List of Japanese inventions and discoveries

This is a list of Japanese inventions and discoveries. The Japanese have made contributions across a number of scientific and technological domains. In particular, the country has played a crucial role in the digital revolution since the 20th century, with many modern revolutionary and widespread technologies in fields such as electronics and robotics introduced by Japanese inventors and entrepreneurs.

Arts

Comic book: Adam L. Kern has suggested that kibyoshi, picture books from the late 18th century, may have been the world's first comic books. These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes.[1] Some works were mass-produced as serials using woodblock printing.[2]

Folding hand fan: In ancient Japan, the first hand fans were oval and rigid fans, influenced greatly by Chinese fans. The earliest visual depiction of fans in Japan dates back to the 6th century AD, with burial tomb paintings showed drawings of fans. The folding fan was invented in Japan, with dates ranging from the 6th to 9th centuries and later exported to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the West. Such a flourishing trade involving Japanese hand fans existed in the Ming dynasty times, when folding fans almost absolutely displaced the old rigid type in China.[3][4]
Manga: The history of manga has origins in scrolls dating back to the 12th century, and it is believed they represent the basis for the right-to-left reading style. During the Edo period (1603–1867), Toba Ehon embedded the concept of manga.[5] The word itself first came into common usage in 1798,[6] with the publication of works such as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798),[7][8] and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834).[9][1]

Revolving stage: Invented for the Kabuki theatre in Japan in the 18th century, the revolving stage was introduced into Western theater at the Residenz theatre in Munich in 1896 under the influence of japonism fever.[10]

Film and animation

Anime: Japanese animation, or anime, today widely popular both in Japan and abroad, began in the early 20th century.

Man with No Name: A stock character that originated with Akira Kurosawa's Yojimbo (1961), where the archetype was first portrayed by Toshirō Mifune. The archetype was adapted by Sergio Leone for his Spaghetti Western Dollars Trilogy (1964–1966), with Clint Eastwood playing the role of the "Man with No Name" in Japan. The first depiction of mecha Super Robots being piloted by a user from within a cockpit was introduced in the manga and anime series Mazinger Z by Go Nagai in 1972.[11]

Postcyberpunk animation/film: The first postcyberpunk media work in an animated/film format was Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex in 2002. It has been called "the most interesting, sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence."[12]

Steampunk animation: The earliest examples of steampunk animation are Hayao Miyazaki's anime works Future Boy Conan (1978),[13] Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984)[14] and Castle in the Sky (1986).[15][16]

Superflat: A postmodern art form, founded by the artist Takashi Murakami, which is influenced by manga and anime.[17]

Architecture

Nagoya Castle

Japanese castle: Fortresses constructed primarily out of stone and wood used for military defence in strategic locations.[18]

Metabolism: A post-war Japanese architectural movement developed by a wide variety of Japanese architects including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki, Metabolism aimed to fuse ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth.[19]

Tahōtō: Tahōtō is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. Unlike most pagodas, it has two stories.[20]

Capsule hotel: The first capsule hotel in the world opened in 1979 and was the Capsule Inn Osaka, located in the Umeda district of Osaka, Japan and designed by Kisho Kurokawa. From there, it spread to other cities within Japan. Since then, the concept has further spread to various other territories, including Belgium, China, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, and Poland.

Atmospheric sciences

Downburst: Downbursts, strong ground-level wind systems that emanate from a point above and blow radially, were discovered by Ted Fujita.[21]

Fujita scale: The first scale designed to measure tornado intensity, the Fujita scale, was first introduced by Ted Fujita (in collaboration with Allen Pearson) in 1971. The scale was widely adopted throughout the world until the development of the Enhanced Fujita scale.[22]

Fujiwhara effect: The Fujiwhara effect is an atmospheric phenomenon where two nearby cyclonic vortices orbit each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low-pressure areas. The effect was first described by Sakuhei Fujiwhara in 1921.[23]

Jet stream: Jet streams were first discovered by Japanese meteorologist Wasaburo Oishi by tracking ceiling balloons. However, Oishi's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in Esperanto.[24][25]

Microburst: The microburst was first discovered and identified as a small scale downburst affecting an area 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter or less by Ted Fujita in 1974. Microbursts are recognized as capable of generating wind speeds higher than 270 km/h (170 mph). In addition, Fujita also discovered macrobursts and classified them as downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi).[21]

Sports

Drifting competition: In 1988, Keiichi Tsuchiya alongside Option magazine founder and chief editor Daijiro Inada organised the first contest specifically for sliding a car sideways. In 1996, Option organized the first contest outside Japan[26] which began to spread to other countries.

Ekiden (Road Relay)

Gateball

Keirin: Started as a gambling sport in 1948 and became an Olympic sport in 2000.

Martial arts

All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final

Aikido: Aikido was created and developed by Morihei Ueshiba in first half of the 20th century.

Judo: It was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Kanō Jigorō.[27]

Jujutsu: Jujutsu, the "way of yielding", is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles including unarmed and armed techniques. Jujutsu evolved among the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent without weapons. Due to the ineffectiveness of striking against an armored opponent, the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker's energy against him, rather than directly opposing it.[28]

Karate: It began as a common fighting system known as "ti" (or "te") among the pechin class of the Ryukyuans. There were few formal styles of ti, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is the Motobu-ryū school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.[29] Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged.[30]

Kendo

Ninjutsu: Developed by groups of people mainly from the Iga Province and Kōka, Shiga of Japan. Throughout history, many different schools (ryū) have taught their unique versions of ninjutsu. An example of these is the Togakure-ryū. This ryū was developed after a defeated samurai warrior called Daisuke Togakure escaped to the region of Iga. Later he came in contact with the warrior-monk Kain Doshi who taught him a new way of viewing life and the means of survival (ninjutsu).[31]

Okinawan martial arts: In the 14th century, when the three kingdoms on Okinawa (Chūzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan) entered into a tributary relationship with the Ming dynasty of China, Chinese Imperial envoys and other Chinese arrived, some of whom taught Chinese Chuan Fa (Kempo) to the Okinawans. The Okinawans combined Chinese Chuan Fa with the existing martial art of Te to form Tō-de (唐手, Okinawan: Tū-dī, Tang hand), sometimes called Okinawa-te (沖縄手).[32] By the 18th century, different types of Te had developed in three different villages – Naha, Shuri, and Tomari. The styles were named Naha-te, Shuri-te, and Tomari-te, respectively. Practitioners from these three villages went on to develop modern karate.[33]

Sumo

According to the Nihon shoki, published in 720, the origin of sumo is the contest of strength between Nomi no Sukune and Taima no Kehaya in 26 B.C..[34] Haniwa of sumo wrestlers are made in the Kofun period (300-538).[35] The imperial family often watches sumo as a form of entertainment in the Heian period (794–1192). It has evolved over the centuries with professional sumo wrestlers appearing in the Edo period (1603–1868).[36] The word sumo is written with the Chinese characters or Kanji of "mutual bruising."[37]

Video games

Controller of the PlayStation 2, the best-selling video game console of all time

Playing Dance Dance Revolution, one of the most successful rhythm games

PlayStation: The first Sony PlayStation was invented by Ken Kutaragi. Research and development for the PlayStation began in 1990, headed by Kutaragi, a Sony engineer.[38]

Nintendo: Gunpei Yokoi was the creator of the Game Boy and Virtual Boy and worked on Famicom (and NES), the Metroid series, Game Boy Pocket and did extensive work on the system we know today as the Nintendo Entertainment System (called the FamiCom in Japan).[39]

Active Time Battle: Hiroyuki Ito introduced the "Active Time Battle" system in Final Fantasy IV (1991),[40] where the time-keeping system does not stop.[41] Square Co., Ltd. filed a United States patent application for the ATB system on March 16, 1992, under the title "Video game apparatus, method and device for controlling same" and was awarded the patent on February 21, 1995. On the battle screen, each character has an ATB meter that gradually fills, and the player is allowed to issue a command to that character once the meter is full.[42] The fact that enemies can attack or be attacked at any time is credited with injecting urgency and excitement into the combat system.[41]

Beat 'em up: The first game to feature fist fighting was Sega's boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976), but it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.[43] The same year, Hong Kong cinema-inspired Kung-Fu Master laid the foundations for scrolling beat 'em ups with its simple gameplay and multiple enemies.[43][44] Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, released in 1986 in Japan, deviated from the martial arts themes of earlier games and introduced street brawling to the genre. Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other games.[45] Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically.[46]

Bullet hell: The bullet hell or danmaku genre began to emerge in the early 1990s as 2D developers needed to find a way to compete with 3D games which were becoming increasingly popular at the time. Toaplan's Batsugun (1993) is considered to be the ancestor of the modern bullet hell genre.[47] The Touhou Project series is one of the most popular bullet hell franchises.

Fighting game: Sega's black and white boxing game Heavyweight Champ was released in 1976 as the first video game to feature fist fighting.[48] However, Data East's Karate Champ from 1984 is credited with establishing and popularizing the one-on-one fighting game genre, and went on to influence Konami's Yie Ar Kung-Fu from 1985.[49] Yie Ar Kung Fu expanded on Karate Champ by pitting the player against a variety of opponents, each with a unique appearance and fighting style.[49][50] Capcom's Street Fighter (1987) introduced the use of special moves that could only be discovered by experimenting with the game controls. Street Fighter II (1991) established the conventions of the fighting game genre and, whereas previous games allowed players to combat computer-controlled fighters, Street Fighter II allowed players to play against each other.[51]

Platform game: Space Panic, a 1980 arcade release, is sometimes credited as the first platform game.[52] It was clearly an influence on the genre, with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors, a common element in many early platform games. Donkey Kong, an arcade game created by Nintendo, released in July 1981, was the first game that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps, making it the first true platformer.[53]

Psychological horror game: Silent Hill (1999) was praised for moving away survival horror games from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films,[54] due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror.[55] The original Silent Hill is considered one of the scariest games of all time,[56] and the strong narrative from Silent Hill 2 in 2001 has made the series one of the most influential in the genre.[57] Fatal Frame from 2001 was a unique entry into the genre, as the player explores a mansion and takes photographs of ghosts in order to defeat them.[58][59]

Rhythm game: Dance Aerobics was released in 1987, and allowed players to create music by stepping on Nintendo's Power Pad peripheral. It has been called the first rhythm-action game in retrospect,[60] although the 1996 title PaRappa the Rapper has also been deemed the first rhythm game, whose basic template forms the core of subsequent games in the genre. In 1997, Konami's Beatmania sparked an emergent market for rhythm games in Japan. The company's music division, Bemani, released a number of music games over the next several years.

Scrolling platformer: The first platform game to use scrolling graphics was Jump Bug (1981), a simple platform-shooter developed by Alpha Denshi.[61] In August 1982, Taito released Jungle King,[62] which featured scrolling jump and run sequences that had players hopping over obstacles. Namco took the scrolling platformer a step further with the 1984 release Pac-Land. Pac-Land came after the genre had a few years to develop, and was an evolution of earlier platform games, aspiring to be more than a simple game of hurdle jumping, like some of its predecessors.[63] It closely resembled later scrolling platformers like Wonder Boy and Super Mario Bros. and was probably a direct influence on them. It also had multi-layered parallax scrolling.[64][65]

Shoot 'em up: Space Invaders is frequently cited as the "first" or "original" in the genre.[66][67] Space Invaders pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing speed.[67] As with subsequent shoot 'em ups of the time, the game was set in space as the available technology only permitted a black background. The game also introduced the idea of giving the player a number of "lives". Space Invaders was a massive commercial success, causing a coin shortage in Japan.[68][69] The following year, Namco's Galaxian took the genre further with more complex enemy patterns and richer graphics.[66][70]

Stealth game: The first stealth-based videogame was Hiroshi Suzuki's Manbiki Shounen (1979). The first commercially successful stealth game was Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear (1987), the first in the Metal Gear series. It was followed by Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990) which significantly expanded the genre, and then Metal Gear Solid (1998).

Survival horror: The term survival horror was coined by Capcom's Resident Evil (1996) and definitely defined that genre.[71][72] The game was inspired by Capcom's earlier horror game Sweet Home (1989).[73] The earliest survival horror game was Nostromo, developed by Akira Takiguchi (a Tokyo University student and Taito contractor) for the PET 2001 and published by ASCII for the PC-6001 in 1981.[74]

Visual novel: The visual novel genre is a type of Interactive fiction developed in Japan in the early 1990s. As the name suggests, visual novels typically have limited interactivity, as most player interaction is restricted to clicking text and graphics.[75]

Philosophy

Lean manufacturing: A generic process management philosophy derived mostly from the Toyota Production System (TPS) (hence the term Toyotism is also prevalent) and identified as "Lean" only in the 1990s.[76][77]

Biology, chemistry, and biomedical science

Image from "Surgical Casebook" (Kishitsu geryō zukan) by Hanaoka Seishu

Agar: Agar was discovered in Japan around 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon.[78]

Aspergillus oryzae: The genome for Aspergillus oryzae was sequenced and released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies,[79] in late 2005.[80]

CRISPR: Yoshizumi Ishino discovered CRISPR in 1987.[81]

Dementia with Lewy bodies: First described in 1976 by psychiatrist Kenji Kosaka.[82] Kosaka was awarded the Asahi Prize in 2013 for his discovery.[83]

Ephedrine synthesis: Ephedrine in its natural form, known as má huáng (麻黄) in traditional Chinese medicine, had been documented in China since the Han dynasty.[84] However, it was not until 1885 that the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi.

Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Japanese chemist Jōkichi Takamine and his assistant Keizo Uenaka first discovered epinephrine in 1900.[85][86] In 1901 Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen.[87]

Esophagogastroduodenoscope: Mutsuo Sugiura was a Japanese engineer famous for being the first to develop a Gastro-camera (a present-day Esophagogastroduodenoscope). His story was illustrated in the NHK TV documentary feature, "Project X: Challengers: The Development of a Gastro-camera Wholly Made in Japan". Sugiura graduated from Tokyo Polytechnic University in 1938 and then joined Olympus Corporation. While working at this company, he first developed an esophagogastroduodenoscope in 1950.

Frontier molecular orbital theory: Kenichi Fukui developed and published a paper on Frontier molecular orbital theory in 1952.[88]

General anesthesia: Hanaoka Seishū was the first surgeon in the world who used the general anaesthesia in surgery, in 1804, and who dared to operate on cancers of the breast and oropharynx, to remove necrotic bone, and to perform amputations of the extremities in Japan.[89]

Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Immunoglobulin E is a type of antibody only found in mammals. IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966-7 by two independent groups:[90] Kimishige Ishizaka's team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, Colorado,[91] and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala, Sweden.[92] Their joint paper was published in April 1969.[93]

Induced pluripotent stem cell: The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) is a kind of pluripotent stem cell which can be created using a mature cell. iPSCs technology was developed by Shinya Yamanaka and his lab workers in 2006.[94]

Methamphetamine

Chemical structure of methamphetamine

Methamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in Japan in 1894 by chemist Nagayoshi Nagai.[95] In 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata.[96]

Nihonium: Element 113. Named after Nihon, the local name for Japan.

Okazaki fragment: Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections. A series of experiments led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments. The experiments were conducted during the 1960s by Reiji Okazaki, Tsuneko Okazaki, Kiwako Sakabe, and their colleagues during their research on DNA replication of Escherichia coli.[97] In 1966, Kiwako Sakabe and Reiji Okazaki first showed that DNA replication was a discontinuous process involving fragments.[98] The fragments were further investigated by the researchers and their colleagues through their research including the study on bacteriophage DNA replication in Escherichia coli.[99][100]

Photocatalysis: Akira Fujishima discovered photocatalysis occurring on the surface of titanium dioxide in 1967.[101]

Pulse oximetry: Pulse oximetry was developed in 1972, by Takuo Aoyagi and Michio Kishi, bioengineers, at Nihon Kohden using the ratio of red to infrared light absorption of pulsating components at the measuring site. Susumu Nakajima, a surgeon, and his associates first tested the device in patients, reporting it in 1975.[102]

Portable electrocardiograph: Taro Takemi built the first portable electrocardiograph in 1937.[103]

Statin: The statin class of drugs was first discovered by Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo. Mevastatin was the first discovered member of the statin class.[104]

Takadiastase: A form of diastase which results from the growth, development and nutrition of a distinct microscopic fungus known as Aspergillus oryzae. Jōkichi Takamine developed the method first used for its extraction in the late 19th century.[105]

Thiamine (Vitamin B₁): Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be described,[106] leading to the discovery of more such trace compounds essential for survival and to the notion of vitamin. It was not until 1884 that Kanehiro Takaki (1849–1920) attributed beriberi to insufficient nitrogen intake (protein deficiency). In 1910, Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it aberic acid. He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.[107] The Polish biochemist Kazimierz Funk later proposed the complex be named "Vitamine" (a portmanteau of "vital amine") in 1912.[108]

Urushiol: Urushiol, a mixture of alkyl catechols, was discovered by Rikou Majima. Majima also discovered that Urushiol was an allergen which gave members of the genus Toxicodendron, such as poison ivy and poison oak, their skin-irritating properties.[109]

Vectorcardiography: Taro Takemi invented the vectorcardiograph in 1939.[103]

Finance

Futures contract: The first futures exchange market was the Dōjima Rice Exchange in Japan in the 1730s.[110]

Candlestick chart: Candlestick charts have been developed in the 18th century by Munehisa Homma, a Japanese rice trader of financial instruments. They were introduced to the Western world by Steve Nison in his book, Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques.

Food and food science

Instant noodles before boiling

Instant noodle: Invented by Momofuku Ando, a Taiwanese-Japanese inventor, in 1958.[111]
Monosodium glutamate: Invented and patented by Kikunae Ikeda.[112]

Umami: Umami as a separate taste was first identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University while researching the strong flavor in seaweed broth.[113]

Fortune cookie: Although popular in Western Chinese restaurants, fortune cookies did not originate in China and are in fact rare there. They most likely originated from cookies made by Japanese immigrants to the United States in the late 19th or early 20th century. The Japanese version had a fortune, but not lucky numbers, and was commonly eaten with tea.[114]

Mathematics

A page from Seki Kōwa's Katsuyo Sampo (1712), tabulating binomial coefficients and Bernoulli numbers

Bernoulli number: Studied by Seki Kōwa and published after his death, in 1712. Jacob Bernoulli independently developed the concept in the same period, though his work was published a year later.[115][116][117]

Determinant: In Japan, determinants were introduced to study elimination of variables in systems of higher-order algebraic equations. They used it to give shorthand representation for the resultant. The determinant as an independent function was first studied by Seki Kōwa in 1683.[117][118]

Elimination theory: In 1683 (Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō), Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based on resultant.[118] To express resultant, he developed the notion of determinant.[118]

Hironaka's example: Hironaka's example is a non-Kähler complex manifold that is a deformation of Kähler manifolds discovered by Heisuke Hironaka.[119]

Itô calculus: Developed by Kiyosi Itô throughout the 20th century, Itô calculus extends calculus to stochastic processes such as Brownian motion (Wiener process). Its basic concept is the Itô integral, and among the most important results is a change of variable formula known as Itô's lemma. Itô calculus is widely applied in various fields, but is perhaps best known for its use in mathematical finance.[120]

Iwasawa theory and the Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory: Initially created by Kenkichi Iwasawa, Iwasawa theory was originally developed as a Galois module theory of ideal class groups. The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory is a deep relationship between p-adic L-functions and ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields, proved by Iwasawa[121] for primes satisfying the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture and proved for all primes by Mazur and Wiles.[122][123]

Resultant: In 1683 (Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō), Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based on resultant. To express resultant, he developed the notion of determinant.[118]

Sangaku: Japanese geometrical puzzles in Euclidean geometry on wooden tablets created during the Edo period (1603–1867) by members of all social classes. The Dutch Japanologist Isaac Titsingh first introduced sangaku to the West when he returned to Europe in the late 1790s after more than twenty years in the Far East.[124]

Soddy's hexlet: Irisawa Shintarō Hiroatsu analyzed Soddy's hexlet in a Sangaku in 1822 and was the first person to do so.[125]

Takagi existence theorem: Takagi existence theorem was developed by Teiji Takagi in isolation during World War I. He presented it at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1920.[126]

Physics

Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix

Building off the work of Nicola Cabibbo, Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa introduced the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix which introduced for three generations of quarks. In 2008, Kobayashi and Maskawa shared one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature".[127]
Nagaoka model (first Saturnian model of the atom): In 1904, Hantaro Nagaoka proposed the first planetary model of the atom as an alternative to J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model. Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr would later develop the more viable Bohr model in 1913.[128]

Sakata model: The Sakata model was a precursor to the quark model proposed by Shoichi Sakata in 1956.[129][130]

Technology

Airsoft: Airsoft originated in Japan, then spread to Hong Kong and China in the late 1970s.[131] The inventor of the first airsoft gun is Tanio Kobayashi.

Blue laser: In 1992 Japanese inventor Shuji Nakamura invented the first efficient blue LED.[132]

Camera phone: The world's first camera phone (it also had a real-time-video-call functionality. It could send an email with a picture), the VP-210, was developed by Kyocera in 1999.[133]

Digital microscope: Japanese company Hirox created the first ever digital microscope. A variation of a traditional microscope using optics and a digital camera to output an image to a monitor.

TV Watch: The world's first TV watch, the TV-Watch, was developed by Seiko in 1982.[134]

Japanese typewriter: The first typewriter to be based on the Japanese writing system was invented by Kyota Sugimoto in 1929.[135]

KS steel: Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel, invented by Kotaro Honda.[136]

MKM steel: MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist Tokuhichi Mishima.[137][138]

Neodymium magnet: Neodymium magnets were invented independently in 1982 by General Motors (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals.[139]

QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia mobile main page

Double-coil bulb: In 1921, Junichi Miura created the first double-coil bulb using a coiled coil tungsten filament while working for Hakunetsusha (a predecessor of Toshiba). At the time, machinery to mass-produce coiled coil filaments did not exist. Hakunetsusha developed a method to mass-produce coiled coil filaments by 1936.[140]

QR code: The QR code, a type of matrix barcode, was invented by Denso Wave in 1994.[141]

Tactile paving: The original tactile paving was developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965.[142] The paving was first introduced in a street in Okayama city, Japan, in 1967. Its use gradually spread in Japan and then around the world.

Audio technology

Sony Discman D121

CD player: Sony released the world's first CD Player, called the CDP-101,[143] in 1982, using a slide-out tray design for the Compact Disc.

Physical modelling synthesis: The first commercially available physical modelling synthesizer was Yamaha's VL-1 in 1994.[144]

Commercial digital recording: Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia, also known as Denon, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.[145]

Karaoke: There are various disputes about who first invented the name karaoke (a Japanese word meaning "empty orchestra"). One claim is that the karaoke styled machine was invented by Japanese musician Daisuke Inoue[146] in Kobe, Japan, in 1971.[147][148]

Portable CD player: Sony's Discman, released in 1984, was the first portable CD player.[149]

Perpendicular recording: Perpendicular recording was first demonstrated in the late 19th century by Danish scientist Valdemar Poulsen, who was also the first person to demonstrate that sound could be recorded magnetically. There weren't many advances in perpendicular recording until 1976 when Dr. Shun-ichi Iwasaki (president of the Tohoku Institute of Technology in Japan) verified the distinct density advantages in perpendicular recording. Then in 1978, Dr. T. Fujiwara began an intensive research and development program at the Toshiba Corporation that eventually resulted in the perfection of floppy disk media optimized for perpendicular recording and the first commercially available magnetic storage devices using the technique.[150]

Digital audio tape recorder: In 1971, Heitaro Nakajima resigned from his post as head of NHK's Technical Research Laboratories and joined Sony. Four years earlier at NHK, Nakajima had commenced work on the digitization of sound and within two years had developed the first digital audio tape recorder.[151]

Direct-drive turntable: Invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic),[152] based in Osaka.[153] In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.[154] The Technics SL-1100, released in 1971, was adopted by early hip hop DJs for turntablism,[154] and the SL-1200 is still widely used by dance and hip hop DJs.[153]

Fully programmable drum machine: The Roland TR-808, also known as the 808, introduced by Roland in 1980, was the first fully programmable drum machine. It was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track from beginning to end, complete with breaks and rolls.[155] Created by Ikutaro Kakehashi, the 808 has been fundamental to hip hop music and electronic dance music since the 1980s,[156] making it one of the most influential inventions in popular music.[157][158]

Phaser effects pedal: In 1968, Shin-ei's Uni-Vibe effects pedal, designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda, incorporated phase shift and chorus effects, soon becoming favorite effects of guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Robin Trower.[159]

Vowel-Consonant synthesis: A type of hybrid Digital-analogue synthesis first employed by the early Casiotone keyboards in the early 1980s.

Batteries

Lithium-ion battery: Akira Yoshino invented the modern li-ion battery in 1985. In 1991, Sony and Asahi Kasei released the first commercial lithium-ion battery using Yoshino's design.[160]

Dry cell: The world's first dry-battery was invented in Japan during the Meiji Era. The inventor was Sakizou Yai. The company Yai founded no longer exists[161]

Calculators

Pocket calculator: The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970, and were soon marketed around the world. These included the Sanyo ICC-0081 "Mini Calculator", the Canon Pocketronic, and the Sharp QT-8B "micro Compet". Sharp put in great efforts in size and power reduction and introduced in January 1971 the Sharp EL-8, also marketed as the Facit 1111, which was close to being a pocket calculator. It weighed about one pound, had a vacuum fluorescent display, and rechargeable NiCad batteries. The first truly pocket-sized electronic calculator was the Busicom LE-120A "HANDY", which was marketed early in 1971.[162]

Cameras

Digital single-lens reflex camera: On August 25, 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of the first still video camera, the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and a SLR viewfinder. At photokina in 1986, Nikon revealed a prototype analog electronic still SLR camera, the Nikon SVC, the first digital SLR. The prototype body shared many features with the N8008.[163]
Portapak: In 1967, Sony unveiled the first self-contained video tape analog recording system that was portable.[164]

Chindōgu

Chindōgu is the Japanese art of inventing ingenious everyday gadgets that, on the face of it, seem like an ideal solution to a particular problem. However, Chindōgu has a distinctive feature: anyone actually attempting to use one of these inventions would find that it causes so many new problems, or such significant social embarrassment, that effectively it has no utility whatsoever. Thus, Chindōgu are sometimes described as "unuseless" – that is, they cannot be regarded as 'useless' in an absolute sense, since they do actually solve a problem; however, in practical terms, they cannot positively be called "useful." The term "Chindōgu" was coined by Kenji Kawakami.

