List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine
This is a list of killings and massacres committed in Mandatory Palestine. It is restricted to incidents in which at least three people were deliberately killed. This list does not include unlawful deaths due to criminal activity. It includes all casualties that resulted from the initial attack on civilians or non-combat military personnel.
Note: The designation "responsible party" below refers to those believed to be the principal instigators of the violence. Where culpability is disputed or ambiguous, the sources cited support the chosen designation.
Individual massacres during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine are listed below. In total, during the course of these events, between September 27, 1937 – 1939, 5,000 Arabs, 415 Jews and several hundred Britons were killed.[1]
List of killings and massacres committed in Mandate Palestine
Name | Date | Perpetrators | Fatalities | notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Battle of Tel Hai | March 1, 1920 | Arabs | 13 | 8 Jews,[1] 5 Arabs killed[2] |
Nebi Musa riots | April 4–7, 1920 | Arabs | 9 | 5 Jews, 4 Arabs killed; 216 Jews, 18 Arabs, 7 Britons wounded[1][3][4] |
Jaffa riots | May 1–7, 1921 | Arabs | 95 | 48 Arabs, 47 Jews killed; 140 Jews, 73 Arabs wounded.[5] |
Jerusalem Stabbings | November 2, 1921 | Arabs | 5 | 5 Jews killed in Jerusalem in stabbing attack. Multiple wounded, including women and children.[6] |
Palestine Riots | August 23–29, 1929 | Arabs | 249 | 133 Jews, 116 Arabs killed; 339 Jews, 232 Arabs wounded;[1][3][7][8][9] includes the Hebron massacre (67 Jews killed; 58 Jews wounded and a massacre in Safed (18–20 Jews killed; 80 Jews wounded[9]) |
1933 Palestine riots in Jaffa [10] | October 27, 1933 | British police, Arab rioters | 16 | 1 Arab policeman, 15 Arab demonstrators shot by British forces, 1 Arab child hit by a stray bullet. [10] |
1933 Palestine riots in Haifa [10] | October 27-28, 1933 | British police | 4 | 4 Palestinian rioters killed, 1 policeman stabbed, 3 Palestinian rioters wounded, 5 Jewish civilians injured by rioters, 4 of them seriously. |
Jaffa riots (April 1936) | April 19–20, 1936 | Arabs | 21 | 9 Jews killed, 40 Jews wounded (11 critically) in Arab attack in Jaffa. Police killed two attackers. Further 7 Jews and 3 Arabs killed the next day[11][12][13] |
Labor Strike Revolt | April 20 – October 12, 1936 | Arabs, Jews, British authorities | 314 | 197 Arabs killed and 823 wounded, 80 Jews killed and 300 wounded, 37 military and police killed and 95 wounded.[14] |
NA | August 13, 1937 | Arabs | 4 | 4 members of a Jewish family, 3 children, shot dead by Arabs who broke into their home in Safed[15] |
NA | November 9, 1937 | Arabs | 5 | 5 Jewish Keren Kayemet workers killed near Har Haruach by an Arab ambush. Ma'ale HaHamisha was named in their honor.[16] |
N/A | November 14, 1937 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 10 | 10 Arabs killed by Irgun units launching attacks around Jerusalem, ("Black Sunday")[17][18] |
N/A | March 28, 1938 | Arabs | 6 | 6 Jewish passengers killed by Arabs while traveling from Haifa to Safed. |
N/A | April 12, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 4 | 2 Arabs and 2 British policemen were killed by a bomb in a train in Haifa.[18] |
N/A | May 24, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 3 | 3 Arabs were shot and killed in Haifa.[18] |
N/A | June 26, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 7 | 7 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jaffa.[18] |
N/A | June (late), 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | ? | Unknown number of Arabs killed by a bomb that was thrown into a crowded Arab market place in Jerusalem.[19] |
N/A | July 5, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 7 | 7 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks in Tel-Aviv.[18] |
N/A | July 5, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 3 | 3 Arabs were killed by a bomb detonated in a bus in Jerusalem. Further Arab killed in another attack in Jerusalem[18] |
