Bordon and Longmoor Military Camps

A map of Longmoor Camp from 1947

No entry to training grounds at Longmoor Camp

In 1863, the War Department had required additional training grounds for British Army troops. They purchased tracts of land totalling 781 acres (316 ha) from Her Majesty's Woods, Forests and Lands at Hogmoor Inclosure and Longmoor on the Surrey/Hampshire borders.[2] However, the Army's main barracks were at Aldershot Garrison, requiring a 20 miles (32 km) march or expensive railway journey to access the new training grounds. This distance also necessitated an overnight stay, most often accomplished by pitching tents east of the A325 road.[3]

The decision was hence made to build two permanent camps close to Woolmer Forest. The proposal was to construct 140 wooden huts on each site, each 72 feet (22 m) long and 21 feet (6.4 m) wide,[4] giving a combined accommodation for 5,000 men.[5] The first site was laid out in 1899 by the Highland Light Infantry, under the command of the Royal Engineers. This became Bordon Camp, an area of approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) long by .5 miles (0.80 km) wide.[5] With construction curtailed on the first site by the Second Boer War, the Army began work at Longmoor Camp. After being laid out by the Royal Engineers in August 1900, construction materials were transported from Bentley railway station, with the resultant damage by commercial traction engines to the public roads bringing about the first trial of pneumatic tyred lorries to the British Army.[5]

In November 1902, the War Department bought the 550 acres (220 ha) Broxhead Warren estate from Sir David Miller Barbour[6] for £20,000, added to by an additional purchase for £18,000 in early 1903.[5] It was decided that the camps at Longmoor would be named after successful battles and locations from the Boer War. The officers' accommodations were named after Seven Years' War commanders, Amherst and Wolfe.[5] Meanwhile, the barracks at Bordon were to be named after successful battles and locations from the North American campaign, during the Seven Years' War against France. The first two camps were thus named St. Lucia and Quebec, starting a long association of the camps with Canada.[5]

Having just returned from the Boer War, the first occupants of Quebec barracks at Bordon Camp were the Somersetshire Light Infantry in April 1903. In June, they were joined at Bordon by the 2nd Battalion Devonshire Regiment. Both set a precedent for the site by marching from Bentley railway station, headed by a marching band.[4]

In May 1903, the 1st Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and the 2nd Battalion of the Wiltshire Regiment were the first to occupy Longmoor camp. However it was built on boggy ground and the troops immediately began to complain of problems and the medical officers of ill health. A decision was immediately made by the War Department to move 68 of the Longmoor huts to the Bordon camp site, between 4 miles (6.4 km) and 6 miles (9.7 km) away.[2]

The movement of the huts was completed in May 1905.[2][4] This move created Gaudaloupe and Martinique barracks on the west side of the A325, enabling the four barracks of Bordon to house a complete infantry brigade.[2]

The first brick-built barracks were started in 1906, completed in 1907 and named Louisburg Barracks, built to house two regiments of artillery and a riding school, one in Louisburg East and one in Louisburg West.[7] At the northern end of Louisburg Barracks Central Road was a veterinary hospital with 24 loose boxes and 20 stalls, to care for sick artillery horses.[7] This was added to in 1911 by the building of the Royal Engineer lines and associated stables near Bordon crossroads, to accommodate 26th Field Company Royal Engineers.[2]

Bordon was used by the Canadian Army as a staging post for "under-fire" troop training in the First World War. Troops were shipped into Glasgow and Liverpool Docks, and then transported by train direct to Bordon.[8] The Canadians under Commanding Officer William Mahlon Davis used tents in their first occupation, setting up camps named after the Great Lakes in the Bramshott Camp area: Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. The speciality Canadian Forestry Corps set up a steam-powered saw mill near the Deer's Hut Inn, Liphook.[2]

In 1924, 32 acres (13 ha) in Alexandra Park were purchased, added to in 1927 by 916 acres (371 ha) of farmland and common land between Bordon and Oakhanger, for use as additional training areas.[8] The 1930s started with the building of the RASC Lines on the edge of Louisburg Barracks. This brought about the demolition in 1937 of the old wooden huts at both Quebec and St Lucia barracks, with new brick built 100-man barracks in their place.[2][7] The 1930s construction ended with the building of the wooden hutted training camp at Oxney Farm, named Martinique barracks.[8]

The British 3rd Infantry Brigade was resident in Bordon in 1939, but was dispatched in its entirety at the start of hostilities of World War II, as part of the British Expeditionary Force. The men left from Liss railway station on specially chartered trains, direct to Southampton Docks.[8]

When the Canadian Army was looking for a European base, the British Army offered them Bordon and Longmoor Military Camps, which they took over entirely from September 1939 under a British officer commanding the local service and civilian personnel. The Canadians built two new sub-camps, using Canadian built and shipped prefabricated wooden huts:[8]