Domestic appliances

Bladeless fan: The first bladeless fan was patented by Toshiba in 1981.[165]

Electric rice cooker

Bread machine: The bread machine was developed and released in Japan in 1986 by the Matsushita Electric Industrial Company.

Electric rice cooker: Invented by designers at the Toshiba Corporation in the late 1940s.[166]

RFIQin: An automatic cooking device, invented by Mamoru Imura and patented in 2007.[167][168]

Inverter Air Conditioner: Created by Toshiba in 1981 as an alternative to the standard home window Air conditioner, With the difference being in the compressor that is able to cool or warm a room to the intended temperature as quickly as possible while efficiently maintaining the desired temperature unlike standard AC units in which the compressor frequently turns off. Inverter AC units do not turn off only operating at a certain consistent speed while also being able to adjust its regularity.[169]

Electronics

Sony U-matic cassette recorder tape

Avalanche photodiode: Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1952.[170]

Continuous wave semiconductor laser: Invented by Izuo Hayashi and Morton B. Panish in 1970. This led directly to the light sources in fiber-optic communication, laser printers, barcode readers, and optical disc drives, technologies that were commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.[171]^: 252

Fiber-optic communication: While working at Tohoku University, Jun-ichi Nishizawa proposed the use of optical fibers for optical communication, in 1963.[172] Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers.[173][174] Izuo Hayashi's invention of the continuous wave semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to light sources in fiber-optic communication, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.[171]

Glass integrated circuit: Shunpei Yamazaki invented an integrated circuit made entirely from glass and with an 8-bit central processing unit.[175]

JFET (junction gate field-effect transistor): The first type of JFET was the static induction transistor (SIT), invented by Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950. The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel length.[176]

Laptop: Despite that Adam Osborne announced the "first laptop/notebook" called Osborne 1 but it is now called a luggable portable computer along with other portable computers such as IBM 5100.[177][178] Yukio Yokozawa, an employee for Suwa Seikosha, a branch of Seiko (now Seiko Epson), invented the first laptop/notebook computer in July 1980, receiving a patent for the invention.[179] Seiko's notebook computer, known as the HC-20 in Japan, was announced in 1981.[180] In North America, Epson introduced it as the Epson HX-20 in 1981, at the COMDEX computer show in Las Vegas, where it drew significant attention for its portability.[181] It had a mass-market release in July 1982, as the HC-20 in Japan[180] and as the Epson HX-20 in North America.[182] It was the first notebook-sized handheld computer,[183][180][182] the size of an A4 notebook and weighing 1.6 kg (3.5 lb).[180] In 1983, the Sharp PC-5000[184] and Ampere WS-1 laptops from Japan featured a modern clamshell design.[185][186]

Microcomputer for Automotive Engine: Toshiba developed a close relationship with Ford for the supply of rectifier diodes for automobile AC alternators. In March 1971, Ford unexpectedly sent a set bulky specifications asking Toshiba to join a project to make an electronic engine control (EEC) in response to US Clean Air Act (sometimes known as the Muskie Act).[187]

Microprocessor: The concept of a single-chip microprocessor central processing unit (CPU) was conceived in a 1968 meeting in Japan between Sharp engineer Tadashi Sasaki and a software engineering researcher from Nara Women's College. Sasaki discussed the microprocessor concept with Busicom and Intel in 1968.[188] The first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit Intel 4004, began with the "Busicom Project"[189] in 1968 as Masatoshi Shima's three-chip CPU design,[190][189] which was simplified down to a single-chip microprocessor, designed from 1969 to 1970 by Intel's Marcian Hoff and Federico Faggin and Busicom's Masatoshi Shima, and commercially released in 1971.[189][191]

Parametron: Eiichi Goto invented the parametron in 1954 as an alternative to the vacuum tube. Early Japanese computers used parametrons until they were superseded by transistors.[192]

PIN diode/photodiode: Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950.[193]

Plastic central processing unit: Shunpei Yamazaki invented a central processing unit made entirely from plastic.[175]

Quantum flux parametron: Eiichi Goto invented the quantum flux parametron in 1986 using superconducting Josephson junctions on integrated circuits as an improvement over existing parametron technology.[192]

Radio-controlled wheel transmitter: Futaba introduced the FP-T2F in 1974 that was the first to use a steering wheel onto a box transmitter.[194] KO Propo introduced the EX-1 in 1981 that integrated a wheel with a pistol grip with its trigger acting as the throttle. This became one of the two types of radio controlled transmitters currently for surface use.[195][196]

Semiconductor laser: Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1957.[170][197]

Solid-state maser: Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1955.[170]

Static induction transistor: Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950.[198]

Stored-program transistor computer: The ETL Mark III began development in 1954,[199] and was completed in 1956, created by the Electrotechnical Laboratory.[200] It was the first stored-program transistor computer.[200][201][202]

Switching circuit theory: From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two-valued Boolean algebra, which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits.[203][204][205][206]

Videocassette recorder: The first machines (the VP-1100 videocassette player and the VO-1700 videocassette recorder) to use the first videocassette format, U-matic, were introduced by Sony in 1971.[207]

Game controllers

D-pad: In 1982, Nintendo's Gunpei Yokoi elaborated on the idea of a circular pad, shrinking it and altering the points into the familiar modern "cross" design for control of on-screen characters in their Donkey Kong handheld game. It came to be known as the "D-pad".[208] The design proved to be popular for subsequent Game & Watch titles. This particular design was patented. In 1984, the Japanese company Epoch created a handheld game system called the Epoch Game Pocket Computer. It featured a D-pad, but it was not popular for its time and soon faded. Initially intended to be a compact controller for the Game & Watch handheld games alongside the prior non-connected style pad, Nintendo realized that Gunpei's design would also be appropriate for regular consoles, and Nintendo made the D-pad the standard directional control for the hugely successful Nintendo Entertainment System under the name "+Control Pad".

Motion-sensing controller: Invented by Nintendo for the Wii, the Wii Remote is the first controller with motion-sensing capability. It was a candidate for Time's Best Invention of 2006.[209]

Printing

3D printing: In 1981, Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three-dimensional plastic models with photo-hardening thermoset polymer, where the UV exposure area is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fiber transmitter.[210][211]

Hydrographics: Hydrographics, also known variously as immersion printing, water transfer printing, water transfer imaging, hydro dipping, or cubic printing has an somewhat fuzzy history. Three different Japanese companies are given credit for its invention. Taica Corporation claims to have invented cubic printing in 1974. However, the earliest hydrographic patent was filed by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering in 1982.[212]

Robotics

Android: Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the world's first full-scale humanoid intelligent robot.[213] Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth. This made it the first android.[214][215]

Actroid

DER-01, a Japanese actroid (an android intended to be very visually similar to humans)

DER 01 was developed by a Japanese research group, The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, and Kokoro Co., Ltd. The Actroid is a humanoid robot with strong visual human-likeness developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. (the animatronics division of Sanrio). It was first unveiled at the 2003 International Robot Exposition in Tokyo, Japan. The Actroid woman is a pioneer example of a real machine similar to imagined machines called by the science fiction terms android or gynoid, so far used only for fictional robots. It can mimic such lifelike functions as blinking, speaking, and breathing. The "Repliee" models are interactive robots with the ability to recognise and process speech and respond in kind.[216][217][218]

Karakuri puppet: Karakuri puppets (からくり人形, karakuri ningyō) are traditional Japanese mechanized puppets or automata, originally made from the 17th century to the 19th century. The word karakuri means "mechanisms" or "trick".[219] The dolls' gestures provided a form of entertainment. Three main types of karakuri exist. Butai karakuri (舞台からくり, stage karakuri) were used in theatre. Zashiki karakuri (座敷からくり, tatami room karakuri) were small and used in homes. Dashi karakuri (山車からくり, festival car karakuri) were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legends.

Robotic exoskeleton for motion support (medicine): The first HAL prototype was proposed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a professor at Tsukuba University.[220] Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order "to support humans." In 1989, after receiving his Ph.D. in robotics, he began the development of HAL. Sankai spent three years, from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the neurons that govern leg movement. It took him and his team an additional four years to make a prototype of the hardware.[221]

Space exploration

Interplanetary solar sail spacecraft: IKAROS the world's first successful interplanetary solar sail spacecraft was launched by JAXA on 21 May 2010.[222]

Storage technology

Betamax (top) and VHS (bottom) tapes were respectively created by Japanese companies Sony and JVC.

Blu-ray Disc (along with other nations): After Shuji Nakamura's invention of practical blue laser diodes,[223] Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become the Blu-ray Disc.[224] The Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by Massachusetts Institute of Technology along with nine companies: five from Japan, two from Korea, one from the Netherlands and one from France.

Compact Disc (also Dutch company Philips): The compact disc was jointly developed by Philips (Joop Sinjou) and Sony (Toshitada Doi). Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. In September 1978, they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150 minute playing time, and with specifications of 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, cross-interleaved error correction code, that were similar to those of the Compact Disc they introduced in 1982.[225]

Digital video disc (also Dutch company Philips): The DVD, first developed in 1995, resulted from a cooperation between three Japanese companies (Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic) and one Dutch company (Philips).

Flash memory: Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba c. 1980.[226][227]

Betamax: Betamax was an analog videocassette magnetic tape marketed to consumers released by Sony on May 10, 1975.[228]

VHS (Video Home System): The VHS was invented in 1973 by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano who worked for JVC.[229]

Helical scan: Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype helical scan video tape recorder in 1953.[230] In 1959, Toshiba released the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder.[231]

Television

All-electronic television: In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi invented the world's first all-electronic television, preceding Philo T. Farnsworth by several months.[232] By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was not surpassed until 1931.[233] By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones. His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin.[234]

Aperture grille: One of two major cathode ray tube (CRT) display technologies, along with the older shadow mask. Aperture grille was introduced by Sony with their Trinitron television in 1968.[235]

Color plasma display: The world's first color plasma display was produced by Fujitsu in 1989.[236]

Handheld television: In 1970, Panasonic released the first television that was small enough to fit in a large pocket, the Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR-001. It featured a 1.5-inch display, along with a 1.5-inch speaker.[237]

LCD television: The first LCD televisions were invented as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko's R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.[238] In 1982, Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with an active-matrix LCD television.[239][182] In 1983, Casio released a handheld LCD television, the Casio TV-10.[240]

LED-backlit LCD: The world's first LED-backlit LCD television was Sony's Qualia 005, released in 2004.[241]

Laser TV

World's first HD laser TV was produced by Mitsubishi Electric in 2008.[242]

Textiles

Automatic power loom with a non-stop shuttle-change motion: Sakichi Toyoda invented numerous weaving devices. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of Jidoka (autonomation or autonomous automation). It was the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G, a completely automatic high-speed loom featuring the ability to change shuttles without stopping and dozens of other innovations. At the time it was the world's most advanced loom, delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty-fold increase in productivity.This loom automatically stopped when it detected a problem such as thread breakage.[243]

Vinylon: The second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon. It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada, H. Kawakami, and Korean scientist Ri Sung-gi at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan.[244][245]

Timekeeping

2A Seiko quartz wristwatch using the chronograph function (movement 7T92)

Automatic quartz: The first watch to combine self-winding with a crystal oscillator for timekeeping was unveiled by Seiko in 1986.[246]

Myriad year clock: The Myriad year clock (万年自鳴鐘 Mannen Jimeishou, lit. Ten-Thousand Year Self-ringing Bell), was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851. It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks called Wadokei.[247]

Quartz wristwatch: The world's first quartz wristwatch was revealed in 1967: the prototype of the Astron revealed by Seiko in Japan, where it was in development since 1958. It was eventually released to the public in 1969.[248]

Spring Drive: A watch movement which was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane working for Seiko in 1977 and was patented in 1982. It features a true continuously sweeping second hand, rather than the traditional beats per time unit, as seen with traditional mechanical and most quartz watches.[249]

Transportation

Bullet train: The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 car maximum) "high-speed train" was Japan's Tōkaidō Shinkansen, which officially opened in October 1964, with construction commencing in April 1959.[250] The 0 Series Shinkansen, built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, achieved maximum passenger service speeds of 210 km/h (130 mph) on the Tokyo–Nagoya–Kyoto–Osaka route, with earlier test runs hitting top speeds in 1963 at 256 km/h.[250]

Electronically controlled continuously variable transmission: In early 1987, Subaru launched the Justy in Tokyo with an electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) developed by Fuji Heavy Industries, which owns Subaru.[251]

Self-driving car: The first self-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in 1977. The car was equipped with two cameras that used analog computer technology for signal processing.[252][253]

Electric car: The first modern capable mass-produced electric car, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV.[254]

Hybrid electric vehicle: The first commercial hybrid vehicle was the Toyota Prius launched in 1997.[255]

Hydrogen car: In 2014, Toyota launched the first production hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the Toyota Mirai.[256] The Mirai has a range of 312 miles (502 km) and takes about five minutes to refuel. The initial sale price was roughly 7 million yen ($69,000).

