macOS Catalina
macOS Catalina (version 10.15) is the sixteenth major release of macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to macOS Mojave and was announced at WWDC 2019 on June 3, 2019 and released to the public on October 7, 2019. Catalina is the first version of macOS to support only 64-bit applications and the first to include Activation Lock.[3][1] It is also the last version of macOS to have the major version number of 10; its successor, Big Sur, released on November 12, 2020, is version 11.[4][5] In order to increase web compatibility, Safari, Chromium and Firefox have frozen the OS in the user agent running in subsequent releases of macOS at 10.15.7 Catalina.[6][7][8]
| Version of the macOS operating system | |
 | |
 Screenshot of the macOS Catalina desktop in dark mode | |
| Developer | Apple Inc. |
|---|---|
| OS family | |
| Source model | Closed, with open source components |
| General availability | October 7, 2019[1] |
| Latest release | 10.15.7 Security Update 2022-005[2] (19H2026) (July 20, 2022) [±] |
| Update method | Software Update |
| Platforms | x86-64 |
| Kernel type | Hybrid (XNU) |
| License | APSL and Apple EULA |
| Preceded by | macOS Mojave |
| Succeeded by | macOS Big Sur |
| Official website | www.apple.com/macos/catalina at the Wayback Machine (archived November 9, 2020) |
| Tagline | The power of Mac. Taken further. |
| Support status | |
| Unsupported as of November 30, 2022. Finder is still able to download driver updates to sync to newer devices. | |
| Part of a series on |
| macOS |
|---|
The operating system is named after Santa Catalina Island, which is located off the coast of southern California.
macOS Catalina is the final version of macOS that supports the Unibody MacBook Pro, as its successor, macOS Big Sur, drops support for its mid 2012 and final model.
System requirements
macOS Catalina officially runs on all standard configuration Macs that supported Mojave. 2010 to 2012 Mac Pros, which could run Mojave only with a GPU upgrade, are no longer supported.[1] Catalina requires 4 GB of memory, an increase over the 2 GB required by Lion through Mojave.[9][10]
- iMac (Late 2012 or later)
- iMac Pro (2017)
- MacBook (Early 2015 or later)
- MacBook Air (Mid 2012 or later)
- MacBook Pro (Mid 2012 or later)
- Mac Mini (Late 2012 or later)
- Mac Pro (Late 2013 or later)
It is possible to install Catalina on many older Macintosh computers that are not officially supported by Apple. This requires using a patch to modify the install image.[11]
Changes
Catalyst
Catalyst is a new software-development tool that allows developers to write apps that can run on macOS, iOS and iPadOS. Apple demonstrated several ported apps, including Jira and Twitter (after the latter discontinued its macOS app in February 2018).[12][13][14]
System extensions
An upgrade from Kexts. System extensions avoid the problems of Kexts. There are 3 kinds of System extensions: Network Extensions, Endpoint Security Extensions, and Driver Extensions. System extensions run in userspace, outside of the kernel.[15][16] Catalina will be the last version of macOS to support legacy system extensions.[17][18]
DriverKit
A replacement for IOKit device drivers, driver extensions are built using DriverKit. DriverKit is a new SDK with all-new frameworks based on IOKit, but updated and modernized. It is designed for building device drivers in userspace, outside of the kernel.[19][16]
Gatekeeper
Mac apps, installer packages, and kernel extensions that are signed with a Developer ID must be notarized by Apple to run on macOS Catalina.[20]
Activation Lock
Activation Lock helps prevent the unauthorized use and drive erasure of devices with an Apple T2 security chip (2018, 2019, and 2020 MacBook Pro; 2020 5K iMac; 2018 MacBook Air, iMac Pro; 2018 Mac Mini; 2019 Mac Pro).[1][21]
Dedicated system volume
The system runs on its own read-only volume, separate from all other data on the Mac.[1]
Voice control
Users can give detailed voice commands to applications.[22] On-device machine processing is used to offer better navigation.[1]
Sidecar
Sidecar allows a Mac to use an iPad (running iPadOS) as a wireless external display. With Apple Pencil, the device can also be used as a graphics tablet for software running on the computer.[13][23] Sidecar requires a Mac with Intel Skylake CPUs and newer (such as the fourth-generation MacBook Pro), and an iPad that supports Apple Pencil.[24][25]
Support for wireless game controllers
The Game Controller framework adds support for two major console game controllers: the PlayStation 4's DualShock 4 and the Xbox One controller.[26][27][28][29]
Time Machine
A number of under-the-hood changes were made to Time Machine, the backup software. For example, the manner in which backup data is stored on network-attached devices was changed, and this change is not backwards-compatible with earlier versions of macOS.[30] Apple declined to document these changes, but some of them have been noted.[30]
iTunes
iTunes is replaced by separate Music, Podcasts, TV and Books apps, in line with iOS. iOS device management is now conducted via Finder.[31][32] The TV app on Mac supports Dolby Atmos, Dolby Vision, and HDR10 on MacBooks released in 2018 or later, while 4K HDR playback is supported on Macs released in 2018 or later when connected to a compatible display.[13]
Find My
Find My Mac and Find My Friends are merged into an application called Find My.