• Oakhanger Camp: After the end of hostilities, taken over by the Ministry of Supply to sell surplus Army vehicles, which covered the whole of Slab Common. Dismantled in about 1950, to make way for present married officers' quarters on Bolley Avenue.[8]
• Lower Oakhanger Camp: located below the level crossing in Station Road, it was used by the Canadians until D-Day, after which it became a German prisoner of war camp. After the end of hostilities and the return home of the Germans, it was used by European Volunteer Workers who left in the mid-1950s. The huts were dismantled, and the concrete bases became used for helicopter practice landing grounds by RAF Odiham. Havannah Officers' Mess was built on the site in 1979.[8]

Memorial to those of the Canadian Army who served at Bordon in both world wars

As part of their local security remit, the Canadians built numerous security points and anti-aircraft bases around the town of Bordon, on which tanks and armoured cars were parked, leaving today a patchwork of elderly but still visible concrete slabs. The Canadians had their own fire station, located at the junction of Budds Lane and Station Road, and hence able to access either camp. Canadians also, in part manned the garrison fire station throughout World War II.[8]

With troop training moved to Aldershot, the camps became home to various units of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, which were eventually consolidated under one unit based at the Bordon barracks from the 1960s onwards. Various motor transport divisions consolidated to the base during the 1960s, only to leave for Shrewsbury in the 1980s.[2] This brought about the consolidation of the camps' facilities, with tracts of land occupied by old buildings and structures sold to the district council for civilian redevelopment, such as that at Pinewood Village.[8]

After the buildings at the RASC Lines were demolished in 1973, the site was redeveloped as married quarters.[2][7] Then came the building of the new Havannah barracks (renamed Prince Philip Barracks on 27 June 1984), built to what was a standard design known as the "Sandhurst Block", laid out to house a battalion or regiment in one barracks unit.[8] The old wooden hut Martinique barracks were renamed the San Domingo barracks. These were dismantled in 1983 by contractors for erection elsewhere.[8]

Bordon became home to 10 Training Battalion the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, providing trade training, both basic and supplementary, supported by the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (SEME).[9] In July 2011 the then Defence Secretary, Dr Liam Fox, announced that RAF Lyneham would be the new site of the Defence Technical Training Change Programme (DTTCP) centre.[10] This would coincide with the closures of Arborfield Garrison and the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (SEME) at Bordon, with all posts at both bases moving to Lyneham in 2015.[11]

Longmoor housed 5 Railway Training Regiment Royal Engineers[12] which in 1948 became 16 Railway Training Regiment and remained at Longmoor until the railway role was taken over by the Royal Corps on Transport in 1965.[13] Longmoor Military Railway finally closed on 31 October 1969.[14]

Longmoor Camp remains[15] an operational training camp including an urban training centre[16] and extensive ranges.[17] It also houses the close protection training units of the Royal Military Police.[18][19][20]

In 2000, Longmoor Camp hosted a 10-day boot camp for the cast of Band of Brothers, HBO's award-winning miniseries about E (Easy) Company, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division during the Second World War in Europe, ahead of filming. Captain Dale Dye, a Marine veteran who was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for heroism during the Vietnam War and also plays Colonel Robert Sink in the miniseries, operated the boot camp as senior military advisor.[21][22]

0-4-2 steam engine Gazelle at Longmoor Camp, 28 June 1964

Having reviewed the 1905 wooden hut moving project, the distances involved and the ground to be covered, the decision was made to build twin 18 in (457 mm) railway lines on which to transport the huts. The building and operation of the Woolmer Light Railway was given to the specialist 53rd Railway Company of the Royal Engineers,[2] transferred from Chattenden Camp in Chatham, Kent.[4]

While the laying of the tracks, placed 22 feet (6.7 m) apart, proved relatively easy, the movement of the huts did not. Weighing up to 40 tonnes (44 tons), each hut was jacked by hand 7 feet (2.1 m) into the air using hydraulic jacks, to allow placement of seven wheeled trolleys underneath it. Moved onto the railway and balanced across both tracks on railway trolleys, it was then proceeded by a platform on which was placed: a vertical boiler; a steam winch; a 200 imperial gallons (910 L; 240 US gal) water tank. Twin shire horses provided by the 13th and 59th Companies Army Service Corps[2] would then drag a steel rope up to 500 yards (460 m) up the railway track. There it would be attached to a tree, something else solid, or if nothing else was available a land anchor. The steam-powered winch would then pull the hut forward, and the whole process repeated.[4]

The route took the huts across the rear of ranges No.2 and No.3, straight through No.1 range, across Whitehill crossroads and on across Hogmoor enclosure, into Bordon camp.[2][4] The average speed was 3 miles per hour (4.8 km/h), with additional steam traction engine assistance required up steep hills, and drag ropes and anchors on declines of over 1:6.[4] The average rate of move was three huts a week, with a record set of one hut moved in a day, albeit having been placed on the railway trolley the previous night.[4]