Kei car: A category of small automobiles, including passenger cars, vans, and pickup trucks. They are designed to exploit local tax and insurance relaxations, and in more rural areas are exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate parking is available for the vehicle.[257][258]

Rickshaw: A two or three-wheeled passenger cart seating one or two people that serves as a mode of human-powered transport pulled by a runner draws a two-wheeled cart. The rickshaws was invented in Japan around 1869,[259][260] after the lifting of a ban on wheeled vehicles from the Tokugawa period (1603–1868),[261] and at the beginning of a rapid period of technical advancement across the Japanese archipelago.[260][262]

Spiral escalator: Mitsubishi Electric unveiled the world's first practical spiral escalator in 1985. Spiral escalators have the advantage of taking up less space than their conventional counterparts.[263]

Inverter-Controlled High-Speed Gearless Elevator: The insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) realized increased switching frequency and reduced magnetic noise in the motor, which eliminated the need for a filter circuit and resulted in a more compact system. The IGBT also allowed the development of a small, highly integrated and highly sophisticated all-digital control device, consisting of the combination of a high-speed processor, specially customized gate arrays, and a circuit capable of controlling large currents of several kHz. Today, the inverter-controlled gearless drive system is applied in high-speed elevators worldwide.[264]

Personal watercraft: Kawasaki were the first to develop stand-up personall watercraft under their trademark Jet Ski. While experimentation with personal watercraft preceded this. The Jet Ski was the first commercially successful and practical PWC.[265]

Military

Aircraft Carrier: Hōshō was the world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be completed. She was commissioned in 1922 for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). Hōshō and her aircraft group participated in the January 28 Incident in 1932 and in the opening stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War in late 1937.[266]

Amphibious assault ship: Imperial Japanese Army Akitsu maru is regarded as the first of the kind.

Dock landing ship: Imperial Japanese Army Shinshu maru is regarded as the first of the kind.

Fire balloon: A fire balloon, or balloon bomb, was an experimental weapon launched by Japan from 1944 to 1945, during World War II.[267]

Diesel-powered tank: The world's first diesel-powered tank, this distinction goes to Japanese Type 89B I-Go Otsu, produced with a diesel engine from 1934 onwards.

Katana

Katana: The katana were traditional Japanese swords used by samurai warriors of ancient and feudal Japan. The swords originated in the Muromachi period (1392–1573) as a result of changing battle conditions requiring faster response times. The katana facilitated this by being worn with the blade facing up, which allowed the samurai to draw their blade and slash at their enemy in a single motion. Previously, the curved sword of the samurai was worn with the blade facing down. The ability to draw and cut in one motion also became increasingly useful in the daily life of the samurai.[268]

Shuriken: The shuriken was invented during the Gosannen War as a concealed weapon, primarily for the purpose of distracting a target.[269]

Wireless transmission

Meteor burst communications: The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by Hantaro Nagaoka in 1929.[270]
Yagi antenna: The Yagi-Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, with the collaboration of Hidetsugu Yagi, also of Tohoku Imperial University. Yagi published the first English-language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name. However, Yagi always acknowledged Uda's principal contribution to the design, and the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi-Uda antenna (or array).[271]

Writing and correction implements

Model B in Pink

Correction tape: Correction tape was invented in 1989 by the Japanese product manufacturer Seed. It is an alternative to correction fluid.[272]

Gel pen: The gel pen was invented in 1984 by the Sakura Color Products Corporation of Osaka.[273]

Rollerball pen: The first rollerball pen was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company Ohto.[274]

Other

Artificial snowflake: The first artificial snowflake was created by Ukichiro Nakaya in 1936, three years after his first attempt.[275]

Canned coffee: Canned coffee was invented in 1965 by Miura Yoshitake, a coffee shop owner in Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.[276]

Emoji: The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita.[277]

Fake food: Simulated food was invented after Japan's surrender ending World War II in 1945. Westerners traveling to Japan had trouble reading Japanese menus and in response, Japanese artisans and candlemakers created wax food so foreigners could easily order something that looked appetizing.[278]

Go, modern rules of: Though the game originated in China, free opening of the game as it is played globally began in the 16th century Japan.

Imageboard: The first imageboards were created in Japan. Later imageboards such as 2chan would be created.[279]

Yoshizawa–Randlett system: The Yoshizawa–Randlett system is a diagramming system used for origami models. It was first developed by Akira Yoshizawa in 1954. It was later improved upon by Samuel Randlett and Robert Harbin.[280]
Textboard: Textboards like imageboards were invented in Japan. However, unlike imageboards, textboards are relatively unknown outside Japan.[279]