Notes
The Notes application was enhanced to allow better management of checklists and the ability to share folders with other users. The application version was incremented from 4.6 (in macOS 10.14 Mojave) to 4.7.
Reminders
Among other visual and functional overhauls, attachments can be added to reminders and Siri can intelligently estimate when to remind the user about an event.[1]
Voice Memos
The Voice Memos application, first ported from iOS to the Mac in macOS 10.14 Mojave as version 2.0, was incremented to version 2.1.
Removed or changed components
macOS Catalina exclusively supports 64-bit applications. 32-bit applications no longer run (including all software that utilizes the Carbon API as well as QuickTime 7 applications, image, audio and video codecs). Apple has also removed all 32-bit-only apps from the Mac App Store.[33]
Z shell (executable "zsh") is the default login shell and interactive shell in macOS Catalina,[34] replacing Bash, the default shell since Mac OS X Panther in 2003.[35] Bash continues to be available in macOS Catalina, along with other shells such as csh/tcsh and ksh.
Dashboard has been removed in macOS Catalina.[36]
The ability to add Backgrounds in Photo Booth was removed in macOS Catalina.
The command-line interface GNU Emacs application was removed in macOS Catalina.
Built-in support for Perl, Python 2.7 and Ruby are included in macOS for compatibility with legacy software.[37] Future versions of macOS will not include scripting language runtimes by default, possibly requiring users to install additional packages.[38]
Legacy AirDrop for connecting with Macs running Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion and Mavericks, or 2011 and older Macs has been removed.[39]
Security
Ars Technica reported that macOS Catalina contained a critical privilege escalation vulnerability, which resulted in a backdoor being installed if users visited a Hong Kong pro-democracy website. The vulnerability was reported to Apple in August 2021, and patched in a Catalina update in September, but it had already been patched by Apple in macOS Big Sur 11.2, released 234 days earlier on February 1. Security experts have criticized Apple for not patching critical known vulnerabilities in older versions, and for not being transparent about older versions only receiving some, but not all, security patches. The latest major release of Apple's operating systems (macOS, iOS, and others) receive all security updates.[40][41][42]
Reception
Catalina received favorable reviews on release for some of its features.[43] However, some critics found the OS version distinctly less reliable than earlier versions.[44][45][46][47][48] The broad addition of user-facing security measures (somewhat analogous to the addition of User Account Control dialog boxes with Windows Vista a decade earlier) was criticized as intrusive and annoying.[46][49]
Release history
| Version | Build | Date | Darwin version | Release Notes | Standalone download |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.15 | 19A583 | October 7, 2019 | 19.0.0 | Original Software Update release | |
| 19A602 | October 15, 2019 | Supplemental update | |||
| 19A603 | October 21, 2019 | Revised Supplemental update | |||
| 10.15.1 | 19B88 | October 29, 2019 | 19.0.0 xnu-6153.41.3~29 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.1 Update | macOS 10.15.1 Update |
| 10.15.2 | 19C57 | December 10, 2019 | 19.2.0 xnu-6153.61.1~20 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.2 Update | macOS 10.15.2 Update |
| 19C58 | |||||
| 10.15.3 | 19D76 | January 28, 2020 | 19.3.0 xnu-6153.81.5~1 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.3 Update | macOS 10.15.3 Update |
| 10.15.4 | 19E266 | March 24, 2020 | 19.4.0 xnu-6153.101.6~15 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.4 Update | macOS 10.15.4 Update |
| 19E287 | April 8, 2020 | Supplemental update | macOS 10.15.4 Supplemental Update | ||
| 10.15.5 | 19F96 | May 26, 2020 | 19.5.0 xnu-6153.121.1~7 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.5 Update | macOS 10.15.5 Update |
| 19F101 | June 1, 2020 | 19.5.0 xnu-6153.121.2~2 |
Supplemental update | macOS 10.15.5 Supplemental Update | |
| 10.15.6 | 19G73 | July 15, 2020 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.1~9 Jul 5 00:43:10 PDT 2020 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.6 Update | macOS 10.15.6 Update |
| 19G2021 | August 12, 2020 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.1~1 Jun 18 20:49:00 PDT 2020 |
Supplemental update | macOS 10.15.6 Supplemental Update | |
| 10.15.7 | 19H2 | September 24, 2020 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.2~1 Mon Aug 31 22:12:52 PDT 2020 |
About the macOS Catalina 10.15.7 Update | macOS 10.15.7 Update |
| 19H4 | October 27, 2020 | ||||
| 19H15 | November 5, 2020 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.2.2~1 Thu Oct 29 22:56:45 PDT 2020 |
