Martineau family

The Martineau family is an intellectual, business and political dynasty associated first with Norwich and later also London and Birmingham, England. The family were prominent Unitarians; a room in London's Essex Hall, the headquarters building of the British Unitarians, was named after them. Martineau Place in Birmingham's central business district was named in their honour.[1]

Close up of the seat of a wooden chair, embroidered with the coat of arms of the Martineau family
Martineau coat of arms embroidered into seat of chair belonging to John Edmund Martineau

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876), the sociologist and abolitionist, is the family's most celebrated member.

In Birmingham, several of its members have been Lord Mayor. They worshipped at the Church of the Messiah.[2] As Unitarian, they married into families of the same denomination, such as the Kenricks and the Chamberlains,[3] though Harriet eventually became an atheist in contrast to her brother, the religious philosopher James Martineau. Several of the Martineaus are buried in Key Hill Cemetery Birmingham, either in the family vault or separately.[4]

Huguenot beginnings
Norwich Maître Chirurgien (Master Surgeon), David Martineau II[5][6]

The Martineaus came from a Huguenot immigrant background, and were noted in the medical, intellectual and business fields.[7] In France, the family had registered their Arms: Azure three towers Argent.[8] Gaston Martineau, a surgeon in Dieppe, moved to Norwich after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685; the edict had allowed French Protestants freedom of religion and the Huguenots left France for safety.[9]

Initially Calvinist dissenters, Gaston and his wife raised their children to be bilingual in French and English.[10] Gaston's grandson David Martineau II (1726–1768) was the third generation of master surgeons (Maître Chirurgien), and had five sons who made up the male line of Martineaus. David and his wife were buried in l’Église Protestante Française de Norwich where a mural tablet commemorates his "eminence in his skill as a Surgeon" and his wife, Dame Sarah Martineau, who was "distinguished for sound judgement, warm affection and fervent piety". Their eldest son, surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau, of Bracondale Estate was an active member of the French community in Norwich and lived in Paris for some time. A member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, Martineau was spoken of in Paris as "le lithotomiste le plus éminent et le plus heureux de son époque".[11] By the fourth generation the family was divided into Anglicans and Unitarians.[12][13][6][14][15][16]

Philip Meadows Martineau and family
Philip Meadows Martineau, Esq., Lord of the Manor of Carrow (died 1829)[17] by Sir William Beechey

The eldest of the five sons of David Martineau II and Sarah Meadows (1725-1800) was Philip Meadows Martineau (1752–1829). A surgeon, Martineau was "one of the most distinguished lithotomists of his day".[18][19] Apprenticed to the surgeon William Donne, who was noted for skill in lithotomy, he studied medicine at several universities. After Edinburgh University in 1773, "in 1775 he passed through London for a turn of 12 months".[20] He then returned in 1777 to Norwich to become Donne's partner, and carried on his speciality. Henry Herbert Southey was his student.[21] He had one daughter. Martineau and friends set up the Norfolk and Norwich Trienniel Festival to raise money for the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital.[22]

The Martineau and Taylor families were "at the head of the Whig party in Norwich"[23] and by the 1780s, Philip's first cousin, poet and composer John Taylor (1750-1826) was hosting radical parties at his home in Norwich which Philip's family attended, including his mother Sarah, to whom John Taylor, her nephew, was "much attached". A number of other Norwich Whig "worthies" attended these events. By 1784, the two cousins, Philip and John, had established the Norwich City Library and the annual reunion of the Martineau and Taylor families which continued well into the 1850s.[24][25][26][27]

Martineau was a medical colleague and friend of Dr Sylas Neville. The two men and their families accompanied Martineau's cousin John Taylor to a great banquet at Holkham Hall on the night of 5 November 1788 celebrating the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Their host was Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester who encouraged John to sing the song he had written for the occasion - The Triumph of Liberty. Over 500 guests were invited to the event, almost all of whom, including invitee the Prince of Wales were "Whig elites".[28][29][30][31]

Having purchased the Bracondale Woods on the outskirts of Norwich in 1793,[32] in 1811 he acquired the adjacent property of Carrow Abbey.[33] He built Bracondale Hall, described in 1847 as a "handsome mansion with pleasure grounds delightfully laid out".[34] From the ruins of Carrow Abbey, Martineau also constructed on his estate a "small gothic priory with windows of ancient stained glass".[35] By 1879, this estate, including the Manor of Carrow, had been sold following the death of Martineau's unmarried daughter Frances Anne.[17]

The second son, David Martineau (1754–1840), had four sons and six daughters and the third, Peter Finch Martineau (1755–1847), had four sons and two daughters. The fourth son, John Martineau of Stamford Hill, had 14 children, including John Martineau the engineer and Joseph Martineau (1786-1863) whose wife Caroline (née Parry) was presented to King George IV in May 1824 at St James Palace. The fifth son, Thomas, is mentioned below.[36][37][38]