References

Kern, Adam (2006). Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 139–144 (Fig. 3.3). ISBN 978-0-674-02266-9.
"Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history". The Indianapolis Star. August 2, 1997.
Powers, Martin Joseph; Tsiang, Katherine R (2017). A companion to Chinese art. Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-78684-425-5. OCLC 1002298033.
Qian, Gonglin (2004). Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics. San Francisco (Calif.): Long River Press. ISBN 978-1-59265-020-0. OCLC 491728984.
Kageyama, Y. "A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPANESE MANGA". Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN 9789004234352.
McCarthy, Helen (2014). A Brief History of Manga: The Essential Pocket Guide to the Japanese Pop Culture Phenomenon. Hachette. p. 6. ISBN 9781781571309.
"Santō Kyōden's picturebooks". Archived from the original on 2016-01-06. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
"Shiji no yukikai(Japanese National Diet Library)".
Bouquillard, Jocelyn; Marquet, Christophe (1 June 2007). Hokusai: First Manga Master. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-9341-9.
Maltarich, Bill (2005). Samurai and supermen: national socialist views of Japan. Oxford: P. Lang. ISBN 3-03910-303-2. OCLC 59359992.
Gilson, Mark (1998). "A Brief History of Japanese Robophilia". Leonardo. 31 (5): 367–369 [368]. doi:10.2307/1576597. JSTOR 1576597. S2CID 191411400.
Person, Lawrence (2006-01-15). "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex". Locus Online. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
"Unprecedented level of game service operation' from Steampunk MMORPG Neo Steam". June 29, 2008. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
Nield, Anthony (2005-09-26). "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". DVD Times. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
"the news and media magazine of the British Science Fiction Association". Matrix Online. 2008-06-30. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Ward, Cynthia (20 August 2003). "Hayao Miyazaki: The Greatest Fantasy Director You Never Heard Of?". Retrieved 2009-06-13.
Natalie Avella, Graphic Japan: From Woodblock and Zen to Manga and Kawaii, Rotovision, 2004, p111. ISBN 2-88046-771-3
Inoue, Munekazu (1959). Castles of Japan. Tokyo: Association of Japanese Castle.
Lin (2010), p. 23
Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (10 April 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (30 September 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN 978-4-8122-9805-3.
Snow, John. "T. Theodore Fujita". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Tornado Damage Scales: Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale
"Fujiwhara effect describes a stormy waltz". USA Today. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
Lewis, John M. (2003). "Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 84 (3): 357–369. Bibcode:2003BAMS...84..357L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357.
Ooishi, W. (1926) Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno (in Esperanto). Aerological Observatory Report 1, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, 213 pages.
Super Street, Issue 4, December 1996
Kano, Jigoro (1994), Kodokan Judo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha, pp. 46–47
Skoss, Meik (1995). "Jujutsu and Taijutsu". Aikido Journal. 103. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-7136-5666-4. Motobu-ryū & Seikichi Uehara
Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-87040-595-2.
Hayes, Stephen. "The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art." ISBN 0-8048-1656-5, Tuttle Publishing, 1990: 18–21
msisshinryu.com | Okinawan Masters
msisshinryu.com | History of Karate
"Dohyo (sumo ring): where gods dwell". 國學院大學. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
"男子立像（力士像）埴輪文化遺産オンライン". bunka.nii.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-06-04.
"Culture: Sports – FAQ – Kids Web Japan – Web Japan". web-japan.org. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
Hays, Jeffrey. "SUMO HISTORY: RELIGION, TRADITIONS AND RECENT DECLINE | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
History of Sony PlayStation – Who Made the First PlayStation. Inventors.about.com (2014-03-05). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.
History of Nintendo – Inventor Gunpei Yokoi. Inventors.about.com (1992-10-27). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.
"Final Fantasy Retrospective Part XIII". GameTrailers. 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
Vestal, Andrew (1998-11-02). "The History of Final Fantasy – Final Fantasy IV". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
US patent 5390937, Hironobu Sakaguchi and Hiroyuki Itou, "Video game apparatus, method and device for controlling same", issued 1995-02-21
Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups, Eurogamer, February 6, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009
Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie, "The Furious Fists of Sega!", Computer Gaming World, October 1988, pp. 48–49
Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2), EuroGamer, February 12, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009
Evolution of a Genre: Beat 'Em Ups, ABC Television, November 6, 2007, Accessed March 24, 2009
Ashcraft, p. 77
Ashcraft, p. 94.
Ryan Geddes; Daemon Hatfield (2007-12-10). "IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Hjul, Alison (March 1986). "Yie Ar Kung Fu". Your Sinclair. No. 3. p. 19.
"The History of Street Fighter". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
Crawford, Chris (2003). Chris Crawford on Game Design. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-88134-117-1.
"Donkey Kong". Arcade History. 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
Richard J. Hand (2004). "Proliferating Horrors: Survival Horror and the Resident Evil Franchise". In Steffen Hantke (ed.). Horror Film. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 117–134.
Baldric (1999-03-01). "Game Revolution Review Page – Game Revolution". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
"Gametrailers.com – GT Countdown – Top Ten Scariest Games". GameTrailers. 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
Sterling, Jim (2008-06-09). "Fear 101: A Beginner's Guide to Survival Horror". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
Clara Barraza (2008-09-01). "The Evolution of the Survival Horror Genre". IGN. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
"Best Survival Horror Games – Fatal Frame". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
Block, Gerry, NES Power Pad Rocking Rhythm-Action Play Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, July 7, 2008, Accessed April 10, 2009
"ジャンプバグレトロゲームしま専科". Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
"KLOV: Jungle King". KLOV. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
"Pac-Land". Arcade History. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
Wheatley, Sean (2003-05-15). "Namco". TNL. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
"Namco History Vol 4". Anime Densetsu. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
Game Genres: Shmups, Professor Jim Whitehead, January 29, 2007, Accessed June 17, 2008
Buchanan, Levi, Space Invaders Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, March 31, 2003, Accessed June 14, 2008
Ashcraft pp. 72–73
Design your own Space Invaders Archived 2009-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, Science.ie, 4 March 2008, Accessed 17 June 2008
Buchanan, Levi, Galaxian Mini Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, April 21, 2003, Accessed June 17, 2008
Justin Speer; Cliff O'Neill. "The History of Resident Evil". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
"Enter The Survival Horror... A Resident Evil Retrospective," Game Informer 174 (October 2007): 132–133.
"Top 11 Survival Horror Games: Sweet Home". UGO Networks. 2008-05-21. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
Szczepaniak, John (2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. Vol. 1. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 544–573. ISBN 978-0-9929260-3-8.
"A Brief History of Visual Novels | And So, He Said". Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
Womack, James P.; Daniel T. Jones; Daniel Roos (1990). The Machine That Changed the World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780892563500.
Holweg, Matthias (2007). "The genealogy of lean production". Journal of Operations Management. 25 (2): 420–437. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.04.001.
Mary Jo Zimbro; David A. Power; Sharon M. Miller; George E. Wilson; Julie A. Johnson (eds.). Difco & BBL Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). Becton Dickinson and Company. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
Goffeau, André (December 2005). "Multiple moulds". Nature. 438 (7071): 1092–1093. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1092G. doi:10.1038/4381092b. PMID 16371993.
Machida, Masayuki; Asai, K; Sano, M; Tanaka, T; Kumagai, T; Terai, G; Kusumoto, K; Arima, T; et al. (December 2005). "Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae". Nature. 438 (7071): 1157–1161. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1157M. doi:10.1038/nature04300. PMID 16372010.
Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A (1987). "Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product". J Bacteriol. 169 (12): 5429–33. doi:10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987. PMC 213968. PMID 3316184.
Kosaka K, Oyanagi S, Matsushita M, Hori A (1976). "Presenile dementia with Alzheimer-, Pick- and Lewy-body changes". Acta Neuropathol. 36 (3): 221–233. doi:10.1007/bf00685366. PMID 188300. S2CID 162001.
"The Asahi Prize". Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Woodburne O. Levy; Kavita Kalidas (26 February 2010). Norman S. Miller (ed.). Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice. Academic Press. pp. 307–308. ISBN 978-0-12-496736-6.
Yamashima T (2003). "Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin". J Med Biogr. 11 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1177/096777200301100211. PMID 12717538. S2CID 32540165.
Bennett M (1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors". Clin Auton Res. 9 (3): 145–59. doi:10.1007/BF02281628. PMID 10454061. S2CID 20999106.
Takamine J (1901). "The isolation of the active principle of the suprarenal gland". The Journal of Physiology. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. 27: xxix–xxx.
Fukui, Kenichi; Yonezawa, Teijiro; Shingu, Haruo (1952). "A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 20 (4): 722. Bibcode:1952JChPh..20..722F. doi:10.1063/1.1700523.
Mestler, GE (April 1956). "A galaxy of old Japanese medical books with miscellaneous notes on early medicine in Japan. III. Urology, syphilology and dermatology; surgery and pathology". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 44 (2): 125–59. PMC 199999. PMID 13304528.
Stanworth, D. R. (1993). "The discovery of IgE". Allergy. 48 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00687.x. PMID 8457034. S2CID 36262710.
Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM (1966). "Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody. IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity". J. Immunol. 97 (1): 75–85. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.97.1.75. PMID 4162440. S2CID 255620017.
Johansson SG, Bennich H. Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin. Immunology 1967; 13:381-94.
Ishizaka, Teruko; Ishizaka, Kimishige; Johansson, S. Gunnar O.; Bennich, Hans (April 1, 1969). "Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Anti-λE Antibodies". Journal of Immunology. 102 (4): 884–892. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.102.4.884. S2CID 255338552. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
Scudellari, Megan (16 June 2016). "How iPS cells changed the world". Nature. 534 (7607): 310–312. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..310S. doi:10.1038/534310a. PMID 27306170.
Nagai N. (1893). "Kanyaku maou seibun kenkyuu seiseki (zoku)". Yakugaku Zasshi. 13: 901.
"Historical overview of methamphetamine". Vermont Department of Health. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Sakabe K, Okazaki R (December 1966). "A unique property of the replicating region of chromosomal DNA". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 129 (3): 651–54. doi:10.1016/0005-2787(66)90088-8. PMID 5337977.
Moitra, Karobi. A Journey Through Genetics, Part I. Biota Publishing. p. 49.
Okazaki R, Okazaki T, Sakabe K, Sugimoto K (June 1967). "Mechanism of DNA replication possible discontinuity of DNA chain growth". Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology. 20 (3): 255–60. PMID 4861623.
Ogawa T, Okazaki T (1980). "Discontinuous DNA replication". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 49: 421–57. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002225. PMID 6250445.
"Discovery and applications of photocatalysis — Creating a comfortable future by making use of light energy". Japan Nanonet Bulletin Issue 44, 12 May 2005.
Severinghaus JW, Honda Y (April 1987). "History of blood gas analysis. VII. Pulse oximetry". Journal of Clinical Monitoring. 3 (2): 135–8. doi:10.1007/bf00858362. PMID 3295125. S2CID 6463021.
Takemi Program in International Health Dr. Taro Takemi Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
Endo, Akira (11 May 2010). BEPPU, Teruhiko (ed.). "A historical perspective on the discovery of statins". Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 86 (5): 484–493. Bibcode:2010PJAB...86..484E. doi:10.2183/pjab.86.484. PMC 3108295. PMID 20467214.
Pulvers, Roger, "Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds", Japan Times, June 28, 2009, p. 8.
Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, editors. Krause's food, nutrition, & diet therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000
Suzuki, Umetaro; Torai, Shimamura (1911). "糠中の一有効成分に就いて" [One active ingredient in rice bran]. Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi (in Japanese). 32 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1880.32.4.
Funk, C. and H. E. Dubin. The Vitamines. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company, 1922.
Boyd, Jane E.; Rucker, Joseph (Summer 2013). "No Ill Nature: The Surprising History and Science of Poison Ivy and Its Relatives". Chemical Heritage Magazine. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 31 (2): 20–25. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
Schaede, Ulrike (September 1989). "Forwards and futures in tokugawa-period Japan: A new perspective on the Dōjima rice market". Journal of Banking & Finance. 13 (4–5): 487–513. doi:10.1016/0378-4266(89)90028-9.
"Meet Momofuku Ando, inventor of Ramen Noodles"
"History of Property Rights – Ikeda, Kikunae". Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
Ikeda K (November 2002). "New seasonings". Chem. Senses. 27 (9): 847–9. doi:10.1093/chemse/27.9.847. PMID 12438213. (partial translation of Ikeda, Kikunae (1909). "New Seasonings[japan.]". Journal of the Chemical Society of Tokyo. 30: 820–836.)
Lee, Jennifer 8. (January 16, 2008). "Fortune Cookies are really from Japan". The Fortune Cookie Chronicles website. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
Selin, Helaine. (1997), An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Saunders College Publishing. p. 891, ISBN 0-03-029558-0
Poole, David. (2005), Linear algebra: a modern introductio. p. 279, ISBN 0-534-99845-3 .
Styan, George P. H.; Trenkler, Götz. (2007), . Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 2007, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, pp. 2
Howard Eves: "An Introduction to the History of Mathematics", page 405, Saunders College Publishing, 1990. (ISBN 0-03-029558-0)
Hironaka, Heisuke (1962). "An example of a non-Kählerian complex-analytic deformation of Kählerian complex structures". Ann. of Math. 2. 75 (1): 190–208. doi:10.2307/1970426. JSTOR 1970426.
Bibliography of Kiyosi Itô
Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1959), "On Γ-extensions of algebraic number fields", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 65 (4): 183–226, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1959-10317-7, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 0124316, Zbl 0089.02402
Mazur, Barry; Wiles, Andrew (1984), "Class fields of abelian extensions of Q", Inventiones Mathematicae, 76 (2): 179–330, Bibcode:1984InMat..76..179M, doi:10.1007/BF01388599, ISSN 0020-9910, MR 0742853, S2CID 122576427, Zbl 0545.12005
Jim L. Brown. "An Introduction to Iwasawa Theory" (PDF). Clemson University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
Association of American Geographers (1911). Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. I, p. 35
Rothman, T (1998). "Japanese Temple Geometry". Scientific American. 278 (5): 85–91. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0598-84.
"Teiji Takagi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008" (Press release). The Nobel Foundation. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
B. Bryson (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0817-7.
Sakata, S. (1956). "On a composite model for the new particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 16 (6): 686–688. Bibcode:1956PThPh..16..686S. doi:10.1143/PTP.16.686.
Okun, L.B. (2007). "The impact of the Sakata model". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement. 167: 163–174. arXiv:hep-ph/0611298. Bibcode:2007PThPS.167..163O. doi:10.1143/PTPS.167.163.
"The History of Airsoft". Abbey Supply. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018.
"Shuji Nakamura". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
"Kyocera Develops World's First Camera Phone" (in Japanese). 17 May 1999.
"SEIKO's Develops World's First TV Watch". Dec 1982.
Japan Patent Office Archived 2011-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Kyota Sugimoto (Japanese Typewriter) Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, 28 January 2009.
Magnetic properties of matter / Kotaro Honda (1928)
"Tokushichi Mishima MK Magnetic Steel". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
"Permanent magnet containing copper" (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2018.
"Neodymium magnets". Borates. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
"Toshiba Science Museum: Trial Production of the World's First Double-Coil Bulb". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
"QR Code features". Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
R Sakaguchi, S Takasu, T Akiyama. (2000 (acc. January 27, 2014)). "Study concerning the colors of tactile blocks for the visually handicapped – Visibility for the visually handicapped and scenic congruence for those with ordinary sight and vision.". SEPT.
"CDP-101 The first Compact Disc Audio CD Player from 1982". 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
Aikin, Jim (2003). Software Synthesizers: The Definitive Guide to Virtual Musical Instruments. Backbeat Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0879307523.
Fine, Thomas (2008). Barry R. Ashpole (ed.). "The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording" (PDF). ARSC Journal. Ted P. Sheldon. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Who Invented the Karaoke Machine? Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Events-in-Music.com
井上大祐【カラオケ発明者】 J-ONE/INOUE Archived 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Events-in-Music.com
Time 100:Daisuke Inoue, 23–30 August 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8
"Sony Celebrates Walkman 20th Anniversary". Sony Press Release. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
"Capacity Measurements, Areal Density, And PMR". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Sony corporate info history
Billboard, May 21, 1977, page 140
Brian Coleman, The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods, Medium
Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, page 515, Oxford University Press
Contemporary Keyboard, Volume 7, Issues 1–6, 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."
Norris, Chris (13 August 2015). "The 808 heard round the world". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Hamilton, Jack (16 December 2016). "808s and heart eyes". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Leight, Elias (6 December 2016). "8 ways the 808 drum machine changed pop music". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Molenda, Mike; Pau, Les (2007). The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine. Hal Leonard. p. 222. ISBN 9780879307820.
"Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
"BAJ Website | The history of the battery : 1) The Yai dry-battery". www.baj.or.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
"The one-chip calculator is here, and it's only the beginning", Electronic Design, February 18, 1971, p34.
Nikon SLR-type digital cameras, Pierre Jarleton
Shapiro, Mark (2006). "The History of Camcorders". San Diego, CA: Internet Video Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-11-21. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
"Dyson fan: was it invented 30 years ago?". Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Toshiba Firsts of Their Kind: Automatic Electric Rice Cooker Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
"Mamoru Imura Patent Inventor Overland Park, KS". FreshPatents.com. Retrieved 2006-12-24.
"United States Patent 7157675". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
TOSHIBA AIR CONDITIONING, CREATOR OF MODERN INVERTER AIR CONDITIONING at toshiba-aircon.com.au (Error: unknown archive URL) (archived (Date missing))
Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor Archived 2018-07-21 at the Wayback Machine (interview), Japan Quality Review, 2011
Johnstone, Bob (2000). We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 9780465091188.
Nishizawa, Jun-ichi & Suto, Ken (2004). "Terahertz wave generation and light amplification using Raman effect". In Bhat, K. N. & DasGupta, Amitava (eds.). Physics of semiconductor devices. New Delhi, India: Narosa Publishing House. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-7319-567-9.
"Optical Fiber". Sendai New. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
"New Medal Honors Japanese Microelectrics Industry Leader". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
"Top US Patent Holder is Legendary Japanese Inventor Shunpei Yamazaki". Impact Lab. February 26, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
Junction Field-Effect Devices, Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning, 1982
"Laptop Computer History". www.computerhope.com. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
"Osborne 1 (1981) – when the personal computer became portable". Inexhibit. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
FR2487094A1 patent: Notebook computer system small
【Shinshu Seiki / Suwa Seikosha】 HC-20, Information Processing Society of Japan
Epson HX-20, Old Computers
Michael R. Peres, The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, page 306, Taylor & Francis
"Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure" (PDF). Epson America, Inc. 1987. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
Sharp PC-5000 Archived 2019-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, Old Computers
Japanese PCs (1984) (13:13), Computer Chronicles
Bob Armstrong, http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm
"Toshiba Science Museum: World's First Microcomputer for Automotive Engine". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
Aspray, William (1994-05-25). "Oral-History: Tadashi Sasaki". Interview #211 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Federico Faggin, The Making of the First Microprocessor, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, Winter 2009, IEEE Xplore
Nigel Tout. "The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor". Retrieved November 15, 2009.
Masatoshi Shima, IEEE
"Parametron". www.thocp.net. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
Dummer, G. W. A. (2013-10-22). Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483145211.
"Pro Radio Guide - RC Car Action". Archived from the original on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
"Modellbilens historie".
scanned published picture evidence http://www.rc10talk.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=5886
The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai, Soh-VEHE International Patent Office, Japan Patent Attorneys Association
Patrick Mccluskey, F.; Podlesak, Thomas; Grzybowski, Richard (1996-12-13). High Temperature Electronics. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849396236.
Martin Fransman (1993), The Market and Beyond: Cooperation and Competition in Information Technology, page 19, Cambridge University Press
Early Computers, Information Processing Society of Japan
【Electrotechnical Laboratory】 ETL Mark III Transistor-Based Computer, Information Processing Society of Japan
Early Computers: Brief History, Information Processing Society of Japan
History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan, IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials, Vol. 124 (2004) No. 8, pp. 720–726, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics, IPSJ Computer Museum, Information Processing Society of Japan
Radomir S. Stanković (University of Niš), Jaakko T. Astola (Tampere University of Technology), Mark G. Karpovsky (Boston University), Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory, 2007, DOI 10.1.1.66.1248
Stanković, Radomir S. [in German]; Astola, Jaakko Tapio [in Finnish], eds. (2008). Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory (PDF). Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Vol. 40. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University of Technology. ISBN 978-952-15-1980-2. ISSN 1456-2774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-08. (3+207+1 pages) 10:00 min
Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year. "Television on a Disk," Time, September 18, 1972.
Buchanan, Levi (2008-09-08). "From Janitor to Superstar Gunpei Yokoi, inventor of the Game Boy, would have been 67 this week". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Grossman, Lev (2006). "Best Inventions". Time. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
Hideo Kodama, "A Scheme for Three-Dimensional Display by Automatic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Model," IEICE Transactions on Electronics (Japanese Edition), vol. J64-C, No. 4, pp. 237–41, April 1981
Hideo Kodama, "Automatic method for fabricating a three-dimensional plastic model with photo-hardening polymer," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 1770–73, November 1981
"What is Water Transfer Printing – Hydrographics". watertransferprinting.com.au. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
"Humanoid History -WABOT-".
Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution, page 130
Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering, Chapter 3, pages 1–2
MacDorman, Karl F.; Ishiguro, Hiroshi (2006). "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research" (PDF). Interaction Studies. 7 (3): 297–337. doi:10.1075/is.7.3.03mac. ISSN 1572-0373. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Christensen, Bill (2005-06-28). "New robot looks strikingly human". LiveScience. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Whitehouse, David (2005-07-12). "Japanese develop 'female' android". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Jane Marie Law, Puppets of Nostalgia – The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese Awaji Ningyo Tradition, 1997, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-02894-1
"Cyberdyne power suit". YouTube. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
"HAL, a friend for people with disabilities". Nipponia. Web Japan. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
"Launch Day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17(H-IIA F17)". JAXA. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Williams, Martyn (2002-08-12). "Opening the Door for New Storage Options". pcworld.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
S.B. Luitjens (2001-06-15). "Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features". planetanalog.com. Archived from the original on 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System". Audio Engineering Society. March 1979. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002). "Unsung hero". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
US 4531203 Fujio Masuoka
McDonald, Paul (2007-08-06). Video and DVD Industries. British Film Institute. p. 33. ISBN 9781844571673. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Pollack, Andrew (1992-01-20). "Shizuo Takano, 68, an Engineer Who Developed VHS Recorders". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
SMPTE Journal: Publication of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Volume 96, Issues 1–6; Volume 96, page 256, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder, Toshiba
"Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924–1941". Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Forrester, Chris (2011-08-28). High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-12009-1.
Abramson, Albert. (1995). Zworykin, pioneer of television. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02104-5. OCLC 29954436.
Aperture grille details
Fujitsu Develops Breakthrough Technology for High-Resolution PDPs Suited for High-Definition TVs, Fujitsu, August 25, 1998
Popular Science, April 1970, page 26
Spin, Jul 1985, page 55
The world's first television-watch, with an active-matrix LCD, Epson
"Frank's Handheld-TVs: Part 1".
Product & Technology Milestones: Television, Sony
https://popsci.typepad.com/popsci/2008/01/mu-ha-ha-ha-las.html
"Non-Stop Shuttle Change Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G" (in Japanese). The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.
James E. Hoare. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press, 2012
Patent no. 147,958, February 20, 1941, Ichiro Sakurada, Yi Sung-ki Lee. S. or Ri. Sung．Gi. and Hiroshi Kawakami, issued to Institute of Japan Chemical Fiber.
"SEIKO Kinetic. 20 years of success" (Press release). Seiko. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
Challenge of the Myriad Year Clock (万年時計の謎に挑む), TV program (in Japanese) broadcast on 23 April 2005, Japan Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
"Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969". IEEE History Center. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/pdf/35_spring-drive.pdf
Shinkansen Chronology Archived 2009-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, byun byun Shinkansen.
Poulton, M.L. (1997). Fuel Efficient Car Technology. Computational Mechanics Publications. p. 69. ISBN 978-1853124471.
Vanderbilt, Tom (6 February 2012). "Autonomous Cars Through The Ages". Wired. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
Weber, Marc (8 May 2014). "Where to? A History of Autonomous Vehicles". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
Bill Moore (19 March 2015). "Mitsubishi Firsts". EV World. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24.
Matt Lake (2001-11-08). "How it works; A Tale of 2 Engines: How Hybrid Cars Tame Emissions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
Voelcker, John. "Decades Of Promises: 'Dude, Where's My Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car?'", Yahoo.com, March 31, 2015
"Minicars: Cheap and Cheerful", Peter Nunn, JAMA, January–February 2005
"Owning a Car in Japan" Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, ALTs in Sendai
Hanchao Lu (1999). Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. University of California Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0520215641.
James Francis Warren (2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940. NUS Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-9971692667.
Chris Rowthorn (2007). Chris Rowthorn (ed.). Japan (10 ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 44. ISBN 978-1741046670.
David Diefendorf (2007). Amazing . . . But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 223. ISBN 978-1402737916.
"Elevators & Escalators – MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC". mitsubishielectric.com. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
"Toshiba Science Museum: World's First Inverter-Controlled High-Speed Gearless Elevator". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
Taryn Siegel (22 May 2020). "10 things you didn't know were invented in Japan". Retrieved May 22, 2020.
"IJN Hosho Light Aircraft Carrier". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
Webber, Bert (1975). Retaliation: Japanese attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II. Oregon State University. pp. 99–108. ISBN 978-0-87071-076-6.
Nagayama, Kokan (1997). The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. trans. Kenji Mishina. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-4-7700-2071-0.
"Kunai, Shuriken and Ninja Stars". Swords of Might. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 18 Jan 2016.
Hantaro Nagaoka (1929). "Possibility of the radio transmission being disturbed by meteoric showers". Proceedings of the Imperial Academy. 5 (6): 233–236. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.5.233. Cited in Wilhelm Nupen (1961). Bibliography on meteoric radio wave propagation. Washington: U.S. National Bureau of Standards. p. 76. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
"Yagi-Uda Antenna". Antenna-Theory.com. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
"元祖修正テープはこうして世界に誕生した！".
"Gelly Roll". Retrieved 15 November 2018.
"Ceramic Ball (OHTO Japan English Website)". ohto.co.jp. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
"Ukichiro Nakaya". Famous Scientists. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
"Canned Coffee". Nippon. 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
Mamiko Nakano. "Why and How I Created Emoji: Interview with Shigetaka Kurita". Ignition. Translated by Mitsuyo Inaba Lee. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Hani, Yoko (November 24, 2002), "A feast for the eyes", Japan Times
Shii (2006). "Shiichan Anonymous BBS". Retrieved 2011-10-18.
Nick Robinson (2004). The Origami Bible. Chrysalis Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84340-105-6.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[Kern-1] Kern, Adam (2006). Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 139–144 (Fig. 3.3). ISBN 978-0-674-02266-9.

