Luteolysis

Luteolysis[1] (also known as luteal regression) is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum, which occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy.

Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α)

Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) has been identified as the key luteolytic hormone in many species.[2] PGF2α is released from uterine endometrial cells in a pulsatile pattern when stimulated by oxytocin[3] to stimulate both luteolytic activity and further release of oxytocin from the corpus luteum.[4]

Domestic animals

In domestic animals, luteolysis is initiated by the hormones prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin and is dependent on the presence of the uterus. In sheep, communication between the pars nervosa (posterior lobe of the pituitary gland), corpus luteum, and the uterus endometrium via the circulatory system is required for luteolysis. Studies with sheep have found that, if the uterine horn is ipsilateral to the ovary possessing the CL is surgically removed, the lifespan of the corpus luteum will increase drastically.

Humans/Primates

Removal of the uterus in primates (including humans) does not prolong the life of the corpus luteum. Therefore, PGF2α uterine role in regulating luteal regression has been confined to mammalian species [5] and a different mechanism appears to control luteolysis in primates. It has been proposed that PGF2α is made locally within the ovary and the corpus luteum may be the source of luteolytic PGF2α.[6] Asthmatics should take great care when handling this hormone as PGF2α is bronchoconstrictor.

During a pregnancy, the corpus luteum remains on the ovary releasing progesterone which will maintain a state of uterine quiescence and close the cervix until the delivery of the fetus. Alternatively if no implantation of a blastocyst occurs, the corpus luteum is degraded to a corpus albicans (scar tissue) by PGF2α released by uterine endometrial cells.

Degradation of the corpus luteum will result in reduced levels of progesterone, promoting an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion by the adenohypophysis, which will trigger the development of a new follicle on the ovary.

In humans, the placental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin continues to maintain the corpus luteum. This is the hormone tested for by the pregnancy test.

Equine

If pregnancy occurs in equine, the placental hormone equine chorionic gonadotropin released by endometrial cup acts like LH and FSH and stimulates additional ovulations, although the oocytes released during these ovulations are not fertilized. The resulting accessory corpora lutea produce progesterone and keep levels of progesterone high during pregnancy.

Luteolytic agents

References
  1. "Luteolysis - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  2. McCracken, John A.; Custer, Edward E.; Lamsa, Justin C. (1999-04-01). "Luteolysis: A Neuroendocrine-Mediated Event". Physiological Reviews. 79 (2): 263–323. doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.263. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 10221982.
  3. Samuelsson, B.; Goldyne, M.; Granström, E.; Hamberg, M.; Hammarström, S.; Malmsten, C. (1978-06-01). "Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 47 (1): 997–1029. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.005025. ISSN 0066-4154. PMID 209733.
  4. Hooper, S. B.; Watkins, W. B.; Thorburn, G. D. (1986-12-01). "Oxytocin, Oxytocin-Associated Neurophysin, and Prostaglandin F2α Concentrations in the Utero-Ovarian Vein of Pregnant and Nonpregnant Sheep". Endocrinology. 119 (6): 2590–2597. doi:10.1210/endo-119-6-2590. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 3465529.
  5. McCracken, John A.; Custer, Edward E.; Lamsa, Justin C. (1999-04-01). "Luteolysis: A Neuroendocrine-Mediated Event". Physiological Reviews. 79 (2): 263–323. doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.263. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 10221982.
  6. Auletta, Frederick J.; Flint, Anthony P. F. (February 1988). "Mechanisms Controlling Corpus Luteum Function in Sheep, Cows, Nonhuman Primates, and Women Especially in Relation to the Time of Luteolysis". Endocrine Reviews. 9 (1): 88–105. doi:10.1210/edrv-9-1-88. ISSN 0163-769X. PMID 3286237.
  7. Wentz AC, Sapp KC. Danazol as a luteolytic agent. Fertil Steril. 1978;29(1):23-5. PMID 620838
  • Bagnell, C. 2005. "Animal Reproduction". Rutgers University Department of Animal Sciences.
  • Hadley, M.E. and Levine, J.E. 2007. Endocrinology, 6th Edition.
  • Philip L. Sanger
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