N/A | July 6, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 23 | 18 Arabs and 5 Jews were killed by two simultaneous bombs in the Arab melon market in Haifa. More than 60 people were wounded.[18][20][21] |
N/A | July 8, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 4 | 4 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jerusalem.[18] |
N/A | July 16, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 10 | 10 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jerusalem.[18] |
N/A | July 25, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 43 | 43 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa.[18][22] |
N/A | August 16, 1938 | Arabs | 3 | A Jewish family was kidnapped by Arabs in Atlit. 3 killed.[23][24] |
N/A | August 26, 1938 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 24 | 24 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jaffa.[18] |
N/A | September 14, 1938 | Arabs | 3 | 3 Jews killed in a bomb attack and ambush on a private vehicle near Nir David then: Tel Amal[25] Several attackers killed by Britons. |
1938 Tiberias pogrom | October 2, 1938 | Arabs | 19 | 19 Jews were killed.[26] |
N/A | February 27, 1939 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 33 | 33 Arabs were killed in multiple attacks, incl. 24 by bomb in Arab market in Suk Quarter of Haifa and 4 by bomb in Arab vegetable market in Jerusalem.[27] |
N/A | May 29, 1939 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 5 | 5 Arabs were killed by a mine detonated at the Rex cinema in Jerusalem.[18] |
N/A | May 29, 1939 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 5 | 5 Arabs were shot and killed during a raid on the village of Biyar 'Adas.[18] |
N/A | June 2, 1939 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 5 | 5 Arabs were killed by a bomb at the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem.[18][28] |
N/A | June 16, 1939 | Jewish Militants (Irgun) | 6 | 6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Jerusalem.[18] |
N/A | June 19, 1939 | Jewish Militants (Irgun) | 20 | 20 Arabs were killed by explosives mounted on a donkey at a marketplace in Haifa.[18][29] |
N/A | June 29, 1939 | Jewish Militants (Irgun) | 13 | 13 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks around Jaffa during a one-hour period.[18][30] |
N/A | July 20, 1939 | Jewish Militants (Irgun) | 6 | 6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Tel-Aviv.[18] |
N/A | July 20, 1939 | Jewish Militants (Irgun) | 3 | 3 Arabs were killed in Rehovot.[18] |
NA | June 11, 1941 | Italian Air Force | 20 | 20 Jews killed in Tel Aviv during Italian air raid [31] |
N/A | November 1, 1945 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 4 | 5 locomotives destroyed in Lydda station. Two staff, one soldier and one policeman killed. One of the bombers, Yehiel Dresner, was later executed for other crimes.[32] |
N/A | December 27, 1945 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 7 | 3 British policemen and 4 Basuto soldiers killed during the bombing of British CID headquarters in Jerusalem; 1 British soldier killed during attack of British army camp in north Tel Aviv[33][34] |
King David Hotel bombing | July 22, 1946 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 91 | 91 killed, including 41 Arabs, 28 Britons, and 17 Jews; 40-45 wounded[35][36] |
N/A | January 12, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 4 | 4 killed in bombing of British headquarters.[37] |
N/A | March 1, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 17 | 17 British officers killed, during raid and explosion.[38] |
N/A | September 26, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 4 | 4 British policemen killed in Irgun bank robbery.[37] |
N/A | September 29, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 13 | 13 killed, 53 wounded in attack on British police station.[37] |
1947 Jerusalem riots | December 2, 1947 | Arabs | 14 | 8 Jews Reported Killed[39][40] |
al-Tira | December 12, 1947 | Jewish militants | 13 | 13 Arabs killed, 10 wounded[41][42] |
