Maine Wabanaki-State Truth and Reconciliation Commission

The "Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki People" have occupied many of the Maritime areas in Canada (Quebec, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova-Scotia and New Brunswick) and the United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts) for thousands of years. According to the Institute for the Study of Human Rights at Columbia University, the Wabanaki people share a history of experiencing discriminatory policies. The Doctrine of Discovery (DOD) is one of the policies which was cited a number of times by individuals interviewed by the MWTRC as "the foundation of oppression of Wabanaki Tribes." It has been institutionalized in United States Law by Supreme Court Cases and was responsible for giving Christian Colonizers the power to enslave Indigenous People and take control of their lands. The DOD was also responsible for the creation of the Indian Schooling Board System in the United States which developed schools like the Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879-1918) whose main purpose was to assimilate Indian children into mainstream culture. More than 10,000 aboriginal children attended Carlisle, 186 of whom died while attending.[1][6]

In 1958, the Indian Adoption Project (IAP) was put in place by the help of the United States federal government, the Child Welfare League and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The IAP replaced the institutionalization of Native Children within Boarding School "with a policy of placing Native children for adoption into white homes."[1] In 1966, the IAP was replaced by the Adoption Resource Exchange of North America (ARENA), which continued the work of the IAP by placing Native Indian Children in white homes. Although official numbers cite the IAP as being responsible for the adoption of 395 Native Children, others have argued that in its scope (IAP & ARENA) it has been responsible for the adoption of over 12,486 Native children between 1961 and 1976.[1][7]

In 1978, the United States Federal Government put in place the Indian Child Welfare Act in response to the crisis affecting Native children and families. Research had found 25% to 30% of Native children were being taken from their homes and that 85% of these children were being placed outside of their families and communities even when relatives deemed fit and willing were available. The ICWA was created to protect "Indian Children's best interest" while promoting "the stability and security of Indian tribes and families".[8][9]

When the Maine Wabanaki-State Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created, it had seven objectives:

• giving a "voice to Wabanaki people who have had experiences with Maine state child welfare",
• giving a voice to those working in tribal and state welfare system as well as care providers and those involved in the legal system with regards to their experiences with Wabanaki families,
• establishing a more complete history "of the Wabanaki people in the state child welfare system",
• collaborating with TRC Community and Convening Groups "to provide opportunities for healing and deeper understanding for Wabanaki people and state child welfare staff",
• improving child welfare practices and creating sustainable changes which strive to create the best child welfare system,
• ensuring that lessons learnt by MWTRC are not forgotten by providing recommendations to tribal and state governments and "to further the objectives of the Commission",
• and to "Promote individual, relational, systemic and cultural reconciliation."[1]

[10]

Matthew Dunlap

• Matthew Dunlap: Maine's Secretary of State.
• gkisedtanamoogk: (key-said-TAH-NAH-mook) is Wampanoag from the community of Mashpee located on Massachusetts’ Cape Cod. He is a family member of Nkeketonseonqikom, the Longhouse of the Otter.
• Gail Werrbach: a faculty member at the University of Maine School of Social Work for the past 25 years. She is currently Director and Associate Professor at the School.
• Sandy White Hawk: a Sicangu Lakota adoptee from the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota" and "is the founder and Director of First Nations Repatriation Institute"
• Carol Wishcamper: has an organizational development consulting practice, working primarily with nonprofit organizations in Maine.[11]

When the WBTRC submitted its final report it had gathered approximately a hundred and fifty nine statements from native and non-native individuals which included native elders, foster parents, former children who were in the child welfare system, judges, tribal attorneys, former DHHS caseworkers and leaders, service providers and adoptees. Members from all four Wabanaki groups—the Maliseet, Micmac, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot—participated in the WBTRC.

Principal findings from the MWTRC included that aboriginal children were 5.1 times more likely to be put into foster care than other children, and that federal reviews from 2006 and 2009 indicated that over fifty percent of aboriginal children did not have their native ancestry verified. This means that the number of aboriginal children within the system who would be eligible within the ICWA is unknown.[3][6]

The WBTRC found that there continues to be significant public and institutional racism towards the Wabanaki people as well as issues over contested sovereignty and jurisdiction which have made administrating child welfare more challenging. They also concluded that their findings constituted cultural genocide as defined in the 1948 United Nations Convention on Genocide by “Causing serious bodily or mental harm” and “Forcibly transferring members of the group to another group.”[3][6]

In total the WBTRC made fourteen recommendations. Among these recommendations were:

• respecting the sovereignty and committing to uphold tribal, state, federal protocols for both state and local levels
• honouring "the Wabanaki choice to support healing as the tribes see fit and celebrate the cultural resurgence of the tribes within the Wabanaki confederacy so that both individuals and communities may be strengthened"[6]
• developing Department of Health and Human Services, "legal and judicial trainings that go beyond the basics of checklists and toolkits to recognize bias and build cultural awareness at all levels of leadership and accountability in ways that frame ICWA within historical context."
• creating better support to non-native adoptive or foster families to ensure Wabanaki children have stronger cultural ties
• creating more Native foster and therapeutic homes
• renewing the ICWA Workgroup to help create and implement new training methods,
• with the help of the Wabanaki tribes, creating a policy to "monitor regular compliance" with the ICWA.[6]