MS Klipfontein (1939)

MS Klipfontein was a Dutch ocean liner launched in March 1939 and delivered 29 July intended for South African service. Declaration of war in Europe, including Britain and South Africa declaring war on Germany, resulted in the ship being transferred to service between the Dutch East Indies and the west coast of North America. After the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1939, with the Dutch government in exile in London, the ship supported the Allied war effort. After entry of the United States into the war the ship was operated by Dutch agents of the U.S. War Shipping Administration (WSA) from February 1942 to February 1946 as a troopship from the U.S. West Coast to Pacific war zones.

"Klipfontein" redirects here. For other uses, see Klipfontein (disambiguation).
Klipfontein
History
Netherlands
NameKlipfontein
OwnerN.V. Vereenigde Nederlandsche Scheepvaartmaatschappij
Operator Vereenigde Nederlandsche Scheepv Mij.
Port of registryThe Hague
BuilderMachinefabriek en Scheepswerf van P. Smit Jr. N.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
Yard number517
Launched4 March 1939
Acquired29 July 1939
IdentificationSignal: PFKC
FateSunk in 1953 off Ponta Zavora, East Africa after striking an unidentified object
General characteristics [1][2]
TypeCargo/passenger liner
Tonnage10,544 GRT, 6,329 NRT, 9,933 DWT
Length
  • 520 ft (158.5 m) LOA
  • 499.3 ft (152.2 m) LBP
Beam62 ft 9 in (19.1 m)
Depth33 ft 1 in (10.1 m)
Decks3
Propulsion
Speed17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph)
Capacity
  • Passengers:
  • 198: 130 first class, 68 steerage
  • Cargo:
  • 445,000 cu ft (12,601.0 m3) (bale)
  • 481,000 cu ft (13,620.4 m3) (grain)

The ship was lost 8 January 1953 in the vicinity of Inhambane during a voyage from Lourenco Marques to Beira, Mozambique. All passengers were saved and the cargo was later in part salvaged.

Construction

Klipfontein was built as a passenger and cargo vessel by Machinefabriek en Scheepswerf van P. Smit Jr. N.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands for N.V. Vereenigde Nederlandsche Scheepvaartmaatschappij, (United Netherlands Shipping Company) The Hague, Netherlands as hull 517. The steel hull, three deck ship, built for the company's Holland-Africa Line's South African service, was launched 4 March 1939 and delivered on 29 July as the first of three sister ships.[1][3][note 1]

History

In October 1939, after the German Invasion of Poland and war was declared by Britain and South Africa, Klipfontein was transferred to the Java-Pacific Line for operation between the Dutch East Indies and the west coast of North America.[1]

World War II

Klipfontein, which had been operating for the Allied war effort before the U.S. entry, was one of the Dutch ships taken over by the War Shipping Administration (WSA) 23 February 1942, allocated to U.S. Army with the nature of the operating agreement with the Netherlands Ministry of Shipping changed 23 May 1942 to a time charter extending until 1 February 1946. The operating agreement was with the Army Transportation Corps with the ship sometimes seen as the USAT Klipfontein though it was never under Army administration. The ship was one of the WSA troopships operated by agents, in this case for most of the war by the Dutch operating company Stoomvarrt Mataschappiy Nederland.[4][5][6][7]

Klipfontein off Alcatraz Island, San Francisco, California about 1943.

Klipfontein departed San Francisco with cargo for Australia in March 1942 returning by way of New Zealand in May before alterations required to become a troop transport had been made. Subsequent to those alterations the ship made regular trips to the South West Pacific operation area with some operations in the Central Pacific operation areas.[4] As an example of the ships originating in Allied and occupied nations is a convoy escorted by USS Chester departing 2 September 1942 from Nouméa, New Caledonia with the transports Klipfontein, Noordam, Tjisdane and Torrens.[8] Noordam and Tjisdane were as Klipfontein Dutch ships while Torrens was Norwegian.[9][10][11]