Supplemental update | macOS 10.15.7 Supplemental Update | |
| 19H114 | December 14, 2020 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.10~1 Tue Nov 10 00:10:30 PST 2020 |
About the security content of Security Update 2020-001 | Security Update 2020-001 (Catalina) | |
| 19H512 | February 1, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.16~1 Tue Jan 12 22:13:05 PST 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-001 | Security Update 2021-001 (Catalina) | |
| 19H524 | February 9, 2021 | Supplemental Update | macOS Catalina 10.15.7 Supplemental Update 2 | ||
| 19H1030 | April 26, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.28.1~1 Mon Apr 12 20:57:45 PDT 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-002 | Security Update 2021-002 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1217 | May 24, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.33~1 Thu May 6 00:48:39 PDT 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-003 | Security Update 2021-003 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1323 | July 21, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.35~1 Thu Jun 22 19:49:55 PDT 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-004 | Security Update 2021-004 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1417 | September 13, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.40~1 Tue Aug 24 20:28:00 PDT 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-005 | Security Update 2021-005 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1419 | September 23, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.40.1~1 Thu Sep 16 20:58:47 PDT 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-006 | Security Update 2021-006 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1519 | October 25, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.43~1 Tue Oct 12 18:34:05 PDT 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-007 | Security Update 2021-007 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1615 | December 13, 2021 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.50~1 Sun Nov 14 19:58:51 PST 2021 |
About the security content of Security Update 2021-008 | Security Update 2021-008 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1713 | January 26, 2022 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.51~3 Thu Jan 13 01:26:33 PST 2022 |
About the security content of Security Update 2022-001 | Security Update 2022-001 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1715 | February 14, 2022 | Security Update 2022-002 | Security Update 2022-002 (Catalina) | ||
| 19H1824 | March 14, 2022 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.59~1 Tue Feb 15 21:39:11 PST 2022 |
About the security content of Security Update 2022-003 | Security Update 2022-003 (Catalina) | |
| 19H1922 | May 16, 2022 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.62~1 Mon Apr 18 21:50:40 PDT 2022 |
About the security content of Security Update 2022-004 | Security Update 2022-004 (Catalina) | |
| 19H2026 | July 20, 2022 | 19.6.0 xnu-6153.141.66~1 Tue Jun 21 21:18:39 PDT 2022 |
About the security content of Security Update 2022-005 | Security Update 2022-005 (Catalina) |
References
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- "Apple security updates". Apple Support. July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
- "Apple previews macOS Catalina" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
- Carman, Ashley (November 10, 2020). "Apple announces macOS Big Sur release date". The Verge. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- "Apple unveils macOS 11.0 Big Sur, featuring a new aesthetic and redesigned apps". TechCrunch. June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- "1175225 - chromium - An open-source project to help move the web forward. - Monorail". bugs.chromium.org. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
- "1679929 - Cap the User-Agent string's reported macOS version at 10.15". bugzilla.mozilla.org. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
- "217364 – [macOS] Bump reported current shipping release UA to 10_15_7". bugs.webkit.org. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
- "How to upgrade to macOS Catalina". Apple Support. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019.
- "How to upgrade to macOS Mojave". Apple Support. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019.
- "macOS Catalina Patcher". dosdude1.com. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
- Statt, Nick (February 16, 2018). "Twitter discontinues its Mac desktop app after years of spotty support". The Verge. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- Warren, Tom (June 3, 2019). "Apple unveils new macOS update with iPad apps". The Verge. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- "iOS apps will run on macOS with Project Catalyst". June 3, 2019.
