Main North railway line, New South Wales

The Main North Line (also known as the Great Northern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs through the Central Coast, Hunter and New England regions. The line was the original main line between Sydney and Brisbane, however this required a change of gauge at Wallangarra. As of 1988, the line closed progressively north of Armidale with services gradually withdrawn till 2004, with the main route between Sydney and Brisbane now the North Coast line.

Main North Line
Overview
Termini
Technical
Line length781 km (485 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in)
Electrification1,500 V DC (up to Broadmeadow}
Highest elevation1,363 m (4,472 ft)
Route map

012
Strathfield
000
North Strathfield
Concord West
Rhodes
Meadowbank
West Ryde
Denistone
Eastwood
023
Epping
Cheltenham
Beecroft
Pennant Hills
Thornleigh
Normanhurst
034
Hornsby
Asquith
Mount Colah
Mount Kuring-gai
45
Berowra
limit of suburban passenger services
Cowan
Hawkesbury River
Mullet Creek Tunnel
Wondabyne
Woy Woy
Koolewong
Tascott
Point Clare
Gosford Racecourse
081
Gosford
Narara
Niagara Park
Lisarow
Ourimbah
Kangy Angy Maintenance Centre
Tuggerah
101
Wyong
Warnervale
Wyee
Vales Point coal unloader
Morisset
Dora Creek
Eraring coal unloader
Awaba
Fassifern
Newstan colliery
Booragul
Teralba
Boolaroo
Boolaroo Racecourse
Cockle Creek
Sulphide Junction Platform
Cardiff
Kotara
Adamstown
163
Broadmeadow
limit of electrification
Waratah
Hanbury Dive
Warabrook (University)
to Kooragang Island coal loaders
Sandgate Cemetery branch
Sandgate
Hexham
Tarro
Beresfield
Thornton
Bloomfield Colliery
Metford
Victoria Street
East Maitland
High Street
193
Maitland
Farley
Lochinvar
Allandale
Greta
Whitburn Colliery
Branxton
Belford
Minimbah
Whittingham
Hunter Valley collieries line
239
Singleton
Camberwell and Rixs Creek collieries
Nundah
Glennies Creek
Mount Owen colliery
Ravensworth
Hunter Valley collieries line
Mount Arthur and Drayton collieries
Antiene
Grasstree
Muswellbrook
Merriwa line to Ulan and Gulgong
Koolbury
Dartbrook colliery
Aberdeen
315
Scone
limit of intercity passenger services
Parkville
Wingen
Murrulla
Blandford
Murrurundi
Temple Court
Ardglen
Kankool
Willow Tree
Braefield
Quirindi
Quipolly
411
Werris Creek
Warrigundi
Currabubula
Belgamba
Duri
Warral
West Tamworth
455
Tamworth
Nemingha
Tintinhull
Kootingal
Limbri
Danglemah
Woolbrook
Walcha Road
Wollun
Kentucky South
Kentucky
Uralla
Kellys Plains
579
Armidale
limit of passenger services
Dumaresq
Exmouth
Black Mountain
Guyra
Llangothlin
Ben Lomond
Glencoe
Stonehenge
Glen Innes
Yarraford
Dundee
Deepwater
Greenley
Bolivia
Sandy Flat
Bungulla
Tenterfield
Sunnyside
792
Wallangarra
km

Description of route

The line starts as a branch off the Main Suburban line at Strathfield in Sydney. The line heads north as a quadruple track electrified line to Rhodes, crossing the John Whitton Bridge over the Parramatta River as a double track line. At West Ryde the line again expands out to four tracks through to Epping. The line is then largely double track through the northern suburbs of Sydney, crossing the Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge, before passing through the Central Coast.

At Fassifern, a former branch line to Toronto divided off in an eastwards direction until closed in 1990. The line continues north to Broadmeadow in the inner western suburbs of Newcastle. North of Broadmeadow is the junction with the Newcastle branch line, where electrification of the main line ends. However, electrification continues along the branch line to Newcastle Interchange terminus at Wickham, with the branch line beyond Wickham to the former Newcastle station having been closed and lifted from December 2014.

Pacific National 92 class locomotives hauling a coal train over the Hunter River at Singleton

The line then swings westwards as four tracks; two main line and two coal roads traverse the outer suburbs of Newcastle to Maitland. The two coal roads run to the Newcastle coal lines, which serve a number of collieries along the route. Maitland is the junction of the North Coast line which continues to Brisbane and the Main North line. The line becomes double track immediately west of Maitland and heads through the Upper Hunter Valley townships of Branxton, Singleton and Muswellbrook where the double track ends.