The ship made multiple, routine trips from San Francisco to Australia and the islands on the route into 1943 as the Allies advanced in the region. From October 1943 until the end of 1944 the route began to include ports recently secured during the New Guinea campaign such as Milne Bay, Oro Bay where on one trip the ship as aground for 72 hours, Buna and Finschhafen.[4]

Among those the ship transported was the U.S. Army X Army Corps headquarters departing from San Francisco on 14 July 1944 on the way to Oro Bay. Those troops ultimately reached the Philippines.[7]

Later in 1944 Klipfontein began transport to areas in the central Pacific with some departures from Seattle to include Guam, Saipan, Ulithi and Eniwetok. In 1945 the ship's destinations included Leyte and Manila in the Philippines and eventually Yokohama and Nagoya, Japan. On return from Japan on 2 January 1946 the ship was released from transport duties.[4]

The ship was returned to civilian use 1 February 1946.[4][5]

Postwar fate
Klipfontein sinking.

The ship was lost during a voyage from Amsterdam to South and East Africa. During passage departing Lourenco Marques on 8 January 1953 for Beira, Mozambique the ship had passed Ponta Zavora some 2.5 nmi (2.9 mi; 4.6 km) distant when some 22 minutes later a vibration followed by three impacts was felt. The ship was abandoned an hour later.[1][12]

The wreck lies between two reef systems, an inshore and offshore reef, near Zavora.[13] The exact nature of the cause is still a matter of question. There is speculation the ship struck the reef in which the wreckage now lies. Others note shipwrecks in the area including a possible German submarine.

The cargo of 1000 tons of copper and manganese ore and 100 bales of wool. The copper was later recovered.


Wreck

The wreck, the exact cause still a mystery, lies at 53 m (174 ft) and is a critical habitat for giant groupers. Manta rays may also be seen.[14]

Footnotes
  1. Sister ship MS Oranjefontein (1940) was launched 21 March 1940 and was delivered 20 December 1940 after the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1939. That ship was seized by Germany, survived the war and was returned to the Netherlands in 1945.

References
  1. Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank 2021.
  2. Lloyds 1944–45.
  3. The Evening Star 1939.
  4. Charles 1947, p. 292.
  5. Maritime Administration Ship History — Klipfontein.
  6. Grover 1987, p. 23.
  7. Office Of The Chief Of Military History 1959, p. 342.
  8. Naval History And Heritage Command — Chester.
  9. Maritime Administration Ship History — Noordam.
  10. Maritime Administration Ship History — Tjisdane.
  11. Maritime Administration Ship History — Torrens.
  12. The Wrecksite.
  13. Dive Worldwide 2011, p. 106.
  14. Zavora Marine Lab & August 2010.
Bibliography
  • Charles, Roland W. (1947). Troopships of World War II (PDF). Washington: The Army Transportation Association. p. 292. LCCN 47004779.
  • "Mozambique — Tofo & Zavora" (PDF). Dive Worldwide. Winchester, Hampshire, UK: Dive Worldwide. December 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • "New Holland-Africa Liner". The Evening Star. Dunedin, New Zealand. June 21, 1939. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  • Grover, David (1987). U.S. Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-766-1. LCCN 87015514.
  • Lloyds (1944–45). "Lloyd's Register 1944–45". Lloyd's Register. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • Maritime Administration. "Klipfontein". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  • Maritime Administration. "Noordam". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • Maritime Administration. "Tjisdane". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • Maritime Administration. "Torrens". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • Naval History And Heritage Command (April 26, 2017). "Chester II (CL-27)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • Office Of The Chief Of Military History (1959). Order Of Battle Of The United States Army Ground Forces In World War II—Pacific Theater Of Operations. Washington, D.C.: Office Of The Chief Of Military History. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • "KLIPFONTEIN - ID 3464". Rotterdam: Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (Maritime Foundation). 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • "MV Klipfontein [+1953]". The Wrecksite. 18 October 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  • "Klipfontein" (PDF). Zavora Beach, Inharrime, Mozambique: Zavora Marine Lab. August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
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