N/A | December 12, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 20 | 20 killed, 5 wounded by barrel bomb at Damascus Gate.[43] |
N/A | December 13, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 16 | 16 Arabs killed; 67 Arabs wounded from bombings in Jerusalem and Jaffa; Irgun also burns down 100 Arab homes in Jaffa[1] |
N/A | December 16, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 10 | 10 killed by bomb at Noga Cinema in Jaffa.[44] |
al-Khisas massacre | December 18, 1947 | Jewish militants (Haganah) | 10 | 10 Arabs killed[1] |
N/A | December 24, 1947 | Arab snipers, Jewish militants | 8 | 4 Jews killed in Haifa by snipers, 4 Arabs killed in reprisals[1] |
N/A | December 26, 1947 | Arab militants | 7 | 7 Jews killed while driving in convoy to Jerusalem[1] |
N/A | December 28, 1947 | Arab Snipers, Jewish militants | 10 | 5 Jews killed in Bab el Wad by snipers, 5 Arabs killed in reprisals[1] |
N/A | December 29, 1947 | Arab militants, Jewish militants (Irgun) | 17 | 4 Jews killed in Tel Aviv from mortar and sniper fire, 13 Arabs killed in Jerusalem in Irgun bombing[1][45] |
Bomb thrown on Damascus Gate Café in Jerusalem | December 29, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 13 | 11 Arabs, 2 Britons killed[1][46] Uri Milstein reported 15 casualties from the bombing in the Palestine Post.[47] |
Haifa Oil Refinery massacre | December 30, 1947 | Jewish militants (Irgun), Arabs | 39 | Arabs beat 39 Jews to death and injured 49 after an Irgun bombing which killed 6[1] |
Balad al-Shaykh massacre | January 1, 1948 | Jewish militants (Palmach) | 50 | 17–70 Arabs killed in Haifa[1] |
N/A | January 3, 1948 | Arab militants | 4 | 3 Jews, 1 Briton killed in Jerusalem[1] |
Bombing of Arab National Committee HQ | January 4, 1948 | Jewish militants (Stern Gang) | 14 | 14 Arabs killed; 100 Arabs wounded[46] |
Semiramis Hotel bombing | January 5, 1948 | Jewish militants (Haganah) | 20 | 20 Arabs killed in Jerusalem[48] |
N/A | January 5, 1948 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 14 | 14 Arabs killed and 19 injured by truck bomb outside the 3-storey 'Serrani', Jaffa's built Ottoman Town Hall[49] |
N/A | January 5, 1948 | Arabs, Jews | 4 | 4 Arabs killed after attacking Jewish quarter in Safed[1] |
Jaffa Gate bombing in Jerusalem | January 7, 1948 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 18 | 15–20 Arabs killed[1][50] |
N/A | January 10, 1948 | Arab militants | 11 | 11 Jews killed, 1 decapitated near Yavne[1] |
N/A | January 14, 1948 | Arab militants | 7 | 7 Jews, 2 Britons killed in Haifa[1] |
Convoy of 35 | January 15, 1948 | Arab militants | 35 | 35 Jewish members of a relief force to Gush Etzion killed near Hebron by Arab militants.[51][1] |
N/A | January 20, 1948 | Arab militants | 8 | 8 Jews killed in Yehiam[1] |
N/A | January 22, 1948 | Arab militants | 7 | 7 Jews killed near Yazur[1] |
N/A | January 25, 1948 | Arab militants | 10 | 10 Jews killed[1] |
N/A | January 27, 1948 | British soldiers | 4 | 4 Arabs killed in Gaza[1] |
N/A | February 3, 1948 | Arab militants | 6 | 6 Jews killed while riding buses in Haifa[1] |
N/A | February 7, 1948 | Arabs, Jews | 6 | 3 Arabs, 3 Jews killed in Haifa[1] |
N/A | February 8, 1948 | Arabs | 6 | 6 Jews killed in Jerusalem[1] |
N/A | February 8, 1948 | Arab militants | 3 | 3 Jews killed in Tel Aviv[1] |
N/A | February 10, 1948 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 7 | 7 Arabs killed near Ras el Ain after selling cows in Tel Aviv[52] |
N/A | February 12, 1948 | Arabs | 4 | 4 Jews killed in Jerusalem[1] |
N/A | February 15, 1948 | Arab militants, Jewish militants | 8 | 5 Arabs, 3 Jews killed[1] |
Sa'sa' village ambush in the Safad district | February 14, 1948 | Jewish militants (Palmach) | 11 | 11 Arabs killed[53] |
N/A | February 17, 1948 | Arab militants, Jewish militants | 8 | 5 Arabs, 3 Jews killed[1] |
N/A | February 17, 1948 | Arab militants | 57 | 57 Arabs killed while taking part in attack on Jewish settlements Tirat Tzvi, Sde Eliahu, Ein HaNatziv[1] |
Ramla vegetable market bombing | February 18, 1948 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 12 | 12 killed, 43 wounded[54] |
