Chuck E. Cheese

Two children in the Ticket Blaster, where children having birthday parties can collect as many tickets as they can before the time expires

A girl playing in the now-removed SkyTubes play area

Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre was founded by Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, who sought to expand video-game arcades beyond adult locations like pool halls to family friendly venues.[2][3] His experience in the amusement park industry, and his fondness for the Enchanted Tiki Room[4] and the Country Bear Jamboree at Disneyland, influenced his concept for Pizza Time Theatre.[5][6] He has said, "It was my pet project ... I chose pizza because of the wait time and the build schedule—very few components, and not too many ways to screw it up."[7]

Prior to founding Atari, Bushnell would drive around the Bay Area with Atari co-founder Ted Dabney looking at different pizza parlors and restaurants to brainstorm concepts. "Chuck E. Cheese was always his (Nolan's) passion project, even before Atari was a thing," said Dabney. "He wanted to start a business of family-friendly restaurants with amusement park midway games. I think initially it made no fiscal sense, so he shelved it for a while, but then when Atari took off, he had the means to pursue it, plus a built-in distribution model for Atari's new releases."[8]

When his first animatronic show was being assembled, Bushnell learned the costume he had bought for his main character, a coyote, was actually a rat, prompting him to suggest changing the name from "Coyote Pizza" to "Rick Rat's Pizza". His marketing team believed this name would not be appealing to customers and proposed "Chuck E. Cheese" instead. The company adopted the rat as their mascot.[9]

The first Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theater opened in San Jose, California, in 1977.[10][2][11] In 1978, when Atari's then-corporate parent Warner Communications refused to open additional locations, Bushnell purchased the rights to the concept and characters from Warner for $500,000.[12] Gene Landrum then resigned from Atari and was made the restaurants' president and chief operating officer.[13][14] By the end of December 1979, there were seven PTT locations, six in California and one in Nevada (Sparks).[15] Its animatronics were produced fully in-house by PTT employees.

To expand beyond California and the west coast, Bushnell began to franchise, resulting in a co-development agreement between himself and Robert Brock of Topeka Inn Management in June 1979.[16] The agreement handed Brock exclusive franchising rights for opening Pizza Time Theatres in sixteen states across the Southern and Midwestern United States,[12] while also forming a company subdivision, "Pizza Show Biz", to develop the Pizza Time Theatres.[12]

Late in 1979, Brock became aware of Aaron Fechter of Creative Engineering, Inc. and his work in animatronics. In November 1979, he scouted Fechter's business and concluded that Creative Engineering's animatronics would be too strong a competition for Bushnell's work. Brock therefore requested that Bushnell release him from their co-development agreement, wishing to develop with Fechter instead.[12]

In December 1979 Brock and Fechter formed ShowBiz Pizza Place Inc., and Brock gave notice to sever his development relationship with Bushnell.[12][17] ShowBiz Pizza Place was conceptually identical to Pizza Time Theatre in all aspects except for animation, which would be provided by Creative Engineering.[12] ShowBiz Pizza Place opened its first location on March 3, 1980, in Kansas City, Missouri.[11]

Upon the opening of ShowBiz Pizza Place, Bushnell sued Brock and Topeka Inn Management over breach of contract.[12] Brock immediately issued a counter-suit against Bushnell, citing misrepresentation.[12] The court case began in March 1980, eventually settling out of court with Showbiz agreeing to pay Pizza Time Theatre a portion of its profits over the following decade.[12] During this period, Topeka Inn Management changed its name to Brock Hotel Corporation and moved its headquarters to Irving, Texas.[12] Both restaurants experienced increased success as the video game industry became more robust.[12] To maintain competition, both franchises continually modified and diversified their animatronic shows.

An older Chuck E. Cheese location under the now-defunct title of Chuck E Cheese's Pizza

In 1981, Pizza Time Theatre went public; they lost $15 million in 1983. By early 1984, Bushnell's debts were insurmountable, resulting in the filing of Chapter 11 bankruptcy for Pizza Time Theatre Inc. on March 28, 1984.[11][18] Brock then bought the floundering company, finalizing the purchase in May 1985 and merging the two restaurant companies into ShowBiz Pizza Time Inc.[11][19]

After the merger, both restaurant chains continued operating under their respective titles, while major financial restructuring had begun.[11] During this period, Creative Engineering began to sever ties with ShowBiz Pizza Time (officially splitting in September 1990), resulting in the unification of the two brands. By 1992, all restaurants assumed the name of Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza.[20][21] The name was then shortened to Chuck E. Cheese's by March 1994 after a redesigned concept.[11][22]

