Mahamat Déby

After initially refusing to negotiate with insurgent groups, Déby softened his stance in August 2021, proposing a national dialogue. After his proposal was met with approval by rebel groups,[21] peace talks between government and rebel representatives started two months later. These peace talks culminated in the August 8th, 2022 peace agreement, signed in Doha, which established a national dialogue between Déby's government and the opposition,[22] intended to prepare the country for elections scheduled for the second half of 2022.[23] The peace agreement, though, was rejected by FACT and other opposition groups, as well as by civil society groups, who cited the absence of a guaranteed return to civilian rule.[24] This lack of support for the peace agreement led to limited participation in the national dialogue.[25] Without major opposition and civilian participation in the national dialogue, it concluded to extend the transition and postpone elections until at least October 2024.[25][26] In March 2023, Déby pardoned 380 jailed FACT members, many of whom were among the 400+ sentenced to life in prison for the death of his father,[27] in an attempt to have the group join peace talks, following their non-participation in the national dialogue.[28]

The Transitional Military Council's October 3 postponing of elections was met with significant pro-democracy demonstrations on Oct. 20th, the initial date of elections. These demonstrations primarily took place in the cities of N'Djamena and Moundou, and were primarily orchestrated by the opposition group Wakit Tamma and Succès Masra, leader of the Les Transformateurs party.[29] In response to the demonstrations, government security forces violently cracked down on protesters and the government orchestrated a days long internet blackout.[25] The violence ended in the deaths of between 50 and 200, including journalist Orédjé Narcisse, and the arrests of at least 600.[25][30] Of those 600+, 342 ended up sentenced to between 1 and 3 years in prison for charges related to the protests. The day was later deemed "Black Thursday" for the violence.[30] Following the demonstrations, Déby blamed protesters and organizers for the violence, and justified the government response by the claiming the protests were an organized insurrection.[31] Following the protests, various opposition political parties were suspended, among them Les Transformateurs and the Chadian Socialist Party.[32]

He has received significant support in the West, most notably from France, its former colonial power.[33] Emmanuel Macron attended the funeral of Idriss Déby, where he pledged his support for the junior Déby's government and for the stability of Chad, stability which France further supported through Operation Barkhane, which positioned a 5,000+ French force in the Sahel, with their headquarters in Chad.[34] Déby also visited Macron at the Élysée Palace in June 2021, where the two discussed the political transition in Chad.[35] Despite the 2021 termination of Operation Barkhane, France has not demonstrated any wavering in their support of Déby and continues to position troops in the region,[36][37] despite having moved the remaining core of their Sahel forces to Niger.[38]

In July 2021 he counted on Qatar for reconciliation and economic operations in the nation of Chad.[39] Under his administration Chad's gross domestic product grew by 1.1% growth 2021 and 2.4% in 2022.[40]

On 22 November 2022 an attack was launched by Boko Haram in the village of Ngouboua, killing at least 10 soldiers of the Chad National Army. Déby had previously stated that the organization had been attacking civilians with increased frequency, as they "no longer [had] the strength to hit bases".[41]

In 2022 normal rainfalls occurred across Central Africa and West Africa between July and August.[42] In mid August floods began in Chad killing 22 people. An estimated 442,000 people were displaced[43] and a state of emergency was declared.[44]