.
  173. IPNI, Violaceae, Type.
  174. POWO, Violaceae.

References
  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
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  • Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  • "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
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