Luke 22

Luke 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It commences in the days just before the Passover or Feast of Unleavened Bread, and records the plot to kill Jesus Christ; the institution of the Lord's Supper; and the Arrest of Jesus and his trial before the Sanhedrin.[1]

Luke 22
Luke 22:44-50 on fragments a and b (recto) of the codex 0171, written about AD 300.
BookGospel of Luke
CategoryGospel
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part3

The author of this book is unattributed, however early Christian tradition generally considers that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.[2] This chapter initiates this gospel's passion narrative;[3] if the apocalyptic discourse in Luke 21 "bases all its thought upon the reality of the Kingdom", it also "leads directly into the passion narrative [which] shows how it was established".[4]

Text
Luke 22:43-44 in Codex Vaticanus 354 (AD 949)

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 71 verses. It is the second longest chapter in the gospel in terms of number of verses.[5]

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Luke 22: 41,45-48 on recto side of Papyrus 69 (3rd century).
Judas making a bargain with the priests, depicted by Duccio, early 14th century.

Verses 1-6
Main article: Bargain of Judas

Luke 22:1–6 describes the plot to kill Jesus, by the chief priests and scribes, in collaboration with Judas Iscariot. This scene is also depicted in Mark 14:1–2, 10–11 and Matthew 26:1-5, 14–16. Luke's wording emphasises that Judas sought to betray Jesus "when no crowd was present",[6] reflecting the chief priests' and scribes' fear that they could not openly arrest Jesus because of his popular support.[7] John 11:45-57 also records the plot to kill Jesus.

Verse 3
Then Satan entered Judas, surnamed Iscariot, who was numbered among the twelve.[8]

Luke alone of the synoptic writers sets the earthly events of the passion in the context of an eschatological battle with Satan.[4]

Verses 7-13

Luke 22:7–13 describes how Jesus sent Peter and John to prepare "a furnished upper room" (verse 12) for their taking of a Passover meal (which would be the Last Supper). This preparation is also depicted in Mark 14:12–16 and Matthew 26:17-25. Luke's is the only account which names the apostles (verse 8) and the only narrative in which Jesus takes the initiative in arranging the meal: in Matthew and Mark, the disciples raise the subject.[9]

The farewell address
Coat of Arms of Rt Rev Marcus Stock, Bishop of Leeds, quoting words from Luke 22:15

Luke 22:14–38 has been described as "Jesus' farewell address", modeled after other farewell addresses in the Greco-Roman and biblical traditions.[10]

Verse 15
Then He said to them, "With fervent desire I have desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.[11]
καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπεθύμησα τοῦτο τὸ πάσχα φαγεῖν μεθ’ ὑμῶν πρὸ τοῦ με παθεῖν·

Jesus declares to his apostles that "with fervent desire" (Greek: επιθυμια επεθυμησα, epithumia epithumesa) he has longed to celebrate this Passover with them. Pope Gregory X used these words (Latin: Desiderio desideravi) as his text at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274, in his sermon on the unity of the churches.[12] These words would have been spoken in Aramaic. The construction reflects the Hebrew infinitive absolute which intensifies a verb. Why Jesus had such an earnest desire for this particular Passover is an open question.

Verse 16
For I tell you, I will not eat it again until it finds fulfillment in the kingdom of God.[13]
λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐ μὴ φάγω αὐτὸ ἕως ὅτου πληρωθῇ ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.

The word "again" is not in the Greek, but implied, and similarly in verse 18:

For I tell you I will not drink again from the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.[14]

David Robert Palmer suggests that "some copyists apparently felt obliged to add the Greek word οὐκέτι, (ouketi) to both clarify the meaning, and also to harmonize Luke with Mark 14:25, and perhaps also with Matthew 26:29, which says, 'from now on'."[15] The Textus Receptus includes the word οὐκέτι in verse 16 but not verse 18.[16]

Some interpretive questions here are what is the "it"? Also, is this verse giving the reason for Jesus' earnest desire which He expressed in the previous verse?