Thomas Martineau and family

Thomas Martineau (1764–1826), a manufacturer of textiles, was the fifth son of David Martineau II and Sarah Meadows, whose siblings, according to Burke's Landed Gentry, were Margaret (1718–1781, mother of John Taylor) and Philip Meadows (1719–83), solicitor and Lord of the Manor of Diss, Norfolk. On 13 January 1855, the Examiner reported that the siblings' "collateral ancestor was Sir Philip Meadows, the ambassador of Oliver Cromwell".[39][40][41][42][43]

Thomas grew up in Norwich, attending family friend Mrs Barbauld's school, the Palgrave Academy in Suffolk, as did his first cousin John Taylor.[44][45] A "reading man" himself, in Martineau's family "there was always discussions about books and ideas". Thomas Martineau and John Taylor were deacons of Norwich's Unitarian church, the Octagon Chapel, from 1797.[46][47] Alongside John Taylor, Martineau and his two brothers, Philip Meadows and David, are recorded in 1819 as being commissioners for the "City and County of the City of Norwich".[48] Both Thomas Martineau and John Taylor were benefactors of Harris Manchester College, Oxford University, when the college was in York, and proprietors of the Bow Gas Company, which obtained their Act of Parliament on the 1st of May, 1821, but had run into questionable financial circumstances by 1823.[49][50][51][52]

Thomas married Elizabeth Rankin (8 October 1772 – 26 August 1848) in 1793. Elizabeth had her portrait painted a year before her death by a member of the Bonham Carter family.[53]

Gurney Court in Magdalen Street, Norwich, was home to Thomas Martineau from the 1790s.

By the 1790s, Thomas had acquired the leasehold of Gurney Court in Magdalen Street, Norwich. His older children, including Robert (1798–1870) and Harriet, were born at Gurney Court, which was owned by the Gurney family. The two Nonconformist Norwich families were close and would eventually intermarry with the marriage, in 1879, of Frances Julia Martineau (1853–1931) – Peter Finch Martineau's great-granddaughter – to the Rev. Joseph John Gurney (1848–1890) of Earlham Hall, the Gurney's family seat.[54][55][56][57] Thomas' finances and investments remained viable until around 1825–26, when, in the Panic of 1825, the stock market and banking system collapsed.[58][59] Thomas died on 21 June 1826 and is buried at Rosary Cemetery,[60] the first non-denominational burial ground in the United Kingdom.

Thomas and Elizabeth had eight children. Thomas and Elizabeth Martineau's eldest child was a daughter, Elizabeth (1794–1850), who married Dr Thomas Greenhow, a reforming doctor in Newcastle, co-founder of the city's eye infirmary.[61][62] The Greenhows' daughter Frances married into the Lupton family of Leeds. Frances was an educationalist and worked to expand educational opportunities for girls.

Their eldest son was Thomas (1795–1824), a surgeon who co-founded the Norfolk and Norwich Eye Infirmary, which later became part of the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital.[63]

Another son, Robert (1798–1870), became a magistrate, town councillor and then Mayor of Birmingham in 1846. He married Jane Smith (died 1874).[64] He hired John Barnsley to build a mansion in Edgbaston, with a large wing for his mother, who lived there till her death in 1848, and another for his own family. Barnsley had already built most of Birmingham's grand Victorian and Edwardian public buildings.[65]

Their best known child was their sixth, Harriet (1802–1876), the political author and a pioneer sociologist. She sometimes stayed with her widowed mother and her brother Robert, including during his mayoral tenure.[66] The three of them, and other members of the family, are buried together in the Martineau vault at the Key Hill Cemetery, Birmingham.

Their seventh child, James (1805–1900), was a religious philosopher and a professor at Manchester New College. He was a guest teacher in Liverpool, where his sister, Rachel (1800–1876), ran a private girls' school which was attended by Elizabeth Gaskell's daughters.[67][68] James's daughter was the watercolourist Edith Martineau (1842–1909).

Sir Thomas Martineau and family
Politician Sir Thomas Martineau (1828–1893), painted by Frank Holl, was the uncle (by marriage) of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
Front page of The Illustrated London News showing Sir Thomas Martineau, as Mayor of Birmingham, standing to the left of Queen Victoria who is laying the foundation stone of the new Victoria Law Courts, Birmingham, 1887
1887 artwork from The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News with Sir Thomas Martineau (centre) – "Awaiting The Arrival Of Her Majesty Queen Victoria"

Sir Thomas Martineau (4 November 1828 – 28 July 1893) was the son of Robert, Mayor of Birmingham (1846–1847) and Jane Martineau.[69] Five successive generations have served as Mayors of the city since the mid 19th century.[70] born on the family estate on Bristol Road, now Martineau Gardens, Birmingham. A solicitor, he married Emily Kenrick (1838–1899), whose family was also part of Liberal Birmingham politics. Emily was the sister of Florence (1847–1875), whose marriage to Joseph Chamberlain bore a son, Neville, who became prime minister.[71] Emily was also the cousin of William Kenrick MP.

