List of eurypterid genera

This list of eurypterid genera is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the order Eurypterida, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names and genera that are no longer considered eurypterids. The list currently includes 115 names out of which 74 are considered valid eurypterid genera.

Eurypterus, the most commonly found eurypterid fossil and the first eurypterid genus to be described

There are approximately 250 species of eurypterids recognized as valid.[1]

Naming conventions and terminology

There is no "official" or "canonical" list of eurypterid genera. The closest thing is found contained in the regularly updated Summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives in the World Spider Catalog. The vast majority of the content of the list below, including the valid genera, preoccupied names, junior synonyms, taxonomical classifications and sites of discovery, is based upon the 2018 edition of the Summary list. Content not based on the list, such as genera described after its publication, is noted through inline citations.

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

  • Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
  • Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
  • Nomen manuscriptum (Latin for "manuscript name"): A name that appears in manuscript of a formal, but not-peer-reviewed, publication that has no scientific backing. A nomen manuscriptum is equivalent to a nomen nudum for everything except the method of publication, and description.
  • Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
  • Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
  • Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features.

Eurypterid genera
  Valid genus
  Dubious taxon, synonym, preoccupied name or informal name
  Missassigned genus
Genus Author(s) Year Status Age Location Notes

Acanthoeurypterus

Kjellesvig-Waering

N/A

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Nomen manuscriptum, also considered as a synonym of Eurypterus.[2]

Acutiramus Ruedemann 1935 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Adelophthalmus Jordan 1854 Valid Devonian - Permian Nearly cosmopolitan, see article.
Alkenopterus Størmer 1974 Valid Devonian

Alloeurypterus

Kjellesvig-Waering

N/A

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Nomen manuscriptum, also considered as a synonym of Eurypterus.[2]

Angustidontus

Cooper

1936

Misidentification[4]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a crustacean.

Anthraconectes

Meek & Worthen

1868

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Adelophthalmus.

Baltoeurypterus

Størmer

1973

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Eurypterus.

Bassipterus Kjellesvig-Waering & Leutze 1966 Valid Silurian

Belinuropsis

Matthew

1910

Nomen dubium

Carboniferous

Too poorly preserved to be assigned to any particular arthropod group.[5]

Bembicosoma

Laurie

1899

Misidentification[6]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a stem genus on Planaterga.

Borchgrevinkium

Novojilov

1959

Misidentification[1]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, possibly a stem prosomapod.

Brachyopterella Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian
Brachyopterus Størmer 1951 Valid Ordovician

Bunodella

Matthew

1889

Nomen dubium

Silurian

Uncertain affinities, probably synonym of Acutiramus.[7]

Buffalopterus Kjellesvig-Waering & Heubusch 1962 Valid Silurian
Campylocephalus Eichwald 1860 Valid Carboniferous - Permian

Campylognathus

Diener

1924

Preoccupied[8]

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied by a genus of plant bugs, changed to Campylocephalus.

Carcinosoma Claypole 1890 Valid Silurian
Ciurcopterus Tetlie & Briggs 2009 Valid Silurian
Clarkeipterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian

Clintonipterus

Kjellesvig-Waering

N/A

Nomen nudum

N/A

N/A

Informal name that only appears in notes in museum drawers.[9]

Ctenopterus Clarke & Ruedemann 1912 Valid Silurian

Curviramus

Ruedemann

1935

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Pterygotus.

Cyrtoctenus

Størmer & Waterston

1968

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Hibbertopterus.[10]

Dolichocephala

Claypole

1883

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied by a genus of flies, synonym of Hallipterus.

Dolichopterus Hall 1859 Valid Silurian
Dorfopterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1955 Valid Devonian
Drepanopterus Laurie 1892 Valid Silurian - Devonian

Dunsopterus

Waterston

1968

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Hibbertopterus.[10]

Echinognathus Walcott 1882 Valid Ordovician
Eocarcinosoma Caster & Kjellesvig-Waering 1964 Valid Ordovician
Erettopterus Salter 1859 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Erieopterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1958 Valid Silurian - Devonian

Eidothea

Scouler

1831

Preoccupied[11]

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Campylocephalus.