N/A | February 19, 1948 | Arab militants | 4 | 4 Jews killed while riding buses in Haifa[1] |
N/A | February 21, 1948 | Jewish militants | 4 | 4 Arabs killed in Haifa[1] |
Ben Yehuda Street bombing | February 22, 1948 | Arab militants, British deserters | 55 | 55 Jews killed[1] |
N/A | February 25, 1948 | Arab militants | 3 | 3 Jews killed on road between Ramle and Tel Aviv[1] |
N/A | February 28, 1948 | Arab militants | 7 | 6 Arabs, 1 Jew killed during attack on Jewish village Kfar Sava[1] |
N/A | February 18, 1948 | Arab militants | 4 | 4 Arabs killed while participating in attack on Jewish settlement Mitzpe[1] |
Rehovot Train bombing | March 1, 1948 | Jewish militants | 28 | 28 Britons killed[1] |
Bevingrad Officers Club bombing | March 1, 1948 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 20 | 20 Britons killed; 30 Britons wounded[3] |
N/A | March 1, 1948 | Arab militants | 4 | 4 Jews killed on Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road[1] |
N/A | March 2, 1948 | Arab militants | 13 | 10 Arabs, 3 Jews killed during Arab attack on Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road[55] |
N/A | March 3, 1948 | Jewish militants (Stern gang) | 11 | Car bombing in Haifa killed 11 Arabs[56] |
N/A | March 4, 1948 | Arab militants | 16 | 16 Jews killed on Jerusalem-Atarot road[1] |
N/A | March 9, 1948 | Arab militants | 3 | 3 Arabs killed while attacking a Jewish settlement Yehiam[1] |
N/A | March 11, 1948 | Jews, Arabs | 5 | 4 Arabs, 1 Jew killed in Tiberias[1] |
Jewish Agency bombing | March 11, 1948 | Arab militants | 13 | 13 Jews killed[1] |
N/A | March 14, 1948 | Arab militants | 7 | 7 Jews killed near Faluja[1] |
N/A | March 14, 1948 | Jews, Arabs | 5 | 4 Arabs, 1 Jew killed in Tiberias[1] |
N/A | March 18, 1948 | Arab militants | 9 | 5 Britons, 4 Jews killed in convoy near Acre[1] |
N/A | March 20, 1948 | Arabs | 7 | 7 Jews killed at Ein Harod[1] |
N/A | March 21, 1948 | Arabs | 6 | 6 Jews killed on Rosh Pinna-Safed road[1] |
N/A | March 22, 1948 | Arab militants | 24 | 4 Jews, 20 Arabs during attack on Jewish settlement Nitzanim[1] |
N/A | March 24, 1948 | Jewish militants | 36 | 36 Arabs killed near Tulkarem[1] |
N/A | March 26, 1948 | Arab militants | 8 | 6 Arabs, 2 Jews killed in attack on Jewish convoy near Gaza[1] |
N/A | March 28, 1948 | Arab militants | 6 | 6 Arabs killed while participating in attack on Jewish convoy near Rehovot[1] |
Cairo-Haifa train bombing | March 31, 1948 | Jewish militants (Lehi) | 40 | 40 Arabs killed; 60 Arabs wounded[1] |
Massacre in an orange grove in Lydda | April 1, 1948 | Jewish militias | 11 | 11 Arab laborers killed[57] |
NA | April 5, 1948 | Jewish militants (Haganah) | 10 | 10 Iraqis killed by Jewish militants in Lydda.[58] |
Deir Yassin massacre | April 9, 1948 | Jewish militants (Irgun) | 107 | 100-254 Arabs killed[59][60][61] |
Hadassah medical convoy massacre | April 13, 1948 | Arab militants | 79 | 78 Jews (nurses, doctors, and patients) and one British soldier killed[62][63] |
Ein al Zeitun massacre | May 3, 1948 | Jewish militants (Palmach) | 55 | 37–70 Arab prisoners |
Kfar Etzion massacre | May 13, 1948 | Arab militants and Arab Legion | 129 | 127–157 Jews killed[1] |
Abu Shusha | May 14, 1948 | Israeli | 52 | 52 Arabs killed |
See also
References
- Gilbert, Martin (2005). Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35901-5.
- Segev 2001, p. 122-126.
- Bard, Mitchell G., PhD (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict. Alpha. ISBN 1-59257-410-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Segev 2001, pp. 137–150.
- Segev 2001, pp. 173–190.
- "דבר | עמוד 4 | 17 יולי 1936 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il.
- Segev 2001.
- "Communal relations - Jewish and Arab in the city of Hebron (2005)". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- Shaw Report
- "The Murison Commission Report - 4 January 1934 (Historical Text)".
- "דבר | עמוד 1 | 20 אפריל 1936 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il.
- "דבר | עמוד 8 | 20 אפריל 1936 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il.
