Masoretes

The Masoretes (Hebrew: בַּעֲלֵי הַמָּסוֹרָה, romanized: Baʿălēy Hammāsōrā, lit. 'Masters of the Tradition') were groups of Jewish scribe-scholars who worked from around the end of the 5th through 10th centuries CE,[1][2] based primarily in medieval Palestine (Jund Filastin) in the cities of Tiberias and Jerusalem, as well as in Iraq (Babylonia). Each group compiled a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides in the form of diacritical notes (niqqud) on the external form of the biblical text in an attempt to standardize the pronunciation, paragraph and verse divisions, and cantillation of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) for the worldwide Jewish community.

This article is about groups of scholars who compiled a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides of Jewish texts. For a discussion of the work of the Masoretes, see Masoretic Text. For the Israeli term for "Tradition Keeper" or "Traditionalist" non-Orthodox observance, see Shomer Masoret.

The ben Asher family of Masoretes was largely responsible for the preservation and production of the Masoretic Text, although there existed an alternative Masoretic text of the ben Naphtali Masoretes, which has around 875 differences from the ben Asher text.[3] The halakhic authority Maimonides endorsed the ben Asher as superior, although the Egyptian Jewish scholar, Saadya Gaon al-Fayyumi, had preferred the ben Naphtali system. It has been suggested that the ben Asher family and the majority of the Masoretes were Karaites.[4] However, Geoffrey Khan believes that the ben Asher family was probably not Karaite,[5][6] and Aron Dotan avers that there are "decisive proofs that M. Ben-Asher was not a Karaite."[7]

The Masoretes devised the vowel notation system for Hebrew that is still widely used, as well as the trope symbols used for cantillation.

The nakdanim were successors to the Masoretes in the transmission of the traditional Hebrew text of the Old Testament.

References
  1. Wegner, Paul (1999). The Journey From Texts to Translations. Baker Academic. p. 172. ISBN 978-0801027994 – via Google Books.
  2. Swenson, Kristin (2021). A Most Peculiar Book: The Inherent Strangeness of the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-19-065173-2 – via Google Books.
  3. Louis Ginzberg, Caspar Levias. "Ben Naphtali". Jewish Encyclopedia.
  4. "Aaron ben Moses ben Asher". Jewish Virtual Library.
  5. Khan, Geoffrey (2000). Early Karaite grammatical texts. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 52. ISBN 978-1589830004 – via Google Books.
  6. Khan, Geoffrey (1990). Karaite Bible Manuscripts from the Cairo Genizah. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 20. ISBN 978-0521392273 – via Google Books.
  7. Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred, eds. (2007). "Masorah". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016.

Further reading
  • In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language, Chapter 5. ISBN 0-8147-3654-8
  • The Text of the Old Testament. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7
  • Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah. ISBN 0-89130-374-X
  •  Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §2, §3
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