List of sovereign states in the 1890s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja		 Widely recognized state.
Acre – Republic of Acre[1] (from July 14, 1899)
Capital: Cidade do Acre		 De facto independent state from July 14, 1899.
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[2]
Capital: Agadez		 Widely recognized state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra[3]
Capital: Andorra la Vella		 Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[4]
Capital: Angoche
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[5]
Capital: Mbarara		 Widely recognized state.
 Argentina – Argentine Republic[6]
Capital: Buenos Aires
Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu		 Widely recognized state.
 Ashanti – Asante Union[7]
Capital: Kumasi		 Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa
Capital: Aussa		 Widely recognized state.
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire[8]
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)		 Widely recognized state.

B

  Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[9] (to September 20, 1897)
Capital: Massenya (to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897)		 Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. Annexed by France on September 20, 1897.
Bali – Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung		 Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
  Baol – Kingdom of Baol[10] (to 1895)
Capital: Diourbel		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1895.
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[11] (to 1899)
Capital: Mongu		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[12]
Capital: Brussels		 Widely recognized state.
 Benin – Kingdom of Benin[13] (to February 18, 1897)
Capital: Edo		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 18, 1897.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha		 Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu
 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[14] (to September 21, 1895)
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape		 Annexed by France on September 21, 1895.
Bornu – Bornu Empire[15] (to 1893)
Capital: Ngazargamu		 Annexed by France in 1893.
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil[16]
Capital: Rio de Janeiro		 Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[lower-alpha 1]
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894)
Capital: Mengo, Uganda		 Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1894.
Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia		 De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899)
Capital: Hoima		 Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi (to July 1, 1890)
Capital: Gitega, Bujumbura		 Annexed by Germany on July 1, 1890.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa
→ Central America
Capital: Amapala
  • Greater Republic of Central America (from September 15, 1895 to November 1, 1898)
  • United States of Central America (from November 1 to November 21, 1898)
 A Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua until November 21, 1898.[17]
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899)
Capital: Champasak		 Vassal state of Siam.
Chile
Capital: Santiago
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing
 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogota
 Congo – Congo Free State
Capital: Boma		 State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
 Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose
Crete – Cretan State[18] (from December 9, 1898)
Capital: Chania		 Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.

D

Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[19] (to January 20, 1894)
Capital: Abomey		 Annexed by France on January 20, 1894.
Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (from 1898)
Capital: Al Fashir
 Dendi – Dendi Kingdom
Capital: Lulami
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen		 Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale
Dominican Republic – Second Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo

E

 Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: San Salvador		 Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa

F

France – French Republic
Capital: Paris		 Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
→ Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896)
Capital: Timbo		 Annexed by France on November 18, 1896.

G

 Gaza – Gaza Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Manjacaze		 Annexed by Portugal in 1895.
 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye
 Germany – German Empire
Capital: Berlin		 Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City
 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman
Capital: Sampa, Drobo

H
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il
 Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu 		Annexed by the United States on August 12, 1898.
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Tegucigalpa		 Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine (to September 15, 1895)
Capital: Huahine		 Annexed by France on September 15, 1895.

I
 Igala – Igala Kingdom
Capital: Idah
 Igara – Kingdom of Igara

Capital: Not specified
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome		 Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

J
Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City		 Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

K
 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897)
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha
 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom

Capital: Not specified
Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai
 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom

Capital: Not specified
 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate (to 1902)
Capital: Argungu		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1902.
 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898)
Capital: Sikasso
 Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Kong
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo		 Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
→ Korea
Capital: Hanseong 		Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897.
 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896)
Capital: Grand Cape Mount

L
 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom
Capital: Lafia
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz
 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (to 1891)
Capital: Saqqa
Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa (to 1895)
Capital: Jaʿār
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City

M
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898)
Capital: Kuta Watu
Mahdist Sudan – Mahdist State (to September 2, 1898)
Capital: Omdurman		 Unrecognized state.
 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur (to 1891)
Capital: Imphal
 Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi (to 1891)
Capital: Manthimba
 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo
 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

 Widely recognized state.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897)
Capital: Antananarivo
 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco
 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje
 Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes
 Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896)
Capital: Multiple capitals		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:
 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat		 De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr

Capital: Not specified

 Widely recognized state.

N
Negeri Sembilan (to 1895)
Capital: Seremban		 Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu
 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Managua		 Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Christiania		 In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899

O
 Orange Free State
Capital: Bloemfontein		 Independent Boer sovereign republic under the British suzerainty in South Africa.
 Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu

Capital: Not specified

 Widely recognized state.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople

P
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción
→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran
 Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon

R
 Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest
 Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg

S
Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
Capital: Apia
 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino
 Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
Capital: Belgrade
Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara
 Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are vassal states of Siam:
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Capital: Sokoto
Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Capital: Maimbung
 Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
Capital: Stockholm		 In personal union between Norway until December 15, 1899.
  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern

T
 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant
Capital: Tidjikja
 Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
Capital: Nuku'alofa
 Toro – Toro Kingdom (from August 14, 1891)
Capital: Kabarole
 Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire (to 1890)
Capital: Segou
 Transvaal – South African Republic
Capital: Pretoria
 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza (to December 15, 1902)
Capital: Mederdra
 Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Confederacy
Capital: Fitiuta

U
 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ United States →  United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C.		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America:
  Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Capital: Nişāb
  Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Capital: Sa'id
 Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa
Capital: Mahjaba
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo

V
 Venezuela – United States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas

W
 Wadai – Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché
 Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban
Capital: Habban
 Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq
Capital: Tosora
Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (to September 29, 1898)
Capital: Bissandugu		 Annexed by France on September 29, 1898
 Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita (to November 1894)
Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo		 Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1894
 Wukari – Wukari Federation
Capital: Wukari

Y
 Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma (to 1894)
Capital: Fofa
 Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891)
Capital: Bunkeya

Z
  Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897)
Capital: Not specified

States claiming sovereignty
  • Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
  • Biak-na-Bato – Philippine Republic (from November 1 to December 15, 1897)
  • Counani – Republic of Independent Guiana (to 1891)
  • Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895)
  • Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890)
  • Lado – Lado District
  •  Loreto - Federal State of Loreto (to July 10, 18960
  • Mato Grosso – Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso (to 1892)
  • Negros – Republic of Negros (from November 27, 1898)
  • Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (from 1894)
  • Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897)
  • Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895)
  •   Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898)

Notes
  1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References
  1. "Acre and its Robber; Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic. The Conflicting Interests of Brazil and Bolivia -- Millions Involved -- Population Not Over 10,000". The New York Times. 1900-11-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  2. James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  3. "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, November 3, 2021, retrieved 2021-11-17
  4. Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  6. "Argentina", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-11-16, retrieved 2021-11-19
  7. "Asante empire". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  8. McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  9. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
  10. Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
  11. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
  12. "Belgium", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-21, retrieved 2022-02-06
  13. Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
  14. "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  15. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
  16. Hudson, Rex A. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22
  17. Slade, William F. (1917). "The Federation of Central America". The Journal of Race Development. 8 (2): 210–215. doi:10.2307/29738239. hdl:2027/inu.30000056731338. JSTOR 29738239.
  18. Kitromilides M. Paschalis (ed) Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, 2008 p. 68.
  19. Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.