Verses 40-42
Pray that you will not fall into temptation (New International Version, verse 40)
Not my will, but yours, be done (New King James Version, verse 42)

The words reflect Jesus' previous instructions to his disciples on how to pray (the Lord's Prayer, Luke 11:2–4), although the words "thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven" do not appear in the earliest-known versions of Luke's Lord's Prayer.[17] The Pulpit Commentary suggests that "the temptation in question was the grave sin of moral cowardice into which so soon the disciples fell".[18]

Verses 43-44
Then an angel appeared to Him from heaven, strengthening Him. And being in agony, He prayed more earnestly. Then His sweat became like great drops of blood falling down to the ground.[19]

The authenticity of Luke 22:43-44 has been disputed by scholars since the second half of the 19th century. The verses are placed in double brackets in modern editions of the Greek text, and listed in a footnote in the Revised Standard Version.

Verse 45
Non novi illum, "I do not know him" (Luke 22:57), Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu in Jerusalem.
When He rose up from prayer, and had come to His disciples, He found them sleeping from sorrow.[20]

Luke adds "from sorrow", words which do not appear in the accounts of Matthew or Mark.

Verse 70
εἶπαν δὲ πάντες Σὺ οὖν εἶ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ; ὁ δὲ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἔφη Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι.
Eipan de pantes, "Su oun ei ho Huios tou Theou?"; ho de pros autous ephē, "Humeis legete hoti egō eimi."
All of them asked, "Are you, then, the Son of God?"
He said to them, "You say that I am". (New Revised Standard Version)

The New King James Version adds "rightly":

"You rightly say that I am".[21]

Similarly, J. B. Phillips translates as:

"You are right; I am", Jesus told them.[22]

The Pulpit Commentary describes the style here as rabbinic: "by such an answer, the one interrogated accepts as his own affirmation the question put to him in its entirety."[18]

Verse 71
And they said, "What further testimony do we need? For we have heard it ourselves from His own mouth".[23]

We have heard it ourselves that he "gives Himself out to be the Messiah".[24] The chapter ends with the anticipated rejection[25] of Jesus' self-witness and his resulting condemnation.[26]

See also

References
  1. Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
  2. Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. Jerusalem Bible (1966), Sub-heading for Luke 22-23
  4. Franklin, E., 59. Luke, in Barton, John and Muddiman, John (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 954
  5. Luke 1 has 80 verses
  6. Luke 22:6: New Revised Standard Version
  7. Luke 19:48, 20:19
  8. Luke 22:3
  9. Nicoll, W. R., Expositor's Greek Testament on Luke 22, accessed 9 February 2022
  10. Kurz, W. S. (1985), Luke 22:14-38 and Greco-Roman and Biblical Farewell Addresses, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 104, No. 2 (June 1985), pp. 251-268, accessed 19 July 2018
  11. Luke 22:15
  12. Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1910). "Second Council of Lyons (1274)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9.
  13. Luke 22:16: New International Version (NIV)
  14. Luke 22:16: NIV
  15. Palmer, D. R., The Gospel of Luke: a Translation from the Greek, August 2020 edition, accessed 7 February 2022, pg. 58
  16. Luke 22:16–8
  17. Pulpit Commentary on Luke 11, accessed 20 July 2018
  18. Pulpit Commentary on Luke 22, accessed 20 July 2018
  19. Luke 22:43–44
  20. Luke 22:45
  21. Luke 22:70: NKJV
  22. Luke 22:70: J.B. Phillips' New Testament
  23. Luke 22:71: NKJV
  24. Meyer, W. A. H., Meyer's NT Commentary on Luke 22, translated from the German sixth edition, accessed 6 February 2022
  25. Luke 9:22: NKJV
  26. Gaebelein, A. C., Gaebelein's Annotated Bible on Luke 22, accessed 6 February 2022
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Preceded by
Luke 21		 Chapters of the Bible
Gospel of Luke		 Succeeded by
Luke 23
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