Eurypterella

Matthew

1888

Nomen dubium

Carboniferous

Too poorly preserved to be assigned to any particular arthropod group.[12]

Eurypterus de Kay 1825 Valid Silurian

Eurysoma

Claypole

1890

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Carcinosoma.

Eusarcana Strand 1942 Valid Silurian - Devonian

Eusarcus

Grote & Pitt

1875

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Eusarcana.

Eysyslopterus Tetlie & Poschmann 2008 Valid Silurian

Glaucodes

Pruvost

1923

Jr. synonym[13]

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Mycterops.

Glyptoscorpius

Peach

1882

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Adelophthalmus.

Grossopterus Størmer 1934 Valid Devonian
Hallipterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1963 Valid Devonian
Hardieopterus Waterston 1979 Valid Silurian
Hastimima White 1908 Valid Permian
Herefordopterus Tetlie 2006 Valid Silurian
Hibbertopterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1959 Valid Carboniferous

Himantopterus

Salter

1856

Preoccupied[14]

N/A

N/A

Unavailable junior homonym, replaced by name Erettopterus

Holmipterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1979 Valid Silurian
Hughmilleria Sarle 1903 Valid Silurian
Jaekelopterus Waterston 1964 Valid Devonian
Kiaeropterus Waterston 1979 Valid Silurian

Kockurus

Chlupáč

1995

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, likely represents an aglaspidid.

Kodymirus

Chlupáč

1995

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, likely represents an aglaspidid.

Kokomopterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian
Lanarkopterus Ritchie 1968 Valid Silurian
Lamontopterus Waterston 1979 Valid Silurian
Laurieipterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian
Leiopterella Lamsdell, Braddy, Loeffler & Dineley 2010 Valid Devonian

Lepidoderma

Reuss

1855

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Adelophthalmus.

Marsupipterus Caster & Kjellesvig-Waering 1955 Valid Silurian

Mazonipterus

Kjellesvig-Waering

1963

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a plant.

Megalograptus Miller 1874 Valid Ordovician
Megarachne Hünicken 1980 Valid Carboniferous - Permian

Melbournopterus

Caster & Kjellesvig-Waering

1953

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a brachipod.

Mixopterus Ruedemann 1921 Valid Silurian
Moselopterus Størmer 1974 Valid Devonian
Mycterops Cope 1886 Valid Carboniferous
Nanahughmilleria Kjellesvig-Waering 1961 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Necrogammarus Woodward 1870 Valid Silurian
Onychopterella Størmer 1951 Valid Ordovician - Silurian

Onychopterus

Miller & Gurley

1896

Preoccupied[13]

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Onychopterella.

Orcanopterus Stott, Tetlie, Braddy, Nowlan, Glasser & Devereux 2005 Valid Ordovician
Pagea Waterston 1962 Valid Devonian

Paracarcinosoma

Caster & Kjellesvig-Waering

1964

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Eusarcana.

Paraeurypterus Lamsdell, Hoşgör & Selden 2013 Valid Ordovician
Parahughmilleria Kjellesvig-Waering 1961 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Parastylonurus Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian

Parka

Fleming

1831

Misidentification[15]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a plant.

Pentecopterus[16] Lamsdell et al. 2015 Valid Ordovician
Pentlandopterus Lamsdell, Hoşgör & Selden 2013 Valid Ordovician
Pittsfordipterus Kjellesvig-Waering & Leutze 1966 Valid Silurian

Polystomurum[17]

Novojilov

1958

Misidentification

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an unplaced euchelicerate.[1]

Polyzosternites

Goldenberg

1873

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Adelophthalmus.

Pterygotus Agassiz 1839 Valid Silurian - Devonian Nearly cosmopolitan, see article.
Rhenopterus Størmer 1936 Valid Devonian
Rhinocarcinosoma Novojilov 1962 Valid Silurian
Ruedemannipterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian
Salteropterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1951 Valid Silurian

Sidneyia

Walcott

1911

Misidentification[18]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, an arachnomorph.[19]

Slimonia Page 1856 Valid Silurian
Soligorskopterus[20] Plax, Lamsdell, Vrazo & Barbikov 2018 Valid Devonian
Stoermeropterus Lamsdell 2011 Valid Devonian

Strabops

Beecher

1901

Misidentification[21]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a strabopid.