In 1998, ShowBiz Pizza Time renamed itself CEC Entertainment, Inc. to reflect the remaining chain brand.[23][11] CEC Entertainment has since acquired additional family restaurant properties, including 13 locations of the now-defunct Discovery Zone in 1999,[24] and all locations of Peter Piper Pizza in October 2014. Peter Piper Pizza still operates under that name.[25]

Chuck E. Cheese's Boulevard Marina in Viña del Mar, Chile

Chuck E. Cheese's Mallplaza in Trujillo, Peru

In 1981, the restaurant franchise debuted in Australia under the name Charlie Cheese's Pizza Playhouse. The name change had to do with the common meaning of the word "chuck", which in Australia is a reference to the phrase "to throw up".[26] Consecutively, Pizza Time Theatre, Inc. also opened at least one restaurant in Hong Kong and Singapore, which both closed shortly thereafter as a result of the initial company's 1984 bankruptcy.[26] Two locations in Puerto Rico franchised by Santa Rosa Enterprises would open in 1983, one in San Juan, Condado[27] in September of that year,[28] and one in the Santa Rosa Mall in Bayamón which would open in either November or December of that year.[29] Both stores would be short lived and would approximately close by the end of 1985. Pizza Time Theatre also opened a location in Creteil, France in 1984, and planned to open a location in Ealing, England in the mid '80s, but the plan failed.[28]

In 1994, 9 years after ShowBiz Pizza Time was formed, the first new international location would open in Santiago, Chile. More restaurants would open in the country, with 13 total stores as of 2023. In the late 90's, there was a plan to expand to Israel, 1998 saw the plan of expanding to Japan first opening in Tokyo. These were never materialized. A expansion for Philippines was planned and the first location would have opened by 2000. However, these plans (like Pizza Time Theatre's plans for future expansion) never materialized. In the Middle East, locations would open in Saudi Arabia beginning in 2001, United Arab Emirates in 2008, Jordan in 2019, Bahrain in 2021, and Qatar in 2022. Three new locations would open in Puerto Rico between 2003 and 2008. Another plan to open in the Philippines was greenlit in January 2013 and would have been located in Glorietta in Makati City, Philippines, but also never happened and the plan was lifted off.[30]

On March 6, 2012, the first Chuck E. Cheese in Mexico would officially open in Monterrey. Beforehand in the 1980's, Chuck E. was depicted as a different, unofficial character known as "Ratón Chito." The unique incarnation appeared through the Boomis Pizza Fiesta chain of establishments. It was originally conceived as a result of closing Pizza Time Theatres in the United States having several of their assets sent to ShowBiz's Mexican-based chain. There, local owners decided to retrofit the Pizza Time Players animatronics into becoming more suitable characters for the country's market demographic.[31] This aspect of ShowBiz Pizza Fiesta would later be spun-off into Boomis, separating itself from the rest of the company. These stores managed to successfully remain in operation until the 2000's, with one in Aguascalientes auctioning off equipment (including the retrofitted Chuck E. Cheese animatronics) as late as October 2018.[32] In 2007, another unlicensed establishment entitled "Chucky Cheeze" would open at the Plaza Marina building in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. Unlike Boomis, this stand-alone location did not contain animatronics, only copying the name and "Avenger" design of the Chuck E. Cheese character. It was very short lived as it permanently closed around December 2011, just a year prior to Chuck E. Cheese's official introduction in Mexico.[33] As of 2023, the Chucky Cheeze tenant within Plaza Marina has remained in a state of abandonment, as the inside has never been touched since closing in 2011.[34]

In 2022, it was announced that the first Chuck E. Cheese in Egypt would open in Sheik Zayed's Royal Mall, although it has not opened yet as of February 2023.[35]

In February 2023, a third Chuck E. Cheese location opened in Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, after the Chaguanas location in 2014, and the San Fernando location in 2016, although the San Fernando location closed sometime in January 2023.[36]

Currently, Chuck E. Cheese locations are planned to open in Jamaica in late 2023, Guyana in 2024, and another in Jamaica by 2025, as well as a store in Romania, although it is unknown when that store will open.[36]

As of August 2023, Chuck E. Cheese operates 568 corporate and franchised locations, as well as 122 Peter Piper Pizza restaurants. They are located in 47 states across the United States and in 17 countries and territories around the world.[37]

Former markets:

• Australia (1981-1986)
• France (1984-1986)
• Guam (2010-2020)
• Hong Kong (1982-1987)
• India (2019-2023)
• Jordan (2019-2023)
• Singapore (1983-1986)

Planned markets:

• Dominican Republic
• Egypt
• Guyana
• Jamaica
• Kuwait
• Morocco
• Oman
• Romania

Cancelled markets:

• Israel (planned in the late 1990s, but never happened)
• Japan (planned 1998 and intended to open in 1999, but never happened)
• Philippines (planned 1998 and intended to open in 2000, but never happened, reattempted in 2013 but never happened)
• United Kingdom (planned 1983, but never happened)

By 2012, CEC was struggling with decreasing revenue.[38] They ran a rebranding campaign, changing the rat mascot into a rock star guitar-playing mouse.[39] In-store restaurant sales continued to decline through 2013 but merchandising and box office revenue increased.[40]

In February 2014, Apollo Global Management acquired CEC Entertainment, Inc. for $54 per share, or about $950 million.[41][42] In October 2014, under Apollo Global Management, CEC Entertainment announced that they would purchase their Phoenix-based competitor, Peter Piper Pizza from ACON Investments.[43]

In August 2017, the company began to pilot a new design concept at seven remodeled locations (three in Kansas City, three in San Antonio, one in Selma, Texas), branded as Chuck E. Cheese Pizzeria & Games. These locations feature more upscale decor with a "muted" interior color scheme, an open kitchen, the "Play Pass" card system to replace arcade tokens, and the animatronic stage show replaced by a dance floor area. These changes, along with expansions to food offerings, were intended to help the chain be more appealing to adults and encourage family dining as opposed to primarily hosting parties.[44][45]

In 2019, the corporation announced it would go public on the New York Stock Exchange through a shell company, Leo Holdings Corporation, of which Apollo will still own 51%.[46] Bloomberg also reported that after going public, Chuck E. Cheese would no longer have animatronic animals as part of the entertainment.[47] The proposed merger between CEC Entertainment and Leo Holdings Corporation was terminated on July 29, 2019.[48]

The COVID-19 pandemic has been financially damaging to the parent company, and with an estimated $1–2 billion in debt, the possibility exists of all CEC properties being forced to close if bankruptcy refinancing fails.[49] CEC Entertainment solicited $200 million in loans to finance a restructuring under bankruptcy protection.[50] They also filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas on June 25, 2020.[51] In December 2020, CEC Entertainment, the owners of Chuck E. Cheese and Peter Piper Pizza chains, emerged from its June bankruptcy under the ownership selling of its lenders led by Monarch Alternative Capital.[52][53]

A 2001 Chuck E. Cheese token

Since the company's inception, one of the primary draws for the business has been its video arcade offering inside restaurants.[2][23] Within the arcade, customers can play coin-operated video games or redemption games, the latter of which involves games of skill that reward players in the form of tickets based on score. Tickets can be redeemed later for merchandise, such as candy and toys. In late 2020, paper tickets were retired and replaced with electronic tickets, which are stored on the Play Pass cards.[54][55]

The coin-op games originally accepted brass tokens issued by the company, stamped with various logos and branding that evolved over time. The company experimented with a card access method as a replacement for tokens in the late 2000s, which allowed customers to load credits onto a card that could then be swiped for access at arcade games and refilled later. It was tested under different names including "Chuck E.'s Super Discount Card" and "Chuck E. Token Card". In late 2016, a new card system known as "Chuck E.'s Play Pass" was introduced to replace tokens throughout the chain. [56][57][58]

Chuck E. Cheese "Studio C Beta" animatronic, 2017

Munch's Make Believe Band "1 stage", 2009

Another primary draw for the centers since their beginning through to the mid-2010s has been its animatronic shows.[59] There have historically been several different styles of animatronic shows in use within the company, details of which would vary depending on when the location opened, whether it was renovated, available room for animatronic stages, and other factors.[60] Over the years, these animatronics have often been supplemented by (and in recent years been completely replaced by) costumed characters.

When the first location opened in 1977, the animatronic characters were featured as busts in framed portraits hanging on the walls of the main dining area. The original show featured Crusty The Cat (the first character to face retirement as he was soon replaced with Mr. Munch in 1978), Pasqually the singing chef, Jasper T. Jowls, the Warblettes, and the main focus of the show, Chuck E. Cheese.[61] By 1979, many restaurants had also added "Cabaret" shows in separate rooms of each restaurant.[2] One of the early Cabaret characters was Dolli Dimples, a hippopotamus who played the piano and sang in the blues/jazz style of performer Pearl Bailey.[62][63] The in-house control system consisted of a 6502-based controller in a card cage with various driver boards was called "Cyberamics".[64][65]

While Fechter separately produced the Rock-afire Explosion animatronics for ShowBiz Pizza through the early 1980s, Bushnell and Pizza Time Theatre continued work on characters for their portrait format and newer balcony performance stage shows under the umbrella of the Pizza Time Players.[66] Development on Cabaret concepts slowed greatly after Pizza Time Theatre Inc.'s bankruptcy in 1984 and its purchase by ShowBiz a year later. From 1985 to 1990, the merged company kept their brands (and their respective animatronics) mostly separate.