[Indianapolis-2] "Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history". The Indianapolis Star. August 2, 1997.

[3] Powers, Martin Joseph; Tsiang, Katherine R (2017). A companion to Chinese art. Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-78684-425-5. OCLC 1002298033.

[4] Qian, Gonglin (2004). Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics. San Francisco (Calif.): Long River Press. ISBN 978-1-59265-020-0. OCLC 491728984.

[A_SHORT_HISTORY_OF_JAPANESE_MANGA-5] Kageyama, Y. "A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPANESE MANGA". Retrieved 1 October 2017.

[Prohl_2012_596-6] Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN 9789004234352.
McCarthy, Helen (2014). A Brief History of Manga: The Essential Pocket Guide to the Japanese Pop Culture Phenomenon. Hachette. p. 6. ISBN 9781781571309.

[7] "Santō Kyōden's picturebooks". Archived from the original on 2016-01-06. Retrieved 2015-12-06.

[8] "Shiji no yukikai(Japanese National Diet Library)".

[Hokusai-9] Bouquillard, Jocelyn; Marquet, Christophe (1 June 2007). Hokusai: First Manga Master. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-9341-9.

[10] Maltarich, Bill (2005). Samurai and supermen: national socialist views of Japan. Oxford: P. Lang. ISBN 3-03910-303-2. OCLC 59359992.

[Gilson-11] Gilson, Mark (1998). "A Brief History of Japanese Robophilia". Leonardo. 31 (5): 367–369 [368]. doi:10.2307/1576597. JSTOR 1576597. S2CID 191411400.

[12] Person, Lawrence (2006-01-15). "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex". Locus Online. Retrieved 2008-02-07.

[mmosite-13] "Unprecedented level of game service operation' from Steampunk MMORPG Neo Steam". June 29, 2008. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[Nield-14] Nield, Anthony (2005-09-26). "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". DVD Times. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[matronline-15] "the news and media magazine of the British Science Fiction Association". Matrix Online. 2008-06-30. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-02-13.

[16] Ward, Cynthia (20 August 2003). "Hayao Miyazaki: The Greatest Fantasy Director You Never Heard Of?". Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[17] Natalie Avella, Graphic Japan: From Woodblock and Zen to Manga and Kawaii, Rotovision, 2004, p111. ISBN 2-88046-771-3

[Inoue-18] Inoue, Munekazu (1959). Castles of Japan. Tokyo: Association of Japanese Castle.

[Lin_2010,_p23-19] Lin (2010), p. 23

[nk-20] Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (10 April 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (30 September 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN 978-4-8122-9805-3.

[Brittanica_T._Theodore_Fujita-21] Snow, John. "T. Theodore Fujita". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

[tornadofacts.net-22] Tornado Damage Scales: Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale

[23] "Fujiwhara effect describes a stormy waltz". USA Today. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-21.

[24] Lewis, John M. (2003). "Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 84 (3): 357–369. Bibcode:2003BAMS...84..357L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357.

[25] Ooishi, W. (1926) Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno (in Esperanto). Aerological Observatory Report 1, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, 213 pages.

[26] Super Street, Issue 4, December 1996

[27] Kano, Jigoro (1994), Kodokan Judo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha, pp. 46–47

[28] Skoss, Meik (1995). "Jujutsu and Taijutsu". Aikido Journal. 103. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-09-09.

[29] Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-7136-5666-4. Motobu-ryū & Seikichi Uehara

[30] Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-87040-595-2.

[31] Hayes, Stephen. "The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art." ISBN 0-8048-1656-5, Tuttle Publishing, 1990: 18–21

[Okinawan_Masters-32] sisshinryu.com | Okinawan Masters

[History_of_Karate-33] sisshinryu.com | History of Karate

[34] "Dohyo (sumo ring): where gods dwell". 國學院大學. Retrieved 2023-06-04.

[35] "男子立像（力士像）埴輪文化遺産オンライン". bunka.nii.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-06-04.

[36] "Culture: Sports – FAQ – Kids Web Japan – Web Japan". web-japan.org. Retrieved 2019-06-21.

[37] Hays, Jeffrey. "SUMO HISTORY: RELIGION, TRADITIONS AND RECENT DECLINE | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2019-06-21.

[38] History of Sony PlayStation – Who Made the First PlayStation. Inventors.about.com (2014-03-05). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.

[39] History of Nintendo – Inventor Gunpei Yokoi. Inventors.about.com (1992-10-27). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.

[GT-FFRetrospectiveXIII-40] "Final Fantasy Retrospective Part XIII". GameTrailers. 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2009-03-30.

[gsff4-41] Vestal, Andrew (1998-11-02). "The History of Final Fantasy – Final Fantasy IV". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2008-12-31.

[42] US patent 5390937, Hironobu Sakaguchi and Hiroyuki Itou, "Video game apparatus, method and device for controlling same", issued 1995-02-21

[tao1-43] Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups, Eurogamer, February 6, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009

[CGW-44] Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie, "The Furious Fists of Sega!", Computer Gaming World, October 1988, pp. 48–49

[tao2-45] Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2), EuroGamer, February 12, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009

[46] Evolution of a Genre: Beat 'Em Ups, ABC Television, November 6, 2007, Accessed March 24, 2009

[ashcraft77-47] Ashcraft, p. 77

[48] Ashcraft, p. 94.

[games.ign.com-49] Ryan Geddes; Daemon Hatfield (2007-12-10). "IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2009-04-14.

[50] Hjul, Alison (March 1986). "Yie Ar Kung Fu". Your Sinclair. No. 3. p. 19.

[sfhistory-51] "The History of Street Fighter". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2008-10-11.

[52] Crawford, Chris (2003). Chris Crawford on Game Design. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-88134-117-1.

[53] "Donkey Kong". Arcade History. 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2006-11-21.

[horrorfilm-54] Richard J. Hand (2004). "Proliferating Horrors: Survival Horror and the Resident Evil Franchise". In Steffen Hantke (ed.). Horror Film. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 117–134.

[review_gamerev-55] Baldric (1999-03-01). "Game Revolution Review Page – Game Revolution". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[56] "Gametrailers.com – GT Countdown – Top Ten Scariest Games". GameTrailers. 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[fear101-57] Sterling, Jim (2008-06-09). "Fear 101: A Beginner's Guide to Survival Horror". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[IGNevolution-58] Clara Barraza (2008-09-01). "The Evolution of the Survival Horror Genre". IGN. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[UGOfatalframe-59] "Best Survival Horror Games – Fatal Frame". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[block-60] Block, Gerry, NES Power Pad Rocking Rhythm-Action Play Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, July 7, 2008, Accessed April 10, 2009

[61] "ジャンプバグレトロゲームしま専科". Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-06-18.

[62] "KLOV: Jungle King". KLOV. Retrieved 2007-02-08.

[63] "Pac-Land". Arcade History. Retrieved 2006-11-21.