Joseph Chamberlain was then the leader of the Liberal Unionists, and with his assistance Sir Thomas was instrumental in getting the Welsh Water Bill through Parliament and getting Birmingham made an assizes town.[72][73][74] Like his father, Sir Thomas was also Mayor of Birmingham, holding office from 1884 to 1887, the year Queen Victoria was received by him when opening Birmingham's Victoria Law Courts. He was subsequently invited in 1887 to Windsor Castle, where he was knighted by the Queen.[75] He died on 28 July 1893 and is buried alongside his family at Key Hill Cemetery.[76] Colonel Ernest Martineau (1861–1952), son of Sir Thomas, was Lord Mayor of Birmingham between 1912 and 1914; his first cousin, Neville Chamberlain, replacing him in this role in 1915.[77][78][79]

Robert Francis (16 May 1831 – 15 December 1909), brother of Sir Thomas, was an alderman, secretary of the Birmingham and Midland Institute, chairman of the Technical School committee, trustee to Mason Science College, and then a member of the council of its successor institution, the University of Birmingham. He and his family were the third generation of Martineaus to live at Highfield Road, Kings Norton, Edgbaston.[80]

National and international interests

The intermarried Martineau and Lupton clan counted many aldermen and lord mayors, in both Birmingham and Leeds respectively, amongst their kin. Their Unitarian faith and Liberal (Unionist) political beliefs resulted in their combined commitment to many national concerns. For example, Sir Raymond Unwin's concept of the garden suburb greatly interested Robert Francis Martineau and his cousin, Francis Martineau Lupton.[81][82]

International issues were also of great concern to the family; Robert Francis Martineau welcomed the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison to his home when the American visited Birmingham on 7 July 1877 and two days later, Martineau's relative, Joseph Lupton, had Garrison as a guest at his Leeds house from 9–15 July.[83]

Lord Mayors of Birmingham

Members included five generations, father to son, of Mayors or Lord Mayors of Birmingham:[84]

  • Robert Martineau (1798–1870), Mayor of Birmingham, 1846–47
  • Sir Thomas Martineau (1828–1893), Mayor of Birmingham, 1884–87
  • Ernest Martineau (1861–1952), Lord Mayor of Birmingham, 1912–14
  • Sir Wilfrid Martineau (1889–1964), Lord Mayor of Birmingham, 1940–41[85]
  • Denis Martineau (1920–1999), Lord Mayor of Birmingham, 1986–87

A blue plaque, erected in 2008 by the Birmingham Civic Society in the Council House, commemorates all five.[86]

Francis Martineau Lupton, grandson of Elizabeth Greenhow (nee Martineau), was the great-great-grandfather of Catherine, Princess of Wales.

Research revealed in 2014 that Catherine, Princess of Wales is a descendant of the Martineau family; her great-grandmother, Olive Middleton (née Lupton), was the daughter of Francis Martineau Lupton (1848–1921), who had attended political conferences in Birmingham with his Martineau alderman cousins.[87][88] Olive Middleton's brother was named Lionel Martineau Lupton (1892–1916) in honour of their Martineau family heritage.[89]

Legacy

There is a society devoted to the Martineau family of Norwich. "Specifically, the Society aims to highlight the principles of freedom of conscience advocated in the nineteenth century by Harriet Martineau and her brother, Dr. James Martineau."[90]

The National Portrait Gallery holds nearly 20 portraits of James and Harriet Martineau. Catherine, Princess of Wales, the gallery's patron, is a distant relative of them.[91]

There was a school named after Sir Wilfrid Martineau, now subsumed within the International School, Birmingham.

