Max Schreck

Friedrich Gustav Maximilian Schreck[1] (6 September 1879 – 20 February 1936),[2][3][4] known professionally as Max Schreck, was a German actor, best known for his lead role as the vampire Count Orlok in the film Nosferatu (1922).

For the Batman villain, see Max Shreck.
Max Schreck
Schreck in 1916
Born
Friedrich Gustav Maximilian Schreck

(1879-09-06)6 September 1879
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died20 February 1936(1936-02-20) (aged 56)
Munich, Bavaria, Germany
OccupationActor
Years active1903–1936
Spouse
​
(m. 1910)​

Early life

Max Schreck was born in Berlin-Friedenau, on 6 September 1879. Six years later, his father bought a house in the independent rural community of Friedenau, then part of the district of Teltow.

Schreck's father did not approve of his son's ever-growing enthusiasm for theater. His mother provided the boy with money, which he secretly used for acting lessons, although only after the death of his father did he attend drama school. After graduating, he traveled briefly across the country with poet and dramatist Demetrius Schrutz.

Schreck had engagements in Mulhouse, Meseritz, Speyer, Rudolstadt, Erfurt and Weissenfels, and his first extended stay at the Gera Theater. Greater engagements followed, especially in Frankfurt am Main. From there, he went to Berlin for Max Reinhardt and the Munich Kammerspiele for Otto Falckenberg.

Schreck received his training at the Berliner Staatstheater (State Theatre of Berlin), completing it in 1902.[3] He made his stage début in Meseritz and Speyer, and then toured Germany for two years, appearing at theatres in Zittau, Erfurt, Bremen,[3] Lucerne,[3] Gera,[3] and Frankfurt am Main.[3] Schreck then joined Max Reinhardt's company of performers in Berlin.[5] Many members of Reinhardt's troupe went on to make significant contributions to the German film industry.[5]

Career
Max Schreck in Nosferatu (1922)

For three years between 1919 and 1922, Schreck appeared at the Munich Kammerspiele,[5] including a role in the expressionist production of Bertolt Brecht's début, Trommeln in der Nacht (Drums in the Night) in which he played the "freakshow landlord" Glubb.[6] During this time, he also worked on his first film The Mayor of Zalamea, adapted from a six-act play, for Decla Bioscop.[5] In 1921, he was hired by Prana Film for its first and only production, Nosferatu (1922), an unlicensed adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula. The company declared itself bankrupt after the film was released to avoid paying copyright infringement costs to the author's widow, Florence Stoker.[5] Schreck portrayed Count Orlok, a character analogous to Count Dracula.[5]

While still in Munich, Schreck appeared in a 16-minute (one-reeler) slapstick, "surreal comedy" written by Bertolt Brecht with cabaret and stage actors Karl Valentin, Liesl Karlstadt, Erwin Faber, and Blandine Ebinger, entitled Mysterien eines Friseursalons (Mysteries of a Barbershop, 1923), directed by Erich Engel.[7] Schreck appeared as a blind man in the film The Street (also 1923).[2][5]

Schreck's second collaboration with Nosferatu director F. W. Murnau was the comedy Die Finanzen des Grossherzogs (The Grand Duke's Finances, 1924).[5] Even Murnau did not hesitate to declare his contempt for the picture.[5] In 1926, Schreck returned to the Kammerspiele in Munich and continued to act in films, his career surviving the advent of sound until 1936, when he died from heart failure.[8]

Personal life
Schreck in Die Straße (1923)

Schreck was married to actress Fanny Normann,[5] who appeared in a few films, often credited as Fanny Schreck.

One of Schreck's contemporaries recalled that he was a loner with an unusual sense of humor and skill in playing grotesque characters. He also reported that he lived in "a remote and incorporeal world" and that he often spent time walking through forests.[8]

There were rumours at the time of Nosferatu and for many years afterwards that Schreck did not actually exist and was a pseudonym for the well-known actor Alfred Abel.[9]

Death

On 19 February 1936, Schreck had just played The Grand Inquisitor in the play Don Carlos, standing in for Will Dohm. That evening he felt unwell and the doctor sent him to the hospital where he died early the next morning of a heart attack.[10] His obituary especially praised his lead role performance in Molière's play The Miser.[10] He was buried on 14 March 1936 at Wilmersdorfer Waldfriedhof Stahnsdorf in Brandenburg.[2]

Cultural references

The person and performance of Max Schreck in Nosferatu was fictionalized by actor Willem Dafoe in E. Elias Merhige's Shadow of the Vampire.[8] In a secret history, Shadow posits that Schreck was a real vampire.[11] Dafoe was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Schreck.[12]

Scriptwriter Daniel Waters created the character Max Shreck (portrayed by Christopher Walken) for the Tim Burton film Batman Returns and compared him to the character Max Schreck played in Nosferatu.[13] Variety claimed the name was an in-joke.[14]

Schreck's portrayal of the Orlok character later became a recurring character in the SpongeBob SquarePants franchise, initially using archive stills of Schreck.

Selected filmography

See also
  • Category:Nosferatu for images related to the film
  • Category:Images of Max Schreck for articles and Wikipedia-hosted media related to Max Schreck

Notes
  1. Eickhoff, Stefan. 2007
  2. Brill, Olaf. 2004
  3. Walk, Ines. 2006.
  4. All reliable sources agree as to Schreck's actual date of birth and date of death.(Brill, Olaf. 2004, Walk, Ines. 2006) However, at least until 9 March 2009 the Internet Movie Database had incorrect and self-contradictory details. (IMDB bio: "Date of Birth: 6 September 1879," ... "born on June 11, 1879" ... "Date of Death 26 November 1936," ... "death from a heart attack on February 19, 1936")
  5. Enigmatic Max: The career of Max Schreck Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 December 2008
  6. Brecht, Willett and Manheim (1970, ix)
  7. McDowell, W. Stuart. "A Brecht-Valentin Production: Mysteries of a Barbershop", Performing Arts Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Winter, 1977), pp. 2–14; and "Acting Brecht: The Munich Years", by W. Stuart McDowell, in The Brecht Sourcebook, Carol Martin, Henry Bial, editors (Routledge, 2000) p. 71–83.
  8. Graham 2008 Page 2. Retrieved 2008-12-26
  9. William K. Everson, The Bad Guys: A Pictorial History of the Movie Villain, The Citadel Press: New York, 1964
  10. Brill 2004, Peter Trumm: obituary in Münchner Neueste Nachrichten vol. 89, no. 52, on 21 February 1936. "am Donnerstag früh um einhalb neun Uhr im Schwabinger Krankenhaus gestorben" (ie. 08:30 in the morning of February 20, 1936)
  11. Scott, A. O. (29 December 2000). "FILM REVIEW; Son of 'Nosferatu,' With a Real-Life Monster". The New York Times.
  12. Nugent, Phil (13 May 2008). "Digging Up Max Shreck, the Screen's Original Dracula". Retrieved 21 May 2009. The 2000 film Shadow of the Vampire, starring John Malkovich as Murnau, was a darkly comic fantasy in which it was revealed that "Shreck" was an actual vampire (played by Willem Dafoe) that the director had brought in to lend his authenticity to the role. It was rooted in a film-scholar in-joke that went back decades.
  13. "Batman YTB". Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009. The script gave the writer (Daniel Waters) license to create his own villain in the form of Christopher Walken's nefarious Max Shreck, named after Max Schreck, the star of F.W. Murnau's NOSFERATU (1922).
  14. McCarthy, Todd (15 May 1992). "Batman Returns Review". Variety. Retrieved 21 May 2009. Max Shreck, a character named, as an in-joke, after the German actor who starred as the screen's first Dracula in F.W. Murnau's 1922 "Nosferatu."

References

Further reading
  • Eickhoff, Stefan (2007). Max Schreck - Gespenstertheater (in German). Munich: Belleville Verlag Inh. Dr. Willi Michael Farin. ISBN 978-3-936298-54-3.
  • Eickhoff, Stefan. "Max Schreck - Gespenstertheater" (in German). Retrieved 9 March 2009. (summary of Eickhoff's biography/tribute of Schreck)
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