[Wheatley-64] Wheatley, Sean (2003-05-15). "Namco". TNL. Retrieved 2006-11-23.

[Sean-65] "Namco History Vol 4". Anime Densetsu. Retrieved 2006-11-24.

[lecture-66] Game Genres: Shmups, Professor Jim Whitehead, January 29, 2007, Accessed June 17, 2008

[Space_Invaders-67] Buchanan, Levi, Space Invaders Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, March 31, 2003, Accessed June 14, 2008

[68] Ashcraft pp. 72–73

[69] Design your own Space Invaders Archived 2009-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, Science.ie, 4 March 2008, Accessed 17 June 2008

[70] Buchanan, Levi, Galaxian Mini Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, April 21, 2003, Accessed June 17, 2008

[GSREH-71] Justin Speer; Cliff O'Neill. "The History of Resident Evil". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[72] "Enter The Survival Horror... A Resident Evil Retrospective," Game Informer 174 (October 2007): 132–133.

[UGOsweethome-73] "Top 11 Survival Horror Games: Sweet Home". UGO Networks. 2008-05-21. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[74] Szczepaniak, John (2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. Vol. 1. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 544–573. ISBN 978-0-9929260-3-8.

[75] "A Brief History of Visual Novels | And So, He Said". Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-19.

[womack-76] Womack, James P.; Daniel T. Jones; Daniel Roos (1990). The Machine That Changed the World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780892563500.

[77] Holweg, Matthias (2007). "The genealogy of lean production". Journal of Operations Management. 25 (2): 420–437. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.04.001.

[78] Mary Jo Zimbro; David A. Power; Sharon M. Miller; George E. Wilson; Julie A. Johnson (eds.). Difco & BBL Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). Becton Dickinson and Company. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2016-07-05.

[79] Goffeau, André (December 2005). "Multiple moulds". Nature. 438 (7071): 1092–1093. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1092G. doi:10.1038/4381092b. PMID 16371993.

[80] Machida, Masayuki; Asai, K; Sano, M; Tanaka, T; Kumagai, T; Terai, G; Kusumoto, K; Arima, T; et al. (December 2005). "Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae". Nature. 438 (7071): 1157–1161. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1157M. doi:10.1038/nature04300. PMID 16372010.

[pmid3316184-81] Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A (1987). "Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product". J Bacteriol. 169 (12): 5429–33. doi:10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987. PMC 213968. PMID 3316184.

[82] Kosaka K, Oyanagi S, Matsushita M, Hori A (1976). "Presenile dementia with Alzheimer-, Pick- and Lewy-body changes". Acta Neuropathol. 36 (3): 221–233. doi:10.1007/bf00685366. PMID 188300. S2CID 162001.

[83] "The Asahi Prize". Retrieved February 3, 2014.

[principles-84] Woodburne O. Levy; Kavita Kalidas (26 February 2010). Norman S. Miller (ed.). Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice. Academic Press. pp. 307–308. ISBN 978-0-12-496736-6.

[85] Yamashima T (2003). "Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin". J Med Biogr. 11 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1177/096777200301100211. PMID 12717538. S2CID 32540165.

[pmid10454061-86] Bennett M (1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors". Clin Auton Res. 9 (3): 145–59. doi:10.1007/BF02281628. PMID 10454061. S2CID 20999106.

[87] Takamine J (1901). "The isolation of the active principle of the suprarenal gland". The Journal of Physiology. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. 27: xxix–xxx.

[88] Fukui, Kenichi; Yonezawa, Teijiro; Shingu, Haruo (1952). "A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 20 (4): 722. Bibcode:1952JChPh..20..722F. doi:10.1063/1.1700523.

[89] Mestler, GE (April 1956). "A galaxy of old Japanese medical books with miscellaneous notes on early medicine in Japan. III. Urology, syphilology and dermatology; surgery and pathology". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 44 (2): 125–59. PMC 199999. PMID 13304528.

[90] Stanworth, D. R. (1993). "The discovery of IgE". Allergy. 48 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00687.x. PMID 8457034. S2CID 36262710.

[91] Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM (1966). "Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody. IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity". J. Immunol. 97 (1): 75–85. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.97.1.75. PMID 4162440. S2CID 255620017.

[92] Johansson SG, Bennich H. Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin. Immunology 1967; 13:381-94.

[Joint_paper_1969-93] Ishizaka, Teruko; Ishizaka, Kimishige; Johansson, S. Gunnar O.; Bennich, Hans (April 1, 1969). "Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Anti-λE Antibodies". Journal of Immunology. 102 (4): 884–892. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.102.4.884. S2CID 255338552. Retrieved 2016-02-29.

[94] Scudellari, Megan (16 June 2016). "How iPS cells changed the world". Nature. 534 (7607): 310–312. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..310S. doi:10.1038/534310a. PMID 27306170.

[95] Nagai N. (1893). "Kanyaku maou seibun kenkyuu seiseki (zoku)". Yakugaku Zasshi. 13: 901.

[history_of_methamphetamine-96] "Historical overview of methamphetamine". Vermont Department of Health. Retrieved 1 January 2012.

[pmid5337977-97] Sakabe K, Okazaki R (December 1966). "A unique property of the replicating region of chromosomal DNA". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 129 (3): 651–54. doi:10.1016/0005-2787(66)90088-8. PMID 5337977.

[A_Journey_Through_Genetics,_Part_I-98] Moitra, Karobi. A Journey Through Genetics, Part I. Biota Publishing. p. 49.

[pmid4861623-99] Okazaki R, Okazaki T, Sakabe K, Sugimoto K (June 1967). "Mechanism of DNA replication possible discontinuity of DNA chain growth". Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology. 20 (3): 255–60. PMID 4861623.

[pmid6250445-100] Ogawa T, Okazaki T (1980). "Discontinuous DNA replication". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 49: 421–57. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002225. PMID 6250445.

[fujishima-101] "Discovery and applications of photocatalysis — Creating a comfortable future by making use of light energy". Japan Nanonet Bulletin Issue 44, 12 May 2005.

[pmid3295125-102] Severinghaus JW, Honda Y (April 1987). "History of blood gas analysis. VII. Pulse oximetry". Journal of Clinical Monitoring. 3 (2): 135–8. doi:10.1007/bf00858362. PMID 3295125. S2CID 6463021.

[hsph.harvard.edu-103] Takemi Program in International Health Dr. Taro Takemi Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine

[Statin_discovery-104] Endo, Akira (11 May 2010). BEPPU, Teruhiko (ed.). "A historical perspective on the discovery of statins". Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 86 (5): 484–493. Bibcode:2010PJAB...86..484E. doi:10.2183/pjab.86.484. PMC 3108295. PMID 20467214.

[Pulvers-105] Pulvers, Roger, "Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds", Japan Times, June 28, 2009, p. 8.

[Mahan-106] Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, editors. Krause's food, nutrition, & diet therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000

[107] Suzuki, Umetaro; Torai, Shimamura (1911). "糠中の一有効成分に就いて" [One active ingredient in rice bran]. Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi (in Japanese). 32 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1880.32.4.

[108] Funk, C. and H. E. Dubin. The Vitamines. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company, 1922.

[Boyd-109] Boyd, Jane E.; Rucker, Joseph (Summer 2013). "No Ill Nature: The Surprising History and Science of Poison Ivy and Its Relatives". Chemical Heritage Magazine. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 31 (2): 20–25. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

[110] Schaede, Ulrike (September 1989). "Forwards and futures in tokugawa-period Japan: A new perspective on the Dōjima rice market". Journal of Banking & Finance. 13 (4–5): 487–513. doi:10.1016/0378-4266(89)90028-9.

[111] "Meet Momofuku Ando, inventor of Ramen Noodles"

[112] "History of Property Rights – Ikeda, Kikunae". Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2009-06-15.

[ikeda02-113] Ikeda K (November 2002). "New seasonings". Chem. Senses. 27 (9): 847–9. doi:10.1093/chemse/27.9.847. PMID 12438213. (partial translation of Ikeda, Kikunae (1909). "New Seasonings[japan.]". Journal of the Chemical Society of Tokyo. 30: 820–836.)

[reallyjapan-114] Lee, Jennifer 8. (January 16, 2008). "Fortune Cookies are really from Japan". The Fortune Cookie Chronicles website. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.

[selin_1997-115] Selin, Helaine. (1997), An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Saunders College Publishing. p. 891, ISBN 0-03-029558-0

[poole_2005-116] Poole, David. (2005), Linear algebra: a modern introductio. p. 279, ISBN 0-534-99845-3 .

[styan_trenkler-117] Styan, George P. H.; Trenkler, Götz. (2007), . Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 2007, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, pp. 2

[Eves-118] Howard Eves: "An Introduction to the History of Mathematics", page 405, Saunders College Publishing, 1990. (ISBN 0-03-029558-0)

[119] Hironaka, Heisuke (1962). "An example of a non-Kählerian complex-analytic deformation of Kählerian complex structures". Ann. of Math. 2. 75 (1): 190–208. doi:10.2307/1970426. JSTOR 1970426.

[120] Bibliography of Kiyosi Itô

[121] Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1959), "On Γ-extensions of algebraic number fields", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 65 (4): 183–226, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1959-10317-7, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 0124316, Zbl 0089.02402

[122] Mazur, Barry; Wiles, Andrew (1984), "Class fields of abelian extensions of Q", Inventiones Mathematicae, 76 (2): 179–330, Bibcode:1984InMat..76..179M, doi:10.1007/BF01388599, ISSN 0020-9910, MR 0742853, S2CID 122576427, Zbl 0545.12005

[123] Jim L. Brown. "An Introduction to Iwasawa Theory" (PDF). Clemson University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2018.

[124] Association of American Geographers (1911). Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. I, p. 35

[125] Rothman, T (1998). "Japanese Temple Geometry". Scientific American. 278 (5): 85–91. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0598-84.

[126] "Teiji Takagi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

[127] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008" (Press release). The Nobel Foundation. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-24.

[128] B. Bryson (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0817-7.

[Sakata-129] Sakata, S. (1956). "On a composite model for the new particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 16 (6): 686–688. Bibcode:1956PThPh..16..686S. doi:10.1143/PTP.16.686.

[Okun-130] Okun, L.B. (2007). "The impact of the Sakata model". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement. 167: 163–174. arXiv:hep-ph/0611298. Bibcode:2007PThPS.167..163O. doi:10.1143/PTPS.167.163.

[131] "The History of Airsoft". Abbey Supply. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018.

[132] "Shuji Nakamura". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-31.

[133] "Kyocera Develops World's First Camera Phone" (in Japanese). 17 May 1999.

[134] "SEIKO's Develops World's First TV Watch". Dec 1982.

[135] Japan Patent Office Archived 2011-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Kyota Sugimoto (Japanese Typewriter) Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, 28 January 2009.

[136] Magnetic properties of matter / Kotaro Honda (1928)

[137] "Tokushichi Mishima MK Magnetic Steel". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2018.

[138] "Permanent magnet containing copper" (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2018.

[139] "Neodymium magnets". Borates. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

[140] "Toshiba Science Museum: Trial Production of the World's First Double-Coil Bulb". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-28.

[QRCodefeatures-141] "QR Code features". Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 3 October 2011.

[142] R Sakaguchi, S Takasu, T Akiyama. (2000 (acc. January 27, 2014)). "Study concerning the colors of tactile blocks for the visually handicapped – Visibility for the visually handicapped and scenic congruence for those with ordinary sight and vision.". SEPT.

[143] "CDP-101 The first Compact Disc Audio CD Player from 1982". 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-05.

[144] Aikin, Jim (2003). Software Synthesizers: The Definitive Guide to Virtual Musical Instruments. Backbeat Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0879307523.

[Fine-145] Fine, Thomas (2008). Barry R. Ashpole (ed.). "The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording" (PDF). ARSC Journal. Ted P. Sheldon. Retrieved 2010-05-02.

[146] Who Invented the Karaoke Machine? Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Events-in-Music.com

[147] 井上大祐【カラオケ発明者】 J-ONE/INOUE Archived 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Events-in-Music.com

[148] Time 100:Daisuke Inoue, 23–30 August 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8

[149] "Sony Celebrates Walkman 20th Anniversary". Sony Press Release. Retrieved 2009-05-04.

[150] "Capacity Measurements, Areal Density, And PMR". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2012-10-27.

[151] Sony corporate info history

[152] Billboard, May 21, 1977, page 140

[medium-153] Brian Coleman, The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods, Medium

[pinch-154] Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, page 515, Oxford University Press

[keyboard-155] Contemporary Keyboard, Volume 7, Issues 1–6, 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."

[:8-156] Norris, Chris (13 August 2015). "The 808 heard round the world". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 January 2017.

[:12-157] Hamilton, Jack (16 December 2016). "808s and heart eyes". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 16 January 2017.

[:10-158] Leight, Elias (6 December 2016). "8 ways the 808 drum machine changed pop music". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

[159] Molenda, Mike; Pau, Les (2007). The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine. Hal Leonard. p. 222. ISBN 9780879307820.

[160] "Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.

[161] "BAJ Website | The history of the battery : 1) The Yai dry-battery". www.baj.or.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-28.