Strobilopterus Ruedemann 1935 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Stylonurella Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Stylonuroides Kjellesvig-Waering 1966 Valid Silurian - Devonian
Stylonurus Page 1856 Valid Devonian

Syntomopterella

Tellie

2007

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Strobilopterus.

Syntomopterus

Kjellesvig-Waering

1961

Preoccupied

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Strobilopterus.

Tarsopterella Størmer 1951 Valid Devonian

Tarsopterus

Clarke & Ruedemann

1912

Preoccupied[13]

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Tarsopterella.

Terropterus[22] Wang, Dunlop, Gai, Lei, Jarzembowski & Wang 2021 Valid Silurian

Truncatiramus

Kjellesvig-Waering

1961

Jr. synonym

N/A

N/A

Synonym of Erettopterus.

Tylopterella Størmer 1951 Valid Silurian

Tylopterus

Clarke & Ruedemann

1912

Preoccupied[13]

N/A

N/A

Preoccupied name, changed to Tylopterella.

Unionopterus Chernyshev 1948 Valid Carboniferous
Vinetopterus Poschmann & Tellie 2004 Valid Devonian
Vernonopterus Waterston 1968 Valid Carboniferous
Waeringopterus Leutze 1961 Valid Silurian
Wiedopterus[23] Poschmann 2015 Valid Devonian

Willwerathia

Størmer

1936

Misidentification[24]

N/A

N/A

Misidentified, a xiphosuran.

Woodwardopterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1959 Valid Carboniferous
Acutiramus.
Adelophthalmus.
Brachyopterus.
Campylocephalus.
Carcinosoma.
Ciurcopterus.
Dolichopterus.
Drepanopterus.
Erettopterus.
Eurypterus.
Eusarcana.
Hallipterus.
Herefordopterus.
Hibbertopterus.
Hughmilleria.
Jaekelopterus.
Kokomopterus.
Laurieipterus.
Megalograptus.
Megarachne.
Mixopterus.
Nanahughmilleria.
Onychopterella.
Orcanopterus.
Pentecopterus.
Pterygotus.
Slimonia.
Stoermeropterus.
Strobilopterus.
Stylonurus.

Eurypterid ichnogenera
Genus Author(s) Year Status Age Location Notes
Arcuites[25] Vrazo & Ciurca 2017 Valid Silurian
Merostomichnites[26] Packard 1900 Valid Ordovician - Silurian Merostomichnites tracks in Norway were likely made by the genus Mixopterus.
Palmichnium[27] Richter 1954 Valid Devonian - Carboniferous

