List of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention
The list of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement prohibiting military use of environmental modification techniques.
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On May 18, 1977, the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) was opened for signature. North Yemen became the first state to deposit the treaty on 20 July 1977. The treaty came into force and closed for signature on October 5, 1978. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations
As of 2022, 78 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the State of Palestine on 29 December 2017. A further 16 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.
As of March 2013 the third review conference had not been scheduled as there were under 10 respondents showing interest in reconvening.[1][2]
List of parties
State[1][2][3] | Signed | Ratified or Acceded | Method |
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Oct 22, 1985 | Accession | |
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Dec 19, 1991 | Accession | |
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Oct 25, 1988 | Succession from ![]() | |
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Mar 20, 1987 | Accession | |
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May 15, 2002 | Accession | |
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May 31, 1978 | Sep 7, 1984 | Ratification |
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Jan 17, 1990 | Accession | |
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Oct 3, 1979 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Jun 7, 1978 | Ratification as ![]() |
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May 18, 1977 | Jul 12, 1982 | Ratification |
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Jun 10, 1977 | Jun 30, 1986 | Ratification |
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Nov 9, 1977 | Oct 12, 1984 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | May 31, 1978 | Ratification |
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Apr 18, 2011 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Jun 11, 1981 | Ratification |
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Oct 3, 1979 | Accession | |
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Apr 26, 1994 | Accession | |
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Jun 8, 2005 | Accession | |
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Feb 7, 1996 | Accession | |
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Sep 23, 1977 | Apr 10, 1978 | Ratification |
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Oct 7, 1977 | Apr 12, 1978 | Ratification |
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Feb 22, 1993 | Succession from ![]() Signed 18 May 1977 Ratified 12 May 1978 | |
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May 18, 1977 | Apr 19, 1978 | Ratification |
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Nov 9, 1992[4] | Succession from ![]() | |
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Apr 1, 1982 | Accession | |
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Apr 14, 2011 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | May 12, 1978 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | May 24, 1983 | Ratification as ![]() Also ![]() Signed 18 May 1977 Ratified 25 May 1978 |
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Mar 21, 1978 | Jun 22, 1978 | Ratification |
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Aug 23, 1983 | Accession | |
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Mar 21, 1988 | Accession | |
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Aug 16, 2010 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Apr 19, 1978 | Ratification |
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Dec 15, 1977 | Dec 15, 1978 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | Dec 16, 1982 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | Nov 27, 1981 | Ratification |
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Jun 9, 1982 | Accession | |
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Apr 25, 2005 | Accession | |
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Jan 2, 1980 | Accession | |
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Jun 15, 2015 | Accession | |
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Apr 13, 1978 | Oct 5, 1978 | Ratification |
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Apr 16, 2002 | Accession | |
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Oct 5, 1978 | Accession | |
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Dec 9, 1992 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | May 19, 1978 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | Apr 15, 1983 | Ratification |
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Sep 7, 1984 | Accession, includes ![]() and ![]() | |
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Aug 11, 1977 | Sep 6, 2007 | Ratification |
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Feb 17, 1993 | Accession | |
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Nov 8, 1984 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Feb 15, 1979 | Ratification |
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Feb 27, 1986 | Accession | |
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Dec 29, 2017 | Accession | |
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May 13, 2003 | Accession | |
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Oct 28, 1980 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Jun 8, 1978 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | May 6, 1983 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | May 30, 1978 | Ratification as ![]() |
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May 27, 1993[5] | Succession from ![]() | |
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Apr 27, 1999[6] | Succession from ![]() | |
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Oct 5, 1979 | Accession | |
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May 28, 1993 | Succession from ![]() Signed 18 May 1977 Ratified 12 May 1978 | |
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Apr 20, 2005 | Accession | |
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Jun 19, 1981 | Succession from ![]() | |
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Dec 2, 1986 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Jul 19, 1978 | Ratification |
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Jun 8, 1977 | Apr 25, 1978 | Ratification |
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Apr 27, 1984 | Accession | |
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Aug 5, 1988 | Accession | |
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Oct 12, 1999 | Accession | |
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May 11, 1978 | May 11, 1978 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | Jun 13, 1978 | Ratification as ![]() |
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May 18, 1977 | May 16, 1978 | Ratification |
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May 18, 1977 | Jan 17, 1980 | Ratification |
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Sep 16, 1993 | Accession | |
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May 26, 1993 | Accession | |
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Aug 26, 1980 | Accession | |
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May 18, 1977 | Jul 20, 1977 | Ratification as ![]() ![]() |
States that have signed but not ratified
State[1][2][3] | Signed |
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May 18, 1977 |
![]() Signed as ![]() |
Feb 28, 1978 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 27, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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Aug 15, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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Apr 12, 1978 |
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Aug 4, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
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May 18, 1977 |
States that have not signed
101 UN member states have never signed the treaty.
Albania
Andorra
Angola
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados
Belize
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Republic of the Congo
Croatia
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Fiji
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Grenada
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Indonesia
Israel
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Jordan
Kenya
Kiribati
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Liechtenstein
North Macedonia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Nigeria
Oman
Palau
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
United Arab Emirates
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe
The Cook Islands and Niue, two associated states of New Zealand which have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognised by United Nations Secretariat,[7] are not parties to the treaty but are bound by its provisions by virtue of their administration by New Zealand when the latter ratified the ENMOD convention.
References
- "Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD)". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- The U.S. Department of State lists Dominica as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 8 November 1978.
- The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Lucia as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 22 February 1979.
- The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Vincent and The Grenadines as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 27 October 1979.
- "Organs Supplement", Repertory of Practice (PDF), UN, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-03