Muswellbrook is the junction point for the former cross country line to Sandy Hollow and Gulgong. The Main North continues northwards through the Ardglen Tunnel to Werris Creek, where the Mungindi Line branches off to Moree, and a former cross country branch continues to Binnaway and ultimately Dubbo.

Sunnyside rail bridge over Tenterfield Creek has fallen into disrepair, 2015

The line continues north, but sees limited traffic beyond Werris Creek. The line reaches the major New England towns of Tamworth and Armidale, the latter being the northernmost extent of service on the line. Until the mid-2000s freight traffic continued to the disused station at Dumaresq which is home to a now-also-disused agricultural fertilizer depot. There is now wire across the corridor at several points between Armidale and Dumaresq, after which the line is closed. A block is placed across the tracks a short distance from Dumaresq, at the 590 kilometre mark. North of Glen Innes the line, and particularly its bridges, have fallen into disrepair. In December 1991 the line was severed when the Roads & Traffic Authority built a deviation of the New England Highway over the line at Bluff Rock south of Tenterfield.[1] At Wallangarra, the line met Queensland Railways' Southern railway line.

History

Abandoned section of the Main North line north of Armidale with a post marking the distance from Sydney Central station
Wallangarra rail ticket 1989

The Main North line, formerly known as the Great Northern Railway (GNR), was the original mainline between Sydney and Brisbane. The first section of the Main North line was built in 1857 from the port of Newcastle to East Maitland as the Hunter River Railway Company's line.[2][3] The line was then extended to Victoria Street, Maitland in 1858. It was extended to Singleton in 1863, Muswellbrook in 1869, Scone in 1871 and Murrurundi in 1872.

The GNR was then extended beyond Scone to Werris Creek and West Tamworth in 1878, Armidale in 1883, and reached the Queensland border at Wallangarra in 1888.[4] The North Coast line to Brisbane, via the North Coast was opened in stages between 1905 and 1930, but a ferry carried trains across the Clarence River until the Grafton Bridge was completed in 1932. The Newcastle rail network remained independent of the main network radiating from Sydney until 1889, when the line between Sydney and Newcastle was completed with the opening of the Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge. Thus Newcastle was connected by rail with Wallangarra before it was connected with Sydney, such was the difficulty and expense of reaching and bridging the Hawkesbury River.

The Sydney to Newcastle section, Homebush to Waratah, had difficult topography to overcome, including crossing the Hawkesbury River, traversing the Mullet Creek bank and constructing the Woy Woy Tunnel. From the south, the line was opened between Homebush and Hornsby in 1886, then extended to Hawkesbury River in 1887. From the north, the line opened between Waratah and Gosford in 1887.[4] Progress in the construction of the last section between Hawkesbury River and Gosford occurred when the Woy Woy Tunnel opened in 1887, then Mullet Creek to Gosford in 1888 and finally Hawkesbury River to Mullet Creek in 1889 when the original Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge was built.[5]

In 1892, the line was duplicated from Strathfield to Hornsby,[6] and electrified in 1926 as part of the Bradfield electrification scheme. The line was further electrified to Gosford in January 1960, Wyong in April 1982[7] and Newcastle in June 1984.[8] Freight trains were hauled by electric locomotives until March 1998.[9]

Branch lines

Several lines branch from the Main North Line, including:

Services

The line was serviced by the overnight Northern Mail until it ceased in November 1988.[10] The Northern Tablelands Express provided a daylight service to Glen Innes, with some journeys extended to Tenterfield until truncated in October 1985 to Armidale[11] and in February 1990 to Tamworth.[12]

NSW TrainLink North Coast and North Western operates regional and intercity passenger services along the Main North line. A daily North Western train operates from Sydney to Werris Creek before dividing, one operating along the Main North line to Armidale, the other section operating along the North-West line to Moree. Central Coast & Newcastle Line intercity passenger services operate between Sydney and Newcastle. The Hunter Line operates between Newcastle, Maitland and Scone, with a branch to Dungog on the North Coast line. Sydney Trains operates suburban passenger services in the section between Strathfield and Berowra.

The section between Strathfield and Maitland forms part of the interstate line between Sydney and Brisbane and sees intermodal freight traffic carried between the two cities. The section of line in the Hunter Valley sees intensive coal train working, with the section between Broadmeadow and Maitland one of the busiest freight lines in Australia.

Developments

The line was hampered by the rugged terrain and a change of gauge at Wallangarra for traffic to Queensland. The line was superseded as the principal route to Brisbane by the completion of the North Coast Line in 1930. Despite being bypassed, the line remained busy for many years afterwards, with the line instead becoming the major freight link to the wheat and wool regions of northern and north-west New South Wales.

