Little Nemo (1911 film)

Winsor McCay (c. 1867–71 – 1934)[lower-alpha 1] had worked prolifically as a commercial artist and cartoonist by the time he started making newspaper comic strips such as Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–11)[lower-alpha 2] and his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905–14).[lower-alpha 3][8] In 1906, McCay began performing on the vaudeville circuit, doing chalk talk performances in which he drew before live audiences.[9]

Inspired by flip books his son Robert brought home,[10] McCay said he "came to see the possibility of making moving pictures" of his cartoons.[11] McCay, then in his early forties,[12] asserted he was "the first man in the world to make animated films",[11] but he was likely familiar with the earlier work of American James Stuart Blackton and the French Émile Cohl.[11] In 1900, Blackton produced The Enchanted Drawing, a trick film in which an artist interacts with a drawing on an easel.[13] Blackton used chalk drawings in 1906 to animate the film Humorous Phases of Funny Faces,[13] and used stop motion techniques to animate a scene in the 1907 film The Haunted Hotel.[11] Cohl's films, such as 1908's Fantasmagorie, were dreamlike nonnarrative pieces in which characters and scenes continually changed shape. Cohl's films were first distributed in the United States in 1909, the year McCay said he first became interested in animation. According to McCay biographer John Canemaker, McCay combined the interactive qualities of Blackton's films with the abstract, shapeshifting qualities of Cohl's into his own films.[13] In the films of all three, the artist interacts with the animation.[14]

Little Nemo

Main article: Little Nemo

Considered McCay's masterpiece,[15] Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in October 1905 as a full-page Sunday strip in the New York Herald.[5] Its child protagonist, whose appearance was based on McCay's son Robert,[16] had fabulous dreams that would be interrupted with his awakening in the last panel. McCay experimented with timing and pacing, the form of the comics page, the size and shape of panels, perspective, and architectural and other details.[17]

The comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland is considered McCay's masterpiece (July 22, 1906).

The strip has seen a number of other adaptations. An extravagant $100,000 Little Nemo stage show with score by Victor Herbert[18] and lyrics by Harry B. Smith[18] played to sold-out audiences in 1907.[19] A joint American-Japanese feature-length film Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland appeared in 1989, with contributions by Ray Bradbury, Chris Columbus, and Moebius.[20] Little Nemo: The Dream Master was a 1990 side-scrolling platform video game adaptation of the 1989 film.[21]

Following credits proclaiming McCay as "The Famous Cartoonist of the New York Herald"[14] and "the first artist to attempt drawing pictures that will move",[22] McCay sits in a restaurant with a group of colleagues, cartoonist George McManus, actor John Bunny[13] and publisher Eugene V. Brewster[23] among them. McCay bets the group that in one month he can make 4000 drawings move. The group laughs and gestures that he is drunk or crazy. McCay sets to work in a studio where he directs workers to move around bundles of paper and barrels of ink. A month later, McCay gathers his colleagues in front of a film projector. McCay rapidly sketches characters from the cast of his Little Nemo comic strip.[24]

McCay places a drawing of the character Flip in a wooden slot in front of the camera. The words "Watch me move" appear above Flip's head, and he begins to make gestures while smoking his cigar. Blocks fall from the sky and assemble themselves into the character Impie, and the pair's figures distort, disappear, and reappear before a fantastically dressed Little Nemo magically materializes. Nemo prevents the two others from fighting and takes control of their forms—he stretches and squashes them with the raising and lowering of his arms. Nemo then draws the Princess and brings her to animated life. He gives her a rose which has suddenly grown nearby, just as a gigantic dragon appears.[25] The pair seat themselves on a throne in the dragon's mouth[26] and wave to the audience as the dragon carries them away.[25]

Flip and Impie attempt to follow the dragon in a jalopy, but the car explodes and sends them into the air. Doctor Pill arrives to help, but cannot find anyone until Flip and Impie land on him. The pair try to help the doctor to his feet when the animation freezes. The camera zooms out to reveal the serial number "No. 4000", and a thumb holding the drawing.[26]

By late 1910, McCay had made the 4000 rice-paper drawings for the animated portion of the film. Each was assigned a serial number, and marks were made in the top corners for registration. They were mounted on sheets of cardboard to make them easier to handle and photograph. Before he had them photographed, he tested them on a hand-cranked 24 by 12 by 20 in (61 by 30 by 51 cm) Mutoscope-like machine to ensure the animation was fluid. Photography was done at the Vitagraph Studios under the supervision of Blackton.[13] The animated portion took up about four minutes of the film's total length.[25] In only one sequence did McCay use an animation loop for a repeated action: he re-used a series of seven drawings six times (three forward, three back) to have Flip move his cigar up and down in his mouth three times. McCay made more extensive use of this technique in his later films.[27]

Winsor McCay sketches three of his Little Nemo characters: Impie, Nemo, and Flip.

McCay's drawings are in the heavily outlined Art Nouveau style familiar to the readers of his comics.[28] Its expressive character animation differentiated Little Nemo from the films of Blackton and Cohl.[29] There are no backgrounds; McCay's first film with backgrounds was 1914's Gertie the Dinosaur.[30] McCay demonstrated his mastery of linear perspective in scenes such as when the dragon disappears smoothly into the distance.[26]

The film's positive reception motivated McCay to hand-color each of the 35mm frames of the originally black-and-white film.[31] The dragon chariot that carries off Nemo and the Princess originally appeared in three episodes of Little Nemo in Slumberland in mid-1906.[32]

Distributed by Vitagraph, the film debuted in theaters on April 8, 1911. McCay included the film as part of his vaudeville act beginning April 12.[13] Little Nemo was popular with audiences and earned positive reviews. Film magazine The Moving Picture World called Nemo "an admirable piece of work ... one of those films which have a natural advertising heritage in the great and wide popularity of its subject—Little Nemo is known everywhere." The Morning Telegraph called McCay's new film-enhanced act "even a greater go than his previous one", and put McCay on its "Blue List" of vaudeville "Actors and Acts of the Highest Ratings".[31] In 1938 architect Claude Bragdon reminisced of the excitement he felt when he saw Little Nemo, saying he "had witnessed the birth of a new art".[33] Nemo appeared on stage and in theaters within the same week, but McCay postponed the theatrical releases of his next two films, How a Mosquito Operates (1912) and Gertie the Dinosaur (1914), for some time after he used them in his stage show.[34]

Animation historian Giannalberto Bendazzi saw the transforming series of images in the plotless Nemo serving as little more than a demonstration of the animation medium's capabilities. Bendazzi wrote that McCay overcame this overt experimentalism in How a Mosquito Operates.[35]

McCay's working method was laborious, and animators developed a number of methods to reduce the workload and speed production to meet the demand for animated films. Within a few years of Nemo's release, Canadian Raoul Barré's registration pegs combined with American Earl Hurd's cel technology became near-universal methods in animation studios.[36] In 1916, McCay himself adopted the cel method, beginning with his fourth film The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).[37]

In 2009, Little Nemo was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[38][39]

• Animation in the United States during the silent era
• Pauvre Pierrot (1894)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Nemo (1911 film).

• Little Nemo essay by Daniel Egan on the National Film Registry website.
• Little Nemo (1911) at IMDb