Notes
    1. Armstrong, Eric; Frost, Vernon (2013) [2009]. Central Birmingham Through Time. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-2732-8. Retrieved 14 May 2020 – via Google Books. Martineau Street has vanished to become Martineau Place, the family of that name having been among the 'movers and shakers' of an earlier Birmingham.
    2. Briggs, Asa (1965). Victorian Cities. University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-520-07922-9. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
    3. Feiling, Keith (1947). The Life of Neville Chamberlain. London: Macmillan. p. 3.
    4. Manning, E. H. (1915). Official Guide to the Birmingham General Cemetery. Birmingham: Hudson & Son. Birmingham Public Libraries (Reference, Local Studies, B.Coll 45.5)
    5. Martineau - Branche RPR émigrée en Angleterre à la Révocation (PDF). Etienne Pattou dernière mise à jour. 2022. p. 3. Retrieved 6 October 2023. David bapt. le 21/11/1726 (Norwich) + 19/11/1768 chirurgien qui ép. 21/01/1751 Sarah Meadows bapt. le 22/02/1725. + 26/11/1800 (fille de ...
    6. Agnew, David C. A. (1871). Protestant Exiles from France in the Reign of Louis XIV, or, The Huguenot Refugees and Their Descendants in Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: Reeves & Turner. p. 239.
    7. Logan, Deborah Anna, ed. (2012). Harriet Martineau and the Irish Question: Condition of Post-famine Ireland. Lehigh University Press. p. 128 note 104. ISBN 978-1-61146-096-4.
    8. "Surrey Coat of Arms" (PDF). Surrey Heritage. Retrieved 26 October 2023. MARTINEAU David Martineau of Stockwell Common, Clapham, brewer and sugar refiner, (1754-1841), descended from Gason Martineau of Bergerac, Dordogne, (c.1655-1726), a Huguenot who fled to England, 1685, had issue, amongst others, a 3rd son Charles Martineau of Tulse Hill, Norwood, sugar refiner, (1795-1847), ancestor of the Martineaus of Esher, a 2nd son George Martineau of Tulse Hill, and of Foxholes, Weybridge, sugar refiner, (1793-1857), father of David Martineau of 122 King's Avenue, Clapham Park, sugar refiner, (1827-1911), whose 2nd son Sydney Martineau of London, (1863-1945) obtained a grant of arms * for himself and the other descendants of his great-grandfather, David Martineau, (1754-1841), above. His 3rd son, Major Frederick Alan Martineau, MBE, JP, MA (Cantab), of Valley End House, Chobham, (b.1904). Arms: Paly of six Or and Gules per fess counterchanged on a fess also Gules three roses Argent barbed and seeded Proper. Crest: A martlet Argent and to the dexter a fleur-de-lys Or. Motto: Marte nobilior pallas. (BLG18) * In France the family bore Arms: Azure three towers Argent. (BLG15)
    9. Drummond, James; Upton, C. B. (2003). Life and Letters of James Martineau 1902. Kessinger Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7661-7242-5.
    10. Hoecker-Drysdale, Susan (2003). "Harriet Martineau". In Ritzer, George (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Major Classical Social Theorists. John Wiley & Sons. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-470-99988-2.
    11. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. p. 225. Retrieved 20 October 2023. ...and in Paris Martineau was spoken of as ' le lithotomiste le plus éminent et le plus heureux de son...in 1821 came up to London to read a paper to the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London...
    12. "About Philip Meadows Martineau". © UK Parliament. 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. Born in 1752, Philip Meadows Martineau was a member of a notable Norwich family of Huguenot descent and was an active member of the French community in Norwich
    13. A Memoir of Philip Meadows Martineau. Bacon and Kinnebrook. 1831. p. 21. Retrieved 10 October 2023. In the course of the ensuing summer , Mr. Martineau having quitted London , proceeded to Paris , and remaining some time in that ...
    14. The Walloons and Their Church at Norwich. Huguenot Society, London. 1877–88. p. 133. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ...mural tablet...eminent in his profession as a Surgeon...was distinguished for sound judgement, warm affection and fervent piety"...the above were all buried in this church [l'Église Protestante Française de Norwich]
    15. White of Sheffield, William (1836). History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Norfolk, and the City and County of the City of Norwich. Fargate Sheffield: W. White. p. 156. Retrieved 7 October 2014 – via Google Books.
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    17. "Preliminary Announcement. Norwich. The Bracondale Lodge and Abbey Estate, comprising the 'Manor of Carrow' – With the Mansion known as Bracondale Lodge...of late in the occupation Miss F. Martineau, deceased, with its surrounding of well-timbered Parks. Ornamental and". Norfolk Chronicle. Norfolk, England. 9 June 1877. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
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    38. Agnew, D. (1886). Protestant Exiles from France/Volume 2 - Book Third - Chapter 17 - Section IV. Agnew. Retrieved 24 September 2023. ...Their son, David Martineau, surgeon, married Elizabeth Finch, and died 29th May 1729, aged thirty-two, leaving two daughters and one son, the second David Martineau, surgeon (born 1726, died 1768); the latter, by Sarah Meadows, his wife, had five sons — Philip Meadows Martineau (born 1750), surgeon, David (born 1754), Peter Finch (born 1755), John (born 1758), and Thomas (born 1764, died 1826). The fourth of these, John Martineau of Stamford Hill, Middlesex, was the father of Joseph Martineau of Basing Park, Hants, who married, in 1823, Caroline, daughter of Dr. Parry of Bath
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    References
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