In 1988, the newly elected Greiner State Government commissioned a report into the State Rail Authority by Booz Allen Hamilton. As a result, the line between Tenterfield and Wallangarra was closed. The last train to operate north of Tenterfield was an Australian Railway Historical Society charter on 15 January 1988 hauled by diesel locomotive 4487.[13] The last train to operate north of Glen Innes was hauled by steam locomotive 3001 on 22 October 1989 after which the line was formally suspended from operations.[14][15]

Following the Northern Tablelands Express being truncated in February 1990, the line north of Tamworth saw little use until the Xplorer service was introduced to Armidale in October 1993. The line to Glen Innes was still open in July 1992 when diesel locomotive 4499 operated a crew training service.[16]

There have been attempts to revive freight or tourist traffic to as far as Glen Innes, although these plans have not yet succeeded.

A section of the line between Waratah and Maitland is quadruple track, with one pair being used exclusively for coal trains within the Hunter Valley coal trains and the other pair being used by passenger trains and general freight. The coal tracks from Port Waratah join the line on the eastern side of the other tracks at Scholey Street Junction and pass underneath the other tracks at Hanbury Dive just west of Maud Street, continuing to Maitland on the western side of the other tracks.

In November 1989, a fourth track was added between Eastwood and West Ryde.[17] In the mid-1990s a loop was constructed at Cowan.

The Sandgate Flyover was constructed in 2006 to allow the two passenger/freight tracks to rise and pass over the coal tracks that branch off to Kooragang Island in order to eliminate a capacity restriction caused by the long coal trains crossing the other tracks at grade. Because of the location of the overpass relative to the branch to Kooragang Island, a short section of the line has 6 parallel tracks. The bridge carrying Sandgate Road over the lines had to modified to allow for the additional lines. Sandgate station is flanked by a pair of coal tracks on each side.

As part of the Rail Clearways Program, in August 2006 an additional platform was opened at Berowra,[18] and in March 2009 an additional platform and passing loop was opened at Hornsby.[19]

In 2011, the Northern Sydney Freight Corridor project commenced to improve access for freight trains. This has seen the completion of a loop at Hexham in June 2012,[20] two loops between Gosford and Narara in February 2015,[21] plus an underpass and loop between North Strathfield and Rhodes in June 2015.[22] A third track between Epping and Thornleigh was completed in June 2016.[23]

Engineering heritage award

The Great Northern Railway received a Historic Engineering Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.[24]

See also

References

  1. "Line cut at Bluff Rock" Railway Digest March 1992 page 90
  2. Centenary of the Newcastle-Maitland Railway Wylie, RF Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, March 1957 pp33-45
  3. "The Great Northern Railway Newcastle to Maitland 150 Years On", Walters, Chris Australian Railway History March 2007 pp83-113
  4. "Main North Line". nswrail.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  5. Opening of the Hawkesbury Bridge, The Sydney Morning Herald, Thursday 2 May 1889, p.7 (accessed 30 June 2011)
  6. "NSW Railway Passenger Services 1880–1905". Australian Railway History, April 2005. ARHS NSW Division. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  7. Railway Sign Official Opening Gosford - Wyong Electrification 3 April 1982 Archived 27 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Powerhouse Museum Collection
  8. "The Official Opening of Newcastle Rail Electrification" Railway Digest July 1984 page 218
  9. "Electric Locos" Railway Digest June 1998 page 35
  10. "Requiem for a Mail" Railway Digest January 1989 page 14
  11. "More Timetable Changes" Railway Digest November 1985 page 326
  12. "The New Timetable" Railway Digest March 1990 page 95
  13. "To the Border or Bust" Railway Digest March 1988 page 99
  14. "Gone: "Irish Lyn" and Trains – But at Least the Lizards are Safe" Railway Digest December 1989 page 399
  15. "Glen Innes" Railway Digest December 1989 page 412
  16. Railway Digest October 1992 page 404
  17. "Eastwood – West Ryde Up Suburban line opens" Railway Digest January 1990 page 9
  18. A new platform for Berowra Station from Monday 28 August Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine CityRail 22 August 2006
  19. First Trains Set to Roll into New Hornsby Platform Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Minister for Transport 11 March 2009
  20. Northern Sydney Freight Corridor: One Down; Three To Go Archived 5 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Minister for Infrastructure and Transport 20 July 2012
  21. Gosford Passing Loops Archived 26 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Transport for NSW
  22. Sydney's rail network receives major upgrade Archived 21 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Australian Government
  23. "First track installed for Epping to Thornleigh Third Track project". Australian Government. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  24. "Great Northern Railway, 1857-". Engineers Australia. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
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