Maximilian II of Bavaria

Maximilian II (28 November 1811 – 10 March 1864) reigned as King of Bavaria between 1848 and 1864.

For the earlier elector, see Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.
Maximilian II
Maximilian II c. 1860, by Franz Hanfstaengl
King of Bavaria
Reign20 March 1848 – 10 March 1864
PredecessorLudwig I
SuccessorLudwig II
Prime Ministers
See list
Born(1811-11-28)28 November 1811
Munich, Bavaria
Died10 March 1864(1864-03-10) (aged 52)
Munich, Bavaria
Burial
Theatinerkirche, Munich
SpouseMarie of Prussia
IssueLudwig II of Bavaria
Otto, King of Bavaria
Names
Maximilian Joseph
HouseWittelsbach
FatherLudwig I of Bavaria
MotherTherese of Saxe-Hildburghausen
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Unlike his father, King Ludwig I, "King Max" was very popular and took a greater interest in the business of Government than in personal extravagance. Ascending the throne during the German Revolution of 1848, King Maximilian restored stability in his kingdom. The rest of his reign was characterized by attempts to maintain Bavarian independence during the wars of German Unification and to transform his capital city of Munich into a cultural and educational city.

Crown Prince

He was born in Munich and was the eldest son of the Crown Prince of Bavaria (later King Ludwig I) and his wife Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

After studying at Göttingen and Berlin and travelling in Germany, Italy and Greece, he was introduced by his father into the council of state (1836). From the first, he showed a studious disposition and declared on one occasion that had he not been born in a royal cradle, his choice would have been to become a professor. As crown prince, in the chateau of Hohenschwangau near Füssen, which he had rebuilt, he gathered about him an intimate society of artists and men of learning and devoted his time to scientific and historical study.[1] The Wittelsbacher Palais was built for Maximilian as a Crown Prince Palace in Munich but was completed only when he ascended the throne.

King
Maximilian II by Julius Zimmermann.

When the abdication of Ludwig I (20 March 1848) called him suddenly to the throne, his choice of ministers promised a liberal regime.[1]

Domestic policy

In 1849 an uprising in the Bavarian Palatinate was broken down with the support of the Prussian Army.

Though from 1850 onwards his government tended in the direction of absolute monarchy,[1] King Maximilian steered a moderate course between the extremes of classical liberalism, Prussian-inspired Pan-Germanism, and the so-called "Ultramontanes".

In his attempts to transform Bavaria into a centre of culture, education, and the arts, he enraged conservative Catholics and Protestants by inviting a number of celebrated men of learning (such as Geibel, Liebig, Heyse and Sybel) to Munich, regardless of their religious views.[1]

Devoted to his family and his people, the King also financed studies of the art, costumes, dialects and customs of the Bavarian peasantry. That was done to promote a separate national identity against Prussian-inspired Pan-Germanism.

The King was assisted in that by his Personal Private Secretary, Franz Xaver von Schönwerth. A native of the Oberpfalz region of the Bavarian Kingdom, Schonwerth's work collecting the folklore and traditions of his native district won him the admiration of the Brothers Grimm and made him a model for future folklore collectors.

Foreign policy

Maximilian II responded also to the demands of the people for a united German state by attending the Frankfurt Assembly which intended to create such a state. The progress of the 1848 Revolution, however, gave him pause. The king strenuously opposed the unionist plans of the Frankfurt Parliament, refused to recognize the imperial constitution devised by it and assisted Austria in restoring the federal diet and in carrying out the federal execution in Hesse-Kassel and Holstein.[1] In the aftermath of the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly, Prussia and Austria continued to debate which monarchy had the inherent right to rule Germany.

The dispute between Austria and the Electoral Prince of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) was used by Austria and its allies, including Bavaria, to promote the isolation of Prussia in German political affairs. That diplomatic insult almost led to war when Austria, Bavaria and other allies moved troops through Bavaria towards Hesse-Kassel in 1850. However, the Prussian Army backed down and accepted the principle of dual leadership. The event was known as the Punctation of Olmütz but also as the "Humiliation of Olmütz" by Prussia. The event solidified the Bavarian kingdom's alliance with Austria against Prussia.

