Macracanthorhynchus

Macracanthorhynchus, also known as the giant thorny-headed worm of swine, is a member of the Oligacanthorhynchidae which contains four species.

Macracanthorhynchus
Adult Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Class: Archiacanthocephala
Order: Oligacanthorhynchida
Family: Oligacanthorhynchidae
Genus: Macracanthorhynchus
Trevassos, 1917
Species
  • M. catulinus Kostylev, 1927
  • M. erinacei Dollfus, 1953
  • M. hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781)
  • M. ingens (Linstow, 1879)

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on at least one of the four species in the genus, M. ingens, and confirms that this species beongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.[1] The type species for Macracanthorhynchus is.

Archiacanthocephala
Archiacanthocephala
Oligacanthorhynchidae

Macracanthorhynchus ingens

Oncicola venezuelensis

Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa

Nephridiacanthus major

Pachysentis canicola

Moniliformidae

Moniliformis moniliformis

Gigantorhynchida

Mediorhynchus sp.

Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus

Phylogenetic reconstruction for select species in the class Archiacanthocephala based on a 28S rRNA gene comparison from Gomes et. al (2019) and a 18S rDNA gene comparison from Amin et al. (2020).[2][3] Amin et al. (2022) used the 18S rDNA gene and ITS1-5.8-ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA comparisons to add P. canicola phylogenetically to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.[1]

Species

There are four species in the genus Macracanthorhynchus.[lower-alpha 1]

  • Macracanthorhynchus catulinus Kostylev, 1927
  • Macracanthorhynchus erinacei Dollfus, 1953
  • Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781)

M. hirudinaceus is a parasite which lives in the intestines of pigs and other suids, and very occasionally in humans or dogs. It causes enteritis, gastritis or peritonitis. Its life cycle includes beetles of the genus Melolontha as intermediate hosts. This species has many synonyms which include: Echinorhynchus gigas (Block, 1782), Macracanthorhynchus gigas (Block, 1782),[4] Echinorhynchus hirundinacea (Palas, 1781), Gigantorhynchus hirundinaceus (Pallas, 1781), Gigantorhynchus gigas (Block, 1782),[5] Hormorhynchus gigas (Block, 1782), Taenia haeruca (Pallas, 1776), and Taenia hirundinaceus (Pallas, 1781)[6] The complete mitochondrial genome of M. hirudinaceus has been sequenced.[7] The eggs have 4 membranes are 98 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.85.[8]

  • Macracanthorhynchus ingens (Linstow, 1879)

The eggs have 3 membranes are 94 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.66.[8] It parasitizes the raccoon (Procyon lotor) in the United States.[3]

Notes
  1. A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.

References
  1. Amin, Omar M.; Chaudhary, Anshu; Heckmann, Richard A.; Swenson, Julie; Singh, Hridaya S. (2022-03-01). "Redescription and Molecular Characterization of Pachysentis canicola Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) in Texas". Acta Parasitologica. 67 (1): 275–287. doi:10.1007/s11686-021-00458-5. PMID 34345996. S2CID 236914933. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  2. Gomes, Ana Paula N.; Amin, Omar M.; Olifiers, Natalie; Bianchi, Rita de Cassia; Souza, Joyce G. R.; Barbosa, Helene S.; Maldonado, Arnaldo (2019). "A New Species of Pachysentis Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species". Acta Parasitologica. 64 (3): 587–595. doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6. PMC 6814649. PMID 31286360.
  3. Amin, O.M.; Sharifdini, M.; Heckmann, R.A.; Zarean, M. (2020). "New perspectives on Nephridiacanthus major (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) collected from hedgehogs in Iran". Journal of Helminthology. 94: e133. doi:10.1017/S0022149X20000073. PMID 32114988. S2CID 211725160.
  4. "Acanthocephala". Archived from the original on 2010-08-04. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  5. Zoonosis y Enfermedades Transmisibles Comunes al Hombre y a los Animales: Parasitosis, Pan American Health Org. 3 edition (31 Dec 2003) ISBN 978-92-75-31993-2
  6. ITIS - Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
  7. "Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (ID 15792) - Genome - NCBI".
  8. Pfenning, A. C. (2017). Egg morphology, dispersal, and transmission in acanthocephalan parasites: integrating phylogenetic and ecological approaches.Url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=csh_etd


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