Luis de Zulueta

Born on 8 April 1878 in Barcelona to a well-off family, son of Juan Antonio Zulueta y Fernández and María Dolores Escolano y de la Peña.[1] He was of Cuban descent on his father side and Gaditan on his mother side.[2] Zulueta, a native Spanish speaker, never got to fully dominate the Catalan language.[3] His father (who died in 1894) was a prominent lawyer, linked to the local banking industry.[4] After the decease of the former, Zulueta interrupted his secondary education studies to work as bank clerk.[4]

Since 1903 he shared letters with Miguel de Unamuno who encouraged him to travel to Geneva and Paris.[5] After a spell in Berlin, he returned to Spain in 1905.[5] He was elected as Barcelona municipal councillor in 1905, running within the Alejandro Lerroux's Fraternidad Republicana platform, yet he disengaged from the commitment to the party and moved away from Barcelona.[6][7] He met Francisco Giner de los Ríos (founder and leading figure of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza),[5] for whom he served as interlocutor until 1910, as Giner de los Ríos sought to cultivate the cultural and political bridges between Barcelona and Madrid.[8] After starting studies in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Salamanca, he earned the licentiate degree from the Central University in Madrid in 1906.[7] He would later earn a PhD from the same centre in 1910,[9] reading a dissertation titled La pedagogía de Rousseau y la educación de las percepciones de espacio y de tiempo ("Rousseau's pedagogy and the education of the perceptions of space and time").

Zulueta, caricaturised by Bagaria (1911)

He was attracted by the Republican-Socialist Conjunction in 1910.[10] Linked to the Institución Libre de Enseñanza, Zulueta joined the Republican Reformist Party led by Gumersindo de Azcárate by 1914.[10][7] His political ideas oscillated in between regenerationism, the left-wing, and a moderate liberalism.[11] He would become an opponent of marxism-leninism.[11] In 1910, he was appointed as lecturer of the Central University, where he would later obtain the chair of Pedagogy.[12]

For the rest of the Restoration, Zulueta was elected a number of times to the Congress of Deputies in representation of Barcelona (1910), Madrid (1919), and Redondela (1923).[13][14][15]

He was one of the intellectuals who signed the Manifesto for the Unión Democrática Española para la Liga de la Sociedad de Naciones Libres ("Spanish Democratic Union for the Society of the League of Free Nations"), published in 1918.[16]

Following the proclamation of the Spanish Second Republic in April 1931, he was proposed as Ambassador to the Holy See by the Provisional Government, but the Vatican rejected the Agrément because he was a disciple of Giner de los Ríos.[17] His application had counted with the endorsement of Francisco Vidal y Barraquer, the Archbishop of Tarragona, and by Federico Tedeschini, the Apostolic Nuncio in Madrid.[17] He was elected to the constituent Cortes at the June 1931 election in representation of Badajoz.[18]

Zulueta (upper right) accompanying Niceto Alcalá Zamora during a visit to San Sebastián in 1932.

Following the exit of the Radical Republican Party from the government, Zulueta (still not a member of Republican Action) was appointed as Minister of State by Manuel Azaña in December 1931,[17] replacing Alejandro Lerroux. After Zulueta's exit from the ministry in June 1933, he was destined as Spanish Ambassador to Nazi Germany, where he barely served for three months.[19] Years later, he wrote the memoirs of his brief spell in Berlin, "Mis recuerdos del Führer" (1954), leaving a portrait of Adolf Hitler and the pervasive manipulation techniques of nazism.[20] Following the exit of Azaña from the premiership, Zulueta joined Republican Action (he had not been a member until then).[19]

He was again appointed as Ambassador to the Holy See after the 1936 general election, and this time the Vatican accepted him.

Zulueta was forced out from the Palazzo di Espagna in Rome by Francoists upon the beginning of the Spanish Civil War and decided to go in exile,[21] moving to Paris.[22] He was later offered a place in Colombia by President Eduardo Santos.[21] From then on, he collaborated with the Liberal newspaper El Tiempo and also worked for the Universidad Nacional, the Escuela Normal Superior, the Instituto Pedagógico Nacional and the University of Los Andes.[23]

He decided to move to the United States in 1960,[23] and died in New York City on 2 August 1964.[24]

Citations

Bibliography

• Aubert, Paul (1993). "Elitismo y antiintelectualismo en la España del primer tercio del siglo XX" (PDF). Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. 6. ISSN 1130-0124.
• Casanova, Marina (1991). "El inicio de la guerra civil y sus repercusiones en los diplomáticos españoles acreditados ante el Quirinal y el Vaticano". Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. 4: 31–40. ISSN 1130-0124.
• Crespo Pérez, María del Carmen (1996). "Luis de Zulueta, político y pedagogo". Revista Complutense de Educación. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense. 7 (1): 133–150. ISSN 1130-2496.
• Hernández García, José Ángel (2012). "La influencia pedagógica del exilio republicano español: la edad de oro de la enseñanza en Colombia" (PDF). Latinoamérica. Revista de estudios Latinoamericanos. Mexico (54): 135–153. ISSN 2448-6914.
• Jiménez-Landi Martínez, Antonio (1996). La Institución Libre de Enseñanza y su ambiente: Periodo de expansión influyente. Madrid: Editorial Complutense. ISBN 84-89365-99-7.
• Juliá, Santos (2003). "Los intelectuales in el rey". In Moreno Luzón, Javier (ed.). Alfonso XIII: un político en el trono. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 84-95379-59-7.
• Millán Romeral, Fernando (1998). "Luis de Zulueta, adalid de la Tercera España". Estudios Eclesiásticos. 73: 323–328.
• Pomés Vives, Jordi (January 2010). "Luis de Zulueta, un sólido puente político y cultural republicano entre Barcelona y Madrid (1898–1910)". In Esteban de Vega, Mariano; Calle Velasco, María Dolores de la (eds.). Procesos de nacionalización en la España contemporánea. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 133–148. ISBN 978-84-7800-160-6.
• Vilafranca Manguán, Isabel; Vilanou Torrano, Conrad (2002). "Luis de Zulueta, visto por Juan Roura-Parella" (PDF). Historia de la Educación. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (21): 287–305. ISSN 0212-0267.