See also

References

General

Citations
  1. Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern
  2. O. Erik Tetlie (2006). "Two new Silurian species of Eurypterus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from Norway and Canada and the phylogeny of the genus" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 4 (4): 397–412. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001921. ISSN 1478-0941. S2CID 83519549. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
  3. Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Smith, Patrick M.; Poschmann, Markus (2020). "Re-evaluating evidence of Australian eurypterids". Gondwana Research. 86: 164–181. Bibcode:2020GondR..86..164B. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.06.002. S2CID 225748023.
  4. Rolfe, William; Dzik, Jerzy (2006-12-01). "Angustidontus, a Late Devonian pelagic predatory crustacean". Transactions: Earth Sciences. 97: 75–96. doi:10.1017/S0263593300001413. S2CID 86524135.
  5. Miller, Randall F. (1995-08-01). "The status of Belinuropsis wigudensis Matthew, 1910, a Pennsylvanian merostome from New Brunswick, Canada". Atlantic Geology. 31 (2). doi:10.4138/2104. ISSN 1718-7885.
  6. Anderson, Lyall I.; Moore, Rachel A. (2003). "Bembicosoma re-examined: a xiphosuran from the Silurian of the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills, Scotland". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 94 (3): 199–206. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000614. S2CID 89604861.
  7. Miller, Randall F.; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). "The presumed Synziphosuran Bunodella horrida Matthew, 1889 (Silurian; Cunningham Creek Formation, New Brunswick, Canada) is a eurypterid". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (3): 588–590. doi:10.1666/05127.1. S2CID 85708511.
  8. Waterston, Charles D. (1958). "XII.—The Scottish Carboniferous Eurypterida". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 63 (2): 265–288. doi:10.1017/S0080456800009492. S2CID 130625350.
  9. Tetlie, Odd Erik (2004). Eurypterid phylogeny with remarks on the origin of arachnids (PhD). University of Bristol. pp. 1–344.
  10. Hughes, Emily Samantha (2019). Discerning the diets of sweep-feeding eurypterids through analyses of mesh-modified appendage armature (MS thesis). West Virginia University. pp. 1–61. doi:10.33915/etd.3890.
  11. "†Eurypterida". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  12. Dunlop, Jason A.; Miller, Randall F. (2007-10-16). "The fossil arachnid genus Eurymartus MATTHEW, 1895 and the eurypterid genus Eurypterella MATTHEW, 1889 from the Late Carboniferous". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 245 (3): 295–300. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0295.
  13. Størmer, Leif. "A new eurypterid from the Ordovician of Montgomeryshire, Wales." Geological Magazine; November 1951; v. 88; no. 6; p. 409-422.
  14. Nomenclator Zoologicus
  15. Niklas, Karl J. (1976). "Morphological and Ontogenetic Reconstructions of Parka decipiens Fleming and Pachytheca Hooker from the Lower Old Red Sandstone, Scotland". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69 (21): 483–499. doi:10.1017/S0080456800015507. S2CID 130910741.
  16. Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015-09-01). "The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 169. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4556007. PMID 26324341.
  17. Novojilov, N. (1958). Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov (ed.). Polystomurum strømeri new genus and species of Eurypterida from the Devonian of the region of Voronell. Mat. Princip. Paleont. (Moscow). Vol. 2. pp. 47–50.
  18. Walcott, Charles Doolittle (1911). "Cambrian Geology and Paleontology". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 57 (2): 17–40.
  19. Zhang, Xingliang; Han, Jian; Shu, Degan (2002). "New occurrence of the Burgess Shale arthropod Sidneyia in the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (South China), and revision of the arthropod Urokodia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 26 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1080/03115510208619239. S2CID 129442308.
  20. Plax, Dmitry P.; Lamsdell, James C.; Vrazo, Matthew B.; Barbikov, Dmitry V. (2018). "A new genus of eurypterid (Chelicerata, Eurypterida) from the Upper Devonian salt deposits of Belarus". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (5): 838–849. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.11. S2CID 134054742.
  21. Hou, X.-G; Bergström, J (1997-12-22). "Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China". Fossils and Strata. 45: 1–116.
  22. Wang, Han; Dunlop, Jason A.; Gai, Zhikun; Lei, Xiaojie; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Wang, Bo (2021). "First mixopterid eurypterids (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from the Lower Silurian of South China". Science Bulletin. 66 (22): 2277–2280. Bibcode:2021SciBu..66.2277W. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.019. PMID 36654455.
  23. Poschmann, Markus (2015-12-01). "Sea scorpions (Chelicerata, Eurypterida) from the Lower Devonian (Siegenian) of the Lahrbach Valley/Westerwald area (SW Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (4): 783–793. doi:10.1007/s12542-015-0261-9. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 128555537.
  24. Anderson, Lyall I.; Poschmann, Markus; Brauckmann, Carsten (1998-11-01). "On the Emsian (Lower Devonian) arthropods of the Rhenish Slate Mountains: 2. The synziphosurine Willwerathia". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 72 (3–4): 325–336. doi:10.1007/BF02988363. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 128464147.
  25. Vrazo, Matthew B.; Ciurca, Samuel J. (2018). "New trace fossil evidence for eurypterid swimming behaviour". Palaeontology. 61 (2): 235–252. doi:10.1111/pala.12336. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 133765946.
  26. Hanken, N.-M. & Størmer, L. (1975): "The trail of a large Silurian eurypterid". Fossils and Strata, No. 4, pp. 255-270, Pl. 1 -3.
  27. Adolf Seilacher (2007). "Arthropod trackways". Trace Fossil Analysis. Springer. pp. 18–31. ISBN 978-3-540-47225-4.
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