After Fechter refused to sign over the rights to the Rock-afire Explosion to Showbiz Pizza Time, Inc., "Concept Unification" was undertaken beginning in September 1990 and continuing through 1992, to eliminate Fechter's characters from ShowBiz locations.[67] The animatronics used for ShowBiz's Rock-afire Explosion band was redressed as "Munch's Make Believe Band", with new costumes.[68] In the mid-1990s, the character Chuck E. Cheese began to see significant design changes. His vest (or suit) and derby hat were changed for a baseball cap, casual shirt, and optional sneakers in an attempt to appeal to a younger audience.

In August 1996, a test stage at the Valley View Mall/Montfort Drive location in Dallas, TX was created, the first attempt for a single-character animatronic stage,The Awesome Adventure Machine. This animatronic show consisted of neon flashy lights, & items around the show. This stage took over what is commonly referred to a "3-Stage" (a animatronic show converted from a former Rock-a fire explosion show from Showbiz Pizza Place). This animatronic show was never installed in any other location and was removed the following year and replaced by the show listed down below.

Beginning in December 1997 with the Appleton, WI & Dallas, TX locations, the animatronics show was installed in new stores, referred to as "Studio C", consisting of a single animated Chuck E. Cheese character created by Garner Holt alongside large television monitors, lighting effects, and interactive elements.[69] The other characters appear as puppets on the TV screens; In the Rockstar Era, some of the puppets introduced to make the shows child friendly than in the Avenger, including to puppets bought from the puppet stores (i.e. Puppets Inc.), have styles like the ones by The Jim Henson Company, especially The Muppets, and Sesame Street. The control system dubbed "Cyberstar" was redesigned from the ground up and produced by Dave Philipsen. The last non-animatronic stage mass-produced for Chuck E. Cheese, "Circles of Light", premiered in early 2012.

The main characters are:

• Chuck E. Cheese - The titular mascot, a mouse (formerly rat) who is the lead singer of the band. He is outgoing, friendly, and likes singing and entertaining families.
• Helen Henny - The other lead vocalist, a female chicken who is into gaming. She is sometimes shown to have a crush on Chuck E.
• Mr. Munch - The keyboardist, a purple monster-alien who has a habit of eating anything, including pizza.
• Jasper T. Jowls - The guitarist, a bloodhound dog hailing from Tennessee.
• Chef Pasqually - The drummer and the only main human character, he hails from Italy and likes telling jokes.
• Bella Bunny - First introduced in 2018 and later became a main character in 2020 as the band's tambourine player, a Hispanic rabbit who has her own garden.

For stores still featuring animatronics, updated programs for the character are generally distributed on DVD, but for Studio C SD (Studio C Alpha, Beta, and Cappa stages) locations, they continue to use 3 DVDs and a 3.5 inch floppy disk.[70]

In mid-2022, a new system for running the animatronic shows (3-Stage, Cyberamics, and all Studio C SD and HD shows) was introduced that would, instead of using physical media such as DVDs, function using the store's Wi-Fi connection. The implementation of said device caused a problem for the Studio C shows, as their previous show system(s) had special file formats for programming signals, therefore the switch to the new system would cause no animatronic movements to happen, except for a "Random Movements" program. The Munch's Make Believe Band stages (3-Stage, Road Stage, 2-Stage, 1-Stage, CU 1-Stage, and the Lynnwood, Washington location's "Cyberamic 3-Stage") were not affected by this change of systems.

In July 2012, the long-standing rat mascot was rebranded, changing to a slimmer rock star mouse who plays electric guitar. Voice actor Duncan Brannan, who for 19 years had characterized Chuck E. Cheese as a wise-cracking rat from New Jersey, was replaced with Jaret Reddick, the frontman and guitarist for the pop punk band Bowling for Soup.[39][71]

By 2015, the "Chuck E. Live Stage" also known as "Stage V2", which featured no animatronics at all, a modernized dance floor, and performances only with costumed characters, had been created. In 2017, the chain announced that animatronic shows would be removed entirely in favor of this design in seven pilot locations.[72] After the pilot locations showed promise, retirement of animatronics at Chuck E. Cheese locations accelerated and continued through 2019, by which time 80 of its stores were expected to be retrofitted to the new design.[73][74]