- "דבר | עמוד 2 | 25 יוני 1937 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il.
- "Ormsby-Gore on Local Situation". Palestine Post. October 30, 1936. pp. 1, 7.
- "אזרחים חללי פעולות איבה - חיפוש לפי שם, אירוע או מקום מגורים - חוה אונגר ז"ל".
- "אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל". אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל.
- J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, Terror out of Zion,p. 39, 1996 edition
- (in Hebrew)Y. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור ("History of the War of Independence", Shelach Press, 1951).
- Tom Segev, Haim Watzman. The Seventh Million. p. 39. Citing Arnold Zweig's letters to Sigmund Freud
- Irgun site Restraint and Retaliation section.
- "18 Arabs Die In Bomb Blast". The Vancouver Sun. June 19, 1939. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- Palestine Post, July 26–27, 1938
- "אזרחים חללי פעולות איבה - חיפוש לפי שם, אירוע או מקום מגורים - ברוריה ליזרוביץ ז"ל".
- "אזרחים חללי פעולות איבה - חיפוש לפי שם, אירוע או מקום מגורים - אליהו אליק קירז'נר ז"ל".
- "הצפה | עמוד 1 | 15 ספטמבר 1938 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il.
- "Mandate for Palestine - Report of the Mandatory to the LoN (31 December 1938)". domino.un.org. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Tiber
- Y. Ben-Ami, Years of Wrath, Days of Glory; Memoirs of the Irgun, Speller and Sons, New York 1982; p 229. Casualty figures from Palestine Post Feb 28, 1939.
- The Irgun web site, "The Split within the Irgun" section
- Palestine Post, June 20–22, 1939
- Palestine Post, June 30, 1939
- Dr. Yom-Tov Levinsky, מחורבן לחורבן - page 83
- Horne, Edward (1982). A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920 - 1948). The Anchor Press. OCLC 834452921. Page 289.
- The Irgun web site, "The United Resistance" section.
- Horne. Page 294
- "Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- "THE BOMBING OF THE KING DAVID HOTEL". etzel.org.il.
- Donald Neff, Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May/June 2006, p. 14-15.
- The Irgun web site, "Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club" section.
- "Jerusalem riots". rarenewspapers.com.
- http://images.rarenewspapers.com/ebayimgs/6.17.2012/image043.jpg
- "al-Tira - الطيرة -Haifa - Palestine Remembered".
- Palestine Post, December 14; Milstein, Vol 11, p91
- Uri Milstein, History of Israel's War of Independence, Vol II. p51
- Milstein, Vol II, p81.
- Milstein, Vol II, p214.
- "Timeline of British Rule in Palestine (1918-1947)". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- Uri Milstein (30 December 1947). "History of Israel's War of Independence". Palestine Post. II: 51.
- "The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos". www.nytimes.com.
- The Scotsman newspaper, Jan 6, 1948
- Uri Milstein (9 January 1948). "History of Israel's War of Independence". Palestine Post. III: 95–96.
- Dr.Yom-Tov Levinsky מחורבן לחורבן 1956
- Palestine Post, Feb 13, 1948
- Khalidi, Walid (2006). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 496. ISBN 0-88728-306-3.
- "Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem". Archived from the original on June 20, 2010.
- Gilbert 2012, p. 40.
- Bose, Sumantra (2007). Contested Land. Harvard University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 9780674028562.
- "Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- Gilbert 2012, p. 43.
- Kana'ana, Sharif and Zeitawi, Nihad (1987), "The Village of Deir Yassin," Bir Zeit, Bir Zeit University Press, 1987)
- Morris, Benny (2004). "Chapter 4: The second wave: the mass exodus, April—June 1948, Section: Operation Nahshon". The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 238. ISBN 0-521-81120-1.
- Milstein, Uri (1998) [1987]. "Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre". In Alan Sacks (ed.). History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision (in Hebrew and English). Translated by Alan Sacks. Lanhan, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc. p. 377. ISBN 0-7618-1489-2.
- "Israel | Facts, History, Population, & Map | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 13 September 2023.
- Milstein, Uri (1998) [1987]. "Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 16: Brutality and Hypocrisy". In Alan Sacks (ed.). History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision (in Hebrew and English). Translated by Alan Sacks. Lanhan, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc. p. 387. ISBN 0-7618-1489-2.
Sources
- Segev, Tom (2001). One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-6587-3.
- Gilbert, Martin (2012). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-69975-4.