Once the huts were at Bordon, the 23rd Field Company Royal Engineers placed the huts. The movement of the huts was completed in May 1905.[2][4] There were a number of notable accidents. In June 1903, a sapper was crushed to death underneath a hut, while the team attempted a hoist in the rain. A second hut slipped off of its railway trolleys at Whitehill, and was abandoned. It was later converted into the local police station.[4]

Artist David Shepherd's BR Standard Class 9F No.92203 Black Prince at Longmoor Military Railway, June 1968

The original Woolmer Light Railway was fully authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1902. In 1905, the London and South Western Railway had opened the Bentley and Bordon Light Railway, linking to a new station at Bordon.[23][24]

The War Office decided to formalise the Woolmer Light Railway as a full-time instructional installation, having had to move the 8th and 10th Railway Companies of the Royal Engineers from Chatham, to support the 53rd Company at Longmoor for the hut moving task.[2] Due to the steep grades of the Woolmer Light Railway, quickly surveyed but overcome by anchored steam power, the Royal Engineers surveyed an amended alignment for the proposed 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge line, running closer to the Whitehill – Greatham road.[2]

Workshops, stores and a locomotive shed were built at Longmoor, some of the materials used having been salvaged from the Suakin to Berber military railway, built during the 1880s Sudan Campaign.[2] After works to convert and relay the line were completed in 1907, it became known from 1908 as the Woolmer Instructional Military Railway. After the Liss extension was opened in 1933, with a platform adjacent to those of the Southern Railway serving the Portsmouth Direct Line, it was renamed the Longmoor Military Railway in 1935. Woolmer remained one of the blockposts (signal boxes) on the LMR.[25]

Although initially a single-track (later double track from Whitehill to Longmoor Downs station) end-to-end line running north/south from Bordon eventually to Liss, from 1942 an additional loop ran eastwards from Longmoor Downs station at the camp via a station at Hopkin's Bridge to a triangle junction at Whitehill. This provided circular running, allowing for improved training without the need to run round trains at the termini. The new line was called the Hollywater Loop.[26] As a training railway for both the Army and later the Railway Inspectorate, it was often being constructed/deconstructed.[27]

Former Longmoor Military Railway, looking north from Longmoor Military Camp

Post was essential for the morale of all troops, and so a post office was set up in Quebec barracks for the entire Bordon and Longmoor complex. This was moved from the wooden huts to a new brick building in 1908 on the far side of Camp Road, being renamed Bordon Post Office. The site today is still the location of the local Royal Mail depot, and unified army and civilian post office.[4]

In August 1904, Princess Alexander of Teck opened the Church of England Soldiers Institute. Built close to Luisburg barracks of corrugated iron structure at a cost of £1,500, it was "open to all soldiers and sailors wearing the King's uniform regardless of religion."[7]

A new large hall was added in September 1906, capable of seating 500. At one end was a stage, while at the other was a chancel: both could be covered by roller shutters, depending on the hall's usage.[7] In 1908 the Brownlow Hall was added and named after Major General Brownlow, who was president of the C. of E. Institutes. Used solely for entertainment, it was used as a cinema until the opening of the Empire Club in 1938.[7]

The building was closed in 1960, and demolished. The site is now occupied by a Tesco, One Stop convenience store.[7]

Opened in 1905, it was located 300 yards (270 m) behind the C. of E. Institute. Its wooden structure covered with a dark green painted corrugated iron roof cost £2,500 to build.[7] Surrounded by a garden, the building enclosed: a games room, a billiard room, a reading and writing room, a devotional room, and a lecture hall seating 300. There were ten bedrooms and three bedrooms, plus a suite for the chaplain. Together with the C. of E. Institute, the building was closed and demolished in 1960.[7]

In 1910, a cricket ground and associated pavilion were placed north of Gibbs Lane. The club house construction in 1922 was paid for by the local officers club, being constructed of wooden frame with wooden sheeting siding, plus concrete tiles, to fit in with the village green feel. The building housed: a smoking room, dining room, gentlemen's cloakroom, ladies' room, ladies cloakroom and a steward's quarters. In 1928 a 21-year rotating lease was drawn up, and the old cricket pavilion became the groundsman's storeroom. The facility was now invested in from 1930 onwards, with: two squash courts, a badminton court, card room and a kitchen was added to the indoors clubhouse facilities. Outside were added: eight grass and two hard tennis courts, a polo field, a hockey pitch and rugby grounds. The result was that the lease was transferred to the United Services Trustees in 1937.[8]

After a lease renewal in 1959 for an additional 21 years, in 1977 after the Army School of Transport left the garrison, the number of serving officers making use of the club dwindled rapidly. With new sporting facilities being built at Havannah barracks, the decision was taken to hand over the management and the lease to a civilian committee, completed in 1980. From this date, it became Bordon and Oakhanger Sports Club.[8][28]

The Empire Club was opened by Field Marshal Lord Methuen on 17 December 1913. The club had a full-time gardener, two grass tennis courts and a bowling green. Although it made a profit throughout World War I and just after, by the early 1930s attempts by both the NAAFI and YMCA to operate it commercially failed. Bordon Entertainments Ltd took a 21-year lease on the club in July 1938. In 1946, NAAFI opened a competing garrison club in Louisburg Barracks South. The result was a series of improvements, including: conversion of the dance hall to a cinema, a new ballroom and bar in 1955 and a lido in 1963. In 1977, after the Army School of Transport left the garrison, the Empire Club lease reverted to the district council. In 1987, the club burnt down while still under council control. Proposed to be rebuilt as an arts centre, the site is now civilian domestic housing, and forms part of Pinewood Village.[8]

The original joint medical and dental centres were replaced in 1964 by a new building opposite the Empire Club. Known as the "Mississippi Steamboat" due to its shape and huge singular steel chimney, it is being replaced by a new centre to be located on Budds Lane.[8]

In 1906, a junior school was built in Station Road, Bordon and an infant school in Lamerton Road. The infant school was only used in the afternoon for schooling, being used for military instruction in the morning. Prior to the Education Act 1944, these were controlled by the military, after which they came under the control of Hampshire County Council Local Education Authority. In 1965, a new junior school opened in Budds Lane on the site of the former married quarters, while the infants moved to the former junior school. The old infants school was demolished in 1966. In 1979, a new infants school opened in Budds Lane, and the old school leased to the local authority, named Barbados House after the earlier barracks on the site. The building today houses the Phoenix Theatre.[29]

The former fire station, latterly an RAF facility, disused since 2005

There was a fire station on site from 1906, staffed in rotation by trained members of each unit stationed on garrison, under the control of the Army Service Corps. Equipped with a single horse drawn pump, the station had three stables. From 1920 the station was equipped with motorised Thornycroft fire engine, while the building also housed a section of the Royal Military Police.[30]

Although the fire service role was taken over by the civilian station in 1938, it returned to the garrison at the start of World War II, when the officer in charge of the garrison also moved his headquarters to the same building. As a result, in 1940 the fire engines were upgraded to new Leyland Motors lorries.[30]

Post war the station remained in operation, serving both the garrison as well as the local civilian population. From 1958 onwards, the station was civilian staffed, equipped with Green Goddess Bedford 3 tonners. These were replaced in 1973 by Bedford domestic water tenders carrying 450 imperial gallons (2,000 L; 540 US gal) of water.[30]

In 1989, after the completion of a new civilian fire station within Bordon, the Royal Air Force took over the old fire station building. Renamed Oakhanger Fire Station, it was closed in 2005 when the nearby RAF Oakhanger was outsourced.[30]

The former RA institute, now the garrison Church of St George

Church of England services were held in the gym on camp opening, then transferred in 1906 to the C. of E. Soldiers Institute when it opened, in a space also used by the Roman Catholic congregation. In February 1921, St. George's Garrison Church was erected in Budds Lane, also known as the Tin Tabernacle due to its corrugated iron shell on wooden framed construction. Its organ and furnishings came from the former Army depot at the Curragh, after the pullout of the British Army post the creation of the Irish Republic.[8] Demolished in 1983, services moved to the former R.A. Institute.[8]

Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church, Bordon, built 1990

There has been a Roman Catholic place of worship on the garrison site since the opening of Bordon camp. The priest was provided with a portable altar, which could be set up where ever space could be found. Initially this was within a marque set-up on St Lucia barracks square, which then moved to a wooden hut on Kildare Close. The hut was used for living accommodation from the outbreak of World War I, the location again became portable. In 1919, parishioners converted an allocated former wooden canteen opposite Martinique House, which became Sacred Heart Church. This was demolished in 1990, with a new brick church built on the top of Chalet Hill.[8]

The C. of E. church housed the reredos, an altarpiece memorial to all units who have served in Bordon since its creation. In the form of a large painting, it was created by David Shepherd for a cost of £1,000. The scene depicts the central figure of Jesus Christ standing on a mound, with four uniformed men kneeling dressed and armed in the style of soldiers who served in the South African War, the First and Second World Wars and Korean War, with a chaplain standing giving the blessing. In the background are depicted all the arms and corps, who have served in Bordon.[8]

Dedicated on 22 July 1964 by the chaplain general, the reredos is the property of St. George's Garrison Church and the chaplain general. If no garrison church is built in the future, it will become the property of the Royal Army Chaplains Department Depot.[8]