Maya monarchs
Maya monarchs, also known as Maya kings and queens, were the centers of power for the Maya civilization. Each Maya city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. The position of king was usually inherited by the oldest son.
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| Preclassic Maya |
| Classic Maya collapse |
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Symbols of power
Maya kings felt the need to legitimize their claim to power. One of the ways to do this was to build a temple or pyramid. Tikal Temple I is a good example. This temple was built during the reign of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil. Another king named Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal would later carry out this same show of power when building the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque. The Temple of Inscriptions still towers today amid the ruins of Palenque, as the supreme symbol of influence and power in Palenque.
Succession
Maya kings cultivated godlike personas. When a ruler died and left no heir to the throne, the result was usually war and bloodshed. King Pacal's precursor, Pacal I, died upon the battlefield. However, instead of the kingdom erupting into chaos, the city of Palenque, a Maya capital city in southern Mexico, invited in a young prince from a different city-state. The prince was only twelve years old.
Expansion
Pacal and his predecessors not only built elaborate temples and pyramids. They expanded their city-state into a thriving empire. Under Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, Tikal conquered Calakmul and the other cities around Tikal, forming what could be referred to as a super city-state. Pacal achieved in creating a major center for power and development.
Responsibilities
A Maya king was expected to be an excellent military leader. He would often carry out raids against rival city-states. The Maya kings also offered their own blood to the gods. The rulers were also expected to have a good mind to solve problems that the city might be facing, including war and food crises.
Maya kings were expected to ensure the gods received the prayers, praise and attention they deserved and to reinforce their divine lineage.[1] They did this by displaying public rituals such as processions through the streets of their cities. A more private ritual was that of blood sacrifice, which was done by Lords and their wives.[2]
Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Classic Period
Notes:
- All dates AD; if otherwise, it is stated.
- The lists may not be completed. However, take in consideration that some lists are more completed than others in different aspects.
- English language names are provisional nicknames based on their identifying glyphs, where rulers' Maya language names have not yet been definitively deciphered phonetically.
Aguas Calientes
- c.790: Chak Lakamtuun
Aguateca
- ?-770: Ucha'an K'an B'alam – father of Tan Te' Kinich, ruled in the 8th century AD.
- 770-c.802: Tan Te' K'inich – son of Ucha'an K'an B'alam[3]
Altun Ha
- 4 December 584-?: Til Man K'inich
La Amelia
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La Amelia dynasty[4][5] | ||||||||
| Lachan Kʼawiil Ajaw Bot | %252C_museu_Nacional_d'Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%252C_Guatemala.jpg.webp) |
25 June 760 | 1 May 802 | After 804 | ? |
|
In 802, conducted a ritual supervised by king Tan Teʼ Kʼinich of Aguateca. | |
Bonampak
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bonampak dynasty | ||||||||
| Aj Yash Punim | ? | c.400 | ? | ? | Founder of the ruling dynasty. | |||
| Ruler of Stela 7 | ? | 554 | 600 | 600 Bonampak |
? |
|
||
| Jasaw Chan Muwaan I | ? Son of Ruler of Stela 7 |
600 | 605 | 605 Bonampak |
? | |||
| Aj Olnal | ? Son of Jasaw Chan Muwaan I |
605 611 (restored) |
610 (deposed) after 614 |
After 614 Bonampak |
? | |||
| Aj Chan Tok' | ? | 610 | 611 | ? | ? | Usurper, expelled Aj Olnal, but he