- "SystemExtensions". Apple Developer Documentation.
- System Extensions and DriverKit. Apple Developer Documentation.
- "Kernel Extensions Won't Work in macOS 10.16". The Mac Observer. March 26, 2020.
- "Apple begins phasing out kernel extensions in macOS 10.15.4". AppleInsider. March 25, 2020.
- "DriverKit". Apple Developer Documentation.
- "Developer ID: Upcoming Requirements". Apple Developer.
- Shankland, Stephen (June 7, 2019). "Here are 6 MacOS Catalina security changes coming from Apple this fall". CNET.
- "Voice Control" (PDF). September 2019.
Voice Control lets users control the entire device with spoken commands and specialized tools, while Siri is an intelligent assistant that lets users ask for information and complete everyday tasks using natural language. Voice Control offers comprehensive capabilities such as voice gestures, name and number labels, grid overlays, text editing commands, and deep customization, while Siri assists with setting reminders, making appointments, looking up directions, and learning game scores.
- O'Hara, Andrew. "You can use your iPad as a second display with Sidecar in macOS Catalina". AppleInsider. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- Cunningham, Andrew (October 7, 2019). "macOS 10.15 Catalina: The Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
- Peters, Jay (October 7, 2019). "You need a MacBook with a butterfly keyboard or a modern Mac desktop to use macOS Catalina's Sidecar". The Verge. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
- "Supporting New Game Controllers". Apple Developer. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- "Apple adding support for PS4, Xbox One controllers to iOS, TVOS and MacOS". CNET. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- "iOS 13: How to connect a PlayStation controller or Xbox game controller to your iPhone and iPad". 9to5mac. September 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- "How To Connect PS4, Xbox One Controller To iPhone, Apple TV, Mac". ValueWalk. September 2, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- Oakley, Howard (November 11, 2019). "Time Machine and backing up in Catalina". Eclectic Light. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- Carman, Ashley (June 3, 2019). "Apple breaks up iTunes, creates separate Podcasts, TV, and Music apps for macOS". The Verge. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- Roettgers, Janko (June 3, 2019). "Apple Is Officially Killing iTunes, Replacing It With Three Dedicated Media Apps". Variety. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- Conner, Katie (September 10, 2019). "235 Mac apps get the ax with Apple's next update. Here's how you find them on your rig". CNET.
- "Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac - Apple Support". Retrieved July 1, 2019.
- Landau, Ted; Frakes, Dan (December 20, 2005). Mac OS X Help Line, Tiger Edition. Peachpit Press. ISBN 9780132705240.
- Statt, Nick (June 4, 2019). "Apple will permanently remove Dashboard in macOS Catalina". The Verge. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
- "macOS 10.15 Catalina Deprecates UNIX Scripting Languages". The Mac Observer. June 5, 2019.
- "macOS 10.15 Beta Release Notes". Apple Developer. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
Scripting language runtimes such as Python, Ruby, and Perl are included in macOS for compatibility with legacy software. Future versions of macOS won't include scripting language runtimes by default, and might require you to install additional packages.
- "Can not connect my 2 macs with AirDrop". discussions.apple.com.
- Cunningham, Andrew (October 27, 2022). "Apple clarifies security update policy: Only the latest OSes are fully patched". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- Cunningham, Andrew (November 12, 2021). "PSA: Apple isn't actually patching all the security holes in older versions of macOS". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- "Analyzing a watering hole campaign using macOS exploits". Google. November 11, 2021. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- Cunningham, Andrew (October 7, 2019). "macOS 10.15 Catalina: The Ars Technica review: Conclusions". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- Shayer, David (October 21, 2019). "Six Reasons Why iOS 13 and Catalina Are So Buggy". TidBITS. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- Mod, Craig. "Brilliant Hardware in the Valley of the Software Slump". Craig Mod. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- Gruber, John. "My 2019 Apple Report Card". Daring Fireball. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- Bohn, Dieter (October 7, 2019). "macOS Catalina review: transition period". The Verge. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- Gruber, John. "What You See in the Finder Should Always Be Correct". Daring Fireball. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- Snell, Jason (January 31, 2020). "Apple in 2019: The Six Colors report card". Six Colors. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
External links
- macOS Catalina at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-11-09) – official site
- macOS Catalina download page at Apple