[162] "The one-chip calculator is here, and it's only the beginning", Electronic Design, February 18, 1971, p34.

[Jarleton-163] Nikon SLR-type digital cameras, Pierre Jarleton

[history-164] Shapiro, Mark (2006). "The History of Camcorders". San Diego, CA: Internet Video Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-11-21. Retrieved 2009-12-27.

[165] "Dyson fan: was it invented 30 years ago?". Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-01-09.

[166] Toshiba Firsts of Their Kind: Automatic Electric Rice Cooker Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine

[freshpatents-167] "Mamoru Imura Patent Inventor Overland Park, KS". FreshPatents.com. Retrieved 2006-12-24.

[usgovpatent-168] "United States Patent 7157675". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2007-01-03.

[169] TOSHIBA AIR CONDITIONING, CREATOR OF MODERN INVERTER AIR CONDITIONING at toshiba-aircon.com.au (Error: unknown archive URL) (archived (Date missing))

[jqr-170] Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor Archived 2018-07-21 at the Wayback Machine (interview), Japan Quality Review, 2011

[burning-171] Johnstone, Bob (2000). We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 9780465091188.

[Bhat-172] Nishizawa, Jun-ichi & Suto, Ken (2004). "Terahertz wave generation and light amplification using Raman effect". In Bhat, K. N. & DasGupta, Amitava (eds.). Physics of semiconductor devices. New Delhi, India: Narosa Publishing House. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-7319-567-9.

[Sendai_New-173] "Optical Fiber". Sendai New. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.

[174] "New Medal Honors Japanese Microelectrics Industry Leader". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

[Yamazaki-175] "Top US Patent Holder is Legendary Japanese Inventor Shunpei Yamazaki". Impact Lab. February 26, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[sit-176] Junction Field-Effect Devices, Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning, 1982

[177] "Laptop Computer History". www.computerhope.com. Retrieved 2019-09-24.

[178] "Osborne 1 (1981) – when the personal computer became portable". Inexhibit. Retrieved 2019-06-16.

[179] FR2487094A1 patent: Notebook computer system small

[hc20-180] 【Shinshu Seiki / Suwa Seikosha】 HC-20, Information Processing Society of Japan

[hx20-181] Epson HX-20, Old Computers

[peres-182] Michael R. Peres, The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, page 306, Taylor & Francis

[epson-183] "Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure" (PDF). Epson America, Inc. 1987. Retrieved 2 November 2008.

[184] Sharp PC-5000 Archived 2019-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, Old Computers

[chronicles-185] Japanese PCs (1984) (13:13), Computer Chronicles

[186] Bob Armstrong, http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm

[187] "Toshiba Science Museum: World's First Microcomputer for Automotive Engine". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-29.

[sasaki-188] Aspray, William (1994-05-25). "Oral-History: Tadashi Sasaki". Interview #211 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Retrieved 2013-01-02.

[ieee-ff-189] Federico Faggin, The Making of the First Microprocessor, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, Winter 2009, IEEE Xplore

[tout1-190] Nigel Tout. "The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor". Retrieved November 15, 2009.

[shima-191] Masatoshi Shima, IEEE

[parametron-192] "Parametron". www.thocp.net. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[193] Dummer, G. W. A. (2013-10-22). Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483145211.

[194] "Pro Radio Guide - RC Car Action". Archived from the original on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-04-23.

[195] "Modellbilens historie".

[196] scanned published picture evidence http://www.rc10talk.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=5886

[soh-197] The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai, Soh-VEHE International Patent Office, Japan Patent Attorneys Association

[198] Patrick Mccluskey, F.; Podlesak, Thomas; Grzybowski, Richard (1996-12-13). High Temperature Electronics. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849396236.

[fransman-199] Martin Fransman (1993), The Market and Beyond: Cooperation and Competition in Information Technology, page 19, Cambridge University Press

[mark3-200] Early Computers, Information Processing Society of Japan

[201] 【Electrotechnical Laboratory】 ETL Mark III Transistor-Based Computer, Information Processing Society of Japan

[dawn-202] Early Computers: Brief History, Information Processing Society of Japan

[203] History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan, IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials, Vol. 124 (2004) No. 8, pp. 720–726, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan

[ipsj-switch-204] Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics, IPSJ Computer Museum, Information Processing Society of Japan

[historical-205] Radomir S. Stanković (University of Niš), Jaakko T. Astola (Tampere University of Technology), Mark G. Karpovsky (Boston University), Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory, 2007, DOI 10.1.1.66.1248

[Stanković-Astola_2008-206] Stanković, Radomir S. [in German]; Astola, Jaakko Tapio [in Finnish], eds. (2008). Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory (PDF). Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Vol. 40. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University of Technology. ISBN 978-952-15-1980-2. ISSN 1456-2774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-08. (3+207+1 pages) 10:00 min

[207] Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year. "Television on a Disk," Time, September 18, 1972.

[IGN-208] Buchanan, Levi (2008-09-08). "From Janitor to Superstar Gunpei Yokoi, inventor of the Game Boy, would have been 67 this week". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2008-12-28.

[209] Grossman, Lev (2006). "Best Inventions". Time. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-06-08.

[210] Hideo Kodama, "A Scheme for Three-Dimensional Display by Automatic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Model," IEICE Transactions on Electronics (Japanese Edition), vol. J64-C, No. 4, pp. 237–41, April 1981

[211] Hideo Kodama, "Automatic method for fabricating a three-dimensional plastic model with photo-hardening polymer," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 1770–73, November 1981

[212] "What is Water Transfer Printing – Hydrographics". watertransferprinting.com.au. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2017.

[213] "Humanoid History -WABOT-".

[214] Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution, page 130

[215] Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering, Chapter 3, pages 1–2

[216] MacDorman, Karl F.; Ishiguro, Hiroshi (2006). "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research" (PDF). Interaction Studies. 7 (3): 297–337. doi:10.1075/is.7.3.03mac. ISSN 1572-0373. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[217] Christensen, Bill (2005-06-28). "New robot looks strikingly human". LiveScience. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[218] Whitehouse, David (2005-07-12). "Japanese develop 'female' android". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[219] Jane Marie Law, Puppets of Nostalgia – The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese Awaji Ningyo Tradition, 1997, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-02894-1

[220] "Cyberdyne power suit". YouTube. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

[221] "HAL, a friend for people with disabilities". Nipponia. Web Japan. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2013.

[222] "Launch Day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17(H-IIA F17)". JAXA. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

[223] Williams, Martyn (2002-08-12). "Opening the Door for New Storage Options". pcworld.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

[224] S.B. Luitjens (2001-06-15). "Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features". planetanalog.com. Archived from the original on 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

[SonyHistorical-225] "A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System". Audio Engineering Society. March 1979. Retrieved 2009-02-14.

[226] Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002). "Unsung hero". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-03-18.

[227] US 4531203 Fujio Masuoka

[McDonald2007-228] McDonald, Paul (2007-08-06). Video and DVD Industries. British Film Institute. p. 33. ISBN 9781844571673. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

[229] Pollack, Andrew (1992-01-20). "Shizuo Takano, 68, an Engineer Who Developed VHS Recorders". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-07-11.

[230] SMPTE Journal: Publication of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Volume 96, Issues 1–6; Volume 96, page 256, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

[231] World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder, Toshiba

[232] "Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924–1941". Retrieved June 15, 2017.

[233] Forrester, Chris (2011-08-28). High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-12009-1.

[234] Abramson, Albert. (1995). Zworykin, pioneer of television. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02104-5. OCLC 29954436.

[235] Aperture grille details

[236] Fujitsu Develops Breakthrough Technology for High-Resolution PDPs Suited for High-Definition TVs, Fujitsu, August 25, 1998

[237] Popular Science, April 1970, page 26

[spin-238] Spin, Jul 1985, page 55

[239] The world's first television-watch, with an active-matrix LCD, Epson

[240] "Frank's Handheld-TVs: Part 1".

[241] Product & Technology Milestones: Television, Sony

[242] ttps://popsci.typepad.com/popsci/2008/01/mu-ha-ha-ha-las.html

[Toyoda-243] "Non-Stop Shuttle Change Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G" (in Japanese). The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.

[244] James E. Hoare. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press, 2012

[245] Patent no. 147,958, February 20, 1941, Ichiro Sakurada, Yi Sung-ki Lee. S. or Ri. Sung．Gi. and Hiroshi Kawakami, issued to Institute of Japan Chemical Fiber.

[seikooverview-246] "SEIKO Kinetic. 20 years of success" (Press release). Seiko. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11.

[247] Challenge of the Myriad Year Clock (万年時計の謎に挑む), TV program (in Japanese) broadcast on 23 April 2005, Japan Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.

[IEEE-248] "Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969". IEEE History Center. Retrieved 2007-08-31.

[249] ttp://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/pdf/35_spring-drive.pdf

[byun-250] Shinkansen Chronology Archived 2009-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, byun byun Shinkansen.

[Poulton-251] Poulton, M.L. (1997). Fuel Efficient Car Technology. Computational Mechanics Publications. p. 69. ISBN 978-1853124471.

[252] Vanderbilt, Tom (6 February 2012). "Autonomous Cars Through The Ages". Wired. Retrieved 26 July 2018.

[253] Weber, Marc (8 May 2014). "Where to? A History of Autonomous Vehicles". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 26 July 2018.

[254] Bill Moore (19 March 2015). "Mitsubishi Firsts". EV World. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24.

[NYT2001-255] Matt Lake (2001-11-08). "How it works; A Tale of 2 Engines: How Hybrid Cars Tame Emissions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-22.

[Voelcker-256] Voelcker, John. "Decades Of Promises: 'Dude, Where's My Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car?'", Yahoo.com, March 31, 2015

[nunn-257] "Minicars: Cheap and Cheerful", Peter Nunn, JAMA, January–February 2005

[sendai-258] "Owning a Car in Japan" Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, ALTs in Sendai

[Lu_p._348-259] Hanchao Lu (1999). Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. University of California Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0520215641.

[Warren_p._14-260] James Francis Warren (2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940. NUS Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-9971692667.

[261] Chris Rowthorn (2007). Chris Rowthorn (ed.). Japan (10 ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 44. ISBN 978-1741046670.

[Diefendorf-262] David Diefendorf (2007). Amazing . . . But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 223. ISBN 978-1402737916.

[263] "Elevators & Escalators – MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC". mitsubishielectric.com. Retrieved July 1, 2016.

[264] "Toshiba Science Museum: World's First Inverter-Controlled High-Speed Gearless Elevator". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved 2020-12-29.

[265] Taryn Siegel (22 May 2020). "10 things you didn't know were invented in Japan". Retrieved May 22, 2020.

[266] "IJN Hosho Light Aircraft Carrier". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2020-12-29.

[fireballoon-267] Webber, Bert (1975). Retaliation: Japanese attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II. Oregon State University. pp. 99–108. ISBN 978-0-87071-076-6.

[Nagayama-history-268] Nagayama, Kokan (1997). The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. trans. Kenji Mishina. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-4-7700-2071-0.

[269] "Kunai, Shuriken and Ninja Stars". Swords of Might. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 18 Jan 2016.

[270] Hantaro Nagaoka (1929). "Possibility of the radio transmission being disturbed by meteoric showers". Proceedings of the Imperial Academy. 5 (6): 233–236. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.5.233. Cited in Wilhelm Nupen (1961). Bibliography on meteoric radio wave propagation. Washington: U.S. National Bureau of Standards. p. 76. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

[271] "Yagi-Uda Antenna". Antenna-Theory.com. Retrieved 2010-04-16.

[272] "元祖修正テープはこうして世界に誕生した！".

[273] "Gelly Roll". Retrieved 15 November 2018.

[274] "Ceramic Ball (OHTO Japan English Website)". ohto.co.jp. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 4 May 2012.

[275] "Ukichiro Nakaya". Famous Scientists. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

[276] "Canned Coffee". Nippon. 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2 July 2016.

[Why_and_how_I_created_emoji-277] Mamiko Nakano. "Why and How I Created Emoji: Interview with Shigetaka Kurita". Ignition. Translated by Mitsuyo Inaba Lee. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.

[Hani-278] Hani, Yoko (November 24, 2002), "A feast for the eyes", Japan Times

[shiichan-279] Shii (2006). "Shiichan Anonymous BBS". Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[280] Nick Robinson (2004). The Origami Bible. Chrysalis Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84340-105-6.

Inventions and discoveries
Lists of inventions or discoveries by country/region	Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil Britain England Scotland Wales Canada China inventions discoveries Croatia Czech Republic Egypt France Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Korea Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Inventions discoveries explorations Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal inventions discoveries Russia Serbia South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Vietnam United States inventions before 1890 1890–1945 1946–1991 after 1991 discoveries
by topic	chemistry cosmology multiple discoveries science Historic inventions Analog-to-digital Byzantine Empire Indus Valley Medieval Islamic Military Native American Lost inventions
Lists of inventors or discoverers by country/region	Worldwide African American African-American Puerto Rican Armenian Austrian British English Welsh Bulgarian German Italian New Zealand Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Spanish Swedish Swiss