Ludwig Becker (pilot)

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[5] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[6]

After the armistice with France, Becker was transferred to the 2.(J) Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1–1st Night Fighter Wing), initially based at Düsseldorf and Gütersloh, and then to Arnhem-Deelen airfield where he was appointed technical officer. Becker flew his first aerial combat mission on 30 August 1940. The mission resulted in the loss of the aircraft near Winterswijk, while he and his radio operator managed to save themselves with the parachute.[1][7]

His first victory was Vickers Wellington L7844 KX-I on the night of 16/17 October 1940. Becker was flying a Dornier Do 17 Z-10 equipped with a gun-camera. The victory recorded the demise of the No. 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron aircraft piloted by Pilot Officer Bohumil Landa and three of his Czech crew. It was also the first ground radar-controlled "Dunkle Nachtjagd" (DuNaJa—dark night fighting, without search lights) victory of the war.[8][9] Becker and Staub were vectored to the target by Leutnant Hermann Diehl, a Luftwaffe communication officer who had begun experimenting with a Freya radar on Wangerooge in 1939.[10]

Lichtenstein cathode-ray tubes:
 • The left tube indicated other aircraft ahead as bumps.
 • The centre tube indicated range to a specific target and whether they were higher or lower.
 • The right tube indicated whether the target was to left or right.[11]

On 1 November 1940, Becker was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) of the Reserves and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 23 December 1940. From December 1940 to April 1941, he was based at Leeuwarden airfield. He was then transferred to the Erprobungsstelle für Nachtjagdverfahren, the testing ground for night fighting tactics at Werneuchen on 5 April 1941. There, he was tasked with testing airborne radar and received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters in Silver (Frontflugspange für Nachtjäger in Silver) on 1 June. In July, he was transferred back to Leeuwarden, then serving in 4. Staffel of NJG 1 which was led by Oberleutnant Helmut Lent at the time.[1][12] On the night of 8/9 August 1941, Becker and his radio operator (Bordfunker) Josef Staub, also became the first Luftwaffe night fighter crew to intercept an enemy bomber using airborne radar.[13] Flying Dornier Do 215 B-5 "G9+OM" equipped with the FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C radar, they tracked and claimed another Wellington bomber shot down.[14][15][16] The aircraft shot down was Wellington T2625 GR-B which crashed near Bunde.[17]

Becker claimed six victories between 10 August and 30 September 1941 in Do 215 B-5 "G9+OM" before the Lichtenstein radar became unserviceable in September. On 12 August 1941, he, Staub and Wilhelm Gänsler in the air gunner position, intercepted and shot down the Avro Manchester bomber L7381 EM-R from No. 207 Squadron. The Manchester was on a mission to Berlin and was the second airborne radar assisted aerial victory recorded.[17] Becker developed his own tactics for attacking a bomber. He would trail the aircraft from the stern, just below the height shown on the radar. After sighting the bomber, he dived and accelerated to avoid being spotted by the tail gunner. Once underneath the enemy, Becker reduced the throttle and matched the speed of the unsuspecting pilot. Becker then climbed steadily to 50 metres (160 feet) from the target before he pulled up and opened fire. Because the Do 215 lost speed the bomber would fly ahead and the through the stream of shells. With this method, the gun sight was rarely needed.[18] On 1 October, Becker received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters in Gold (Frontflugspange für Nachtjäger in Gold).[1]

Becker was transferred to the II. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2–2nd Night Fighter Wing) on 1 November 1941. He claimed his eighth aerial victory on 8 November and on 26 November was ordered to the Luftwaffe's main testing ground at Rechlin. On 1 December, Becker was appointed Staffelführer, a preliminary command position.[1] On 20 January 1942, Becker claimed the destruction of Wellington bombers, all three in the vicinity of Terschelling. Wellington Z8370 from No. 12 Squadron was shot down at 21:00, Wellington Z1110 from No. 101 Squadron at 21:37, and Wellington Z1207 from No. 142 Squadron at 22:07.[19][20] This achievement earned Becker a named references in the Wehrmachtbericht on 21 January, his first of four such mentions.[21][22]

From left to right, Kammhuber, Lent, Gildner, Becker.[23]

On 1 July 1942, after his 25th aerial victory, Becker was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).[1] Becker, who was still a member of the NSFK, was promoted to NSFK-Sturmführer on 15 September. On 1 October, he took command of 12./NJG 1 as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader). On the night of 9/10 November 1942, Becker and Staub claimed their 40th aerial victory.[24] At the end of 1942, Becker was one of the leading night fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe, which at the time included Lent (49 nocturnal claims), Reinhold Knacke (40 nocturnal claims), Werner Streib (39 nocturnal claims) and Paul Gildner (37 nocturnal claims).[25]

On 28 October, Gruppenkommandeur Hauptmann (Captain) Lent recommended Becker for promotion to Hauptmann. In his recommendation, Lent emphasized Becker's contribution in the development of night fighter equipment and tactics as well as his strong philosophical roots in National Socialism. The recommendation was seconded by Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Wilhelm von Friedberg, acting on behalf of the Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander), and finally approved by Generalleutnant (lit. lieutenant general, equivalent to major general) Kurt-Bertram von Döring, commander of the 1. Jagd-Division (1st Fighter Division).[26] Becker was then transferred from the reserve force to active service and promoted to Hauptmann on 3 February 1943. His promotion was backdated to 1 February and the rank age was dated to 1 April 1942.[27]

On 26 February 1943, Becker was informed that he had been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). He was the 198th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[27] After he received this information, he and his radio operator Oberfeldwebel Staub took off in Bf 110 G-4 (Werknummer 4864—factory number) on a daylight intercept mission over the North Sea against the United States Army Air Forces bombers attacking Wilhelmshaven. Following this mission, the two were reported as missing in action, last seen 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) north of Schiermonnikoog.[25][28] Their exact fate was never determined. On 14 March 1949, Becker was declared dead as of 26 February 1943 by the Amtsgericht, an official court, in Dortmund-Hörde.[27] Becker was succeeded by Leutnant Lothar Linke as commander of 12. Staffel.[29]

Becker was credited with 44 aerial victories, claimed in about 160 combat missions.[25] Spick lists him with 46 aerial victories.[30] Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 41 nocturnal victory claims.[31] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Becker with 44 claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim.[32]

• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (3 July 1940)[63][64]
  • 1st Class (23 December 1940)[63][64]
• Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for night fighter pilots
  • in Silver (1 June 1941)[1]
  • in Gold (1 October 1941)[1]
• Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 2 March 1942 as Oberleutnant and pilot[65]
• German Cross in Gold on 24 April 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 6./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2[66][Note 7]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
  • Knight's Cross on 1 July 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 12./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[67][Note 8]
  • 198th Oak Leaves on 26 February 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 12./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[69][Note 8]
• Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 21 January 1942, 26 March 1942, 7 June 1942 and on 26 June 1942[70]

Becker held various ranks in both the Luftwaffe and the NSFK.[71]