Timeline of Polish science and technology

Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in Kraków dating from 1110 shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western European literature. In 1364, King Kazimierz the Great founded the Cracow Academy, which would become one of the great universities of Europe.[1] The Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.[2] The list of famous scientists in Poland begins in earnest with the polymath, astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, who formulated the heliocentric theory and sparked the European Scientific Revolution.[3]

Polish scientists who played a key role in their disciplines (clockwise): Nicolaus Copernicus, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Stanisław Ulam, and Benoit Mandelbrot

In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established the Commission of National Education (Polish: Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, KEN), the world's first ministry of education.[4]

After the third partition of Poland, in 1795, no Polish state existed.[5] The 19th and 20th centuries saw many Polish scientists working abroad. One of them was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist living in France. Another noteworthy one was Ignacy Domeyko, a geologist and mineralogist who worked in Chile.[6]

In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing center of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the Lwów School of Mathematics (with Stefan Banach, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam)[7][8] and Warsaw School of Mathematics (with Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Wacław Sierpiński). The events of World War II pushed many of them into exile. Such was the case of Benoît Mandelbrot, whose family left Poland when he was still a child. An alumnus of the Warsaw School of Mathematics was Antoni Zygmund, one of the shapers of 20th-century mathematical analysis. According to NASA, Polish scientists were among the pioneers of rocketry.[9]

Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education — technical, medical, economic, as well as 500 universities — which are located in most major cities such as Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów and Warsaw.[10] They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars. Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.

Timeline

From 2001

ESO accession agreement with Poland 2014.

1951–2000

Aleksander Wolszczan is credited with discovering the first extrasolar planet PSR B1257+12.
OGLE telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory.
Ball and stick model of a single layer of the Kevlar crystal structure.
A diagram showing the measured and predicted half-lives of heavy and superheavy nuclides, as well as the beta stability line and predicted location of the island of stability.
A diagram by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research showing the measured (boxed) and predicted half-lives of superheavy nuclides, ordered by number of protons and neutrons. The expected location of the island of stability around Z = 112 is circled.
Diagram showing the Lagrangian points of the Earth–Moon system. Kordylewski clouds exist in the regions of L4 and L5.

1901–1950

Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, Polish mathematicians and cryptologists who worked at breaking the German Enigma ciphers before and during World War II.
A mushroom cloud lights up the dawn sky
Ivy Mike, the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design (a staged fusion bomb), with a yield of 10.4 megatons on 1 November 1952.
PZL.37 Łoś twin-engine medium bomber
Drzewiecki-designed submarine built in 1881 and now in the Central Naval Museum, Saint Petersburg.
Chemical element Protactinium (Pa) was discovered by Kazimierz Fajans in 1913.
Illustration of the Banach-Tarski paradox.
Cover of Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922), a seminal work of Bronisław Malinowski.
The Maurzyce Bridge designed by Stefan Bryła in 1928, is the first welded road bridge in the world.

1851–1900

Maria Skłodowska-Curie Nobel Prize Diploma from 1911.
Ignacy Łukasiewicz Monument in Bóbrka, where he established the world's first oil field in 1854.
Frames from Rink in Łazienki film shot in the 1890s by Kazimierz Prószyński with his pleograph device.
Ball-and-stick model of the zwitterionic form of adrenaline. The hormone was discovered by Napoleon Cybulski in 1895.
Flag of Esperanto. Created by L.L. Zamenhof, Esperanto is the world's most successful constructed language.
Ludwik Rydygier Monument in Chełmno, where he performed his pioneering surgical procedures in the 1880s.
Ferrocarril Central Andino, constructed by Ernest Malinowski between 1871–1876, was the world's highest railway line at the time.

1801–1850

1701–1800

1601–1700

Engraving of Hevelius' 46 m (150 ft) focal-length telescope.
  • Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician, physicist and clockmaker found an approximation of π today called the Kochański's Approximation (1685).[214] He also suggested replacing the clock's pendulum with a spring (1659), constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum (1667), and was the author of the world's first systematic paper on the construction of clocks.
  • Johannes Hevelius was an astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house; he is known as "the founder of lunar topography".[215]
  • Jan Brożek (Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death, his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.
  • Kazimierz Siemienowicz, Polish–Lithuanian general of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, and pioneer of rocketry who developed the concept of a multistage rocket.
  • King of Poland, John II Casimir, founded the University of Lviv (1661).[216]
  • Michał Boym, Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer; he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. He was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula, as until then it was believed to be an island, and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China.[217]
  • Adam Freytag, mathematician and military engineer, wrote Architectura militaris nova et aucta, the first manual of bastion fortifications of the so-called Old Dutch system (1631).
  • Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish–Lithuanian nobleman, military officer, engineer, and ethnographer. Arciszewski also served as a general of artillery for the Netherlands and Poland
  • Jan Jonston, Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent; author of Thautomatographia naturalis (1632) and Idea universae medicinae practicae (1642)
Michał Sędziwój, who discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance (later called oxygen), on a painting by Jan Matejko.
  • Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor; a pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds; he discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance-later called oxygen 170 years before similar discoveries by Scheele and Priestley; he correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre); this substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.[218]

1501–1600

  • Bartholomäus Keckermann, A Short Commentary on Navigation (the first one written in Poland)
  • Josephus Struthius, he published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. in which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works
  • Sebastian Petrycy, Polish philosopher and physician who lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine.[219]

Middle Ages

See also

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