Maximilian II (1860, photo by Franz Hanfstaengl)

In his German policy, Maximilian was guided by the desire to maintain the union of the princes.[1] During the cold warfare between Austria and Prussia, King Maximilian and his ministers favoured the former, which was a policy enthusiastically supported by the Catholics and the Protestants of the Bavarian Kingdom. Simultaneously, however, the King and his Ministers also attempted to preserve Bavaria's independence by trying to play both powers against each other. That policy continued under his son, King Ludwig II.[2]

In 1863, however, the King supported the project of reform proposed by Austria at the Frankfurt Fürstentag.[1]

Attempts by Austria to reorganise the loose and entirely-decentralised German Confederation were opposed by Prussia and therefore the other German princes did not act on the reform proposals. The failure of those plans and the attitude of the Austrian Court towards the Confederation and the Schleswig-Holstein Question disillusioned King Maximilian. The last days of his reign were spent attempting to deal with the new situation created by the outbreak of the war with Denmark.[3]

Later life

In the summers of 1849 and 1855, King Maximilian travelled his kingdom. Between 24 June and 27 July 1858, he undertook a journey on foot through his country, which began in Lindau. However, because of frequent rain, he repeatedly had to be carried physically.

In government policy, the King repeatedly requested the advice of his ministers and scholarly experts before making a decision, which led to long delays. In addition, King Maximilian often traveled to Italy and Greece, which also led to long delays.

After a brief and unexpected illness, King Maximilian died at Munich on 10 March 1864. He is buried in the Theatinerkirche there.

Cultural legacy
Monument of King Max II, Maximilianstrasse in Munich

Maximilian offered Paul Heyse and other writers from North Germany large stipends. Hans Christian Andersen visited "King Max" (as he called him) in his castle Starnberg, and wrote of him as a young, highly amiable man. The King, having read his novels and fairy tales, let Andersen know that he was deeply impressed by The Improvisatore, En Digters Bazar, The Little Mermaid and Paradisets Have. During the visit Andersen also read The Ugly Duckling.[4] Later Andersen visited the King at the Schloss Hohenschwangau.

Hohenschwangau Castle

Next to Hohenschwangau Castle also the Hambach Castle was reconstructed from 1844 for Crown Prince Maximilian by August von Voit. In 1849 King Maximilian II instructed the architect Eduard Riedel to redesign Berg Castle in neo-gothic style with several towers and a crenellate.

Maximilian II was the principal of the Maximilianstrasse and the Bavarian National Museum in Munich. Compared to his father, Maximilian preferred a new architectural style with strong reference to the Gothic Revival architecture which would combine the best features of historical models combined with then modern building technology. The neo-gothic Royal Mansion in Regensburg was built for Maximilian 1854–1856, the Royal Mansion in Berchtesgaden and the Royal Villa on Rose Island already in 1853. The hiking path in Upper Bavaria called Maximiliansweg is named after him, as he made a longer hike in the Bavaria alps in the summer of 1858.[5] The Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art was first established on 28 November 1853 by King Maximilian II.

Private life and family
Photograph of King Maximilian II hunting in the Alps (taken by Franz Hanfstaengl c. 1860).

While king, Maximilian was hampered by constant ill health which often compelled him to travel abroad and, when at home, to live much of the time in the countryside. The relationship with his father, who had persisted in his architectural projects even after his abdication, was mostly tense. By his wife, Marie Friederike Franziska Hedwig, daughter of Prince William of Prussia, who he married in 1842, he had two sons:[3]

both of whom became king, were declared insane, and deposed.

Honours
Greater Royal Coat of Arms of King Maximilian II Joseph of Bavaria

Ancestry

References
  1. Chisholm 1911, p. 921.
  2. George Windell (1954), The Catholics and German Unity, University of Minnesota Press. Pages 17–19.
  3. Chisholm 1911, p. 922.
  4. Hans Christian Andersen (1996) [1855]. Mit Livs Eventyr. Vol. II. Gyldendal. ISBN 87-00-24708-1.
  5. "Wandern" (in German). Upper Bavaria tourist association (Tourismusverband München Oberbayern). Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  6. Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1846. Landesamt. 1846. pp. 6, 10.
  7. Württemberg (1854). Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854. Guttenberg. p. 32.
  8. Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 19
  9. Angelo Scordo, Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie (PDF) (in Italian), p. 9, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016
  10. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1863), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 8
  11. Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 5
  12. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1858), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 33, 46
  13. Sveriges och Norges statskalender (in Swedish). 1864. p. 421. Retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org.
  14. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 12
  15. Staat Hannover (1859). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1859. Berenberg. pp. 36-37, 67.
  16. Boettger, T. F. "Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece". La Confrérie Amicale. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  17. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  18. "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1851, p. 36 – via Archives de Bruxelles
  19. Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch (1863), "Kurfürstliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 16
  20. Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg für 1863, "Der Großherzogliche Haus und Verdienstorden des Herzogs Peter Friedrich Ludwig" p. 34
  21. Almanacco di corte. p. 30.
  22. Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855. Stamperia Granducale. 1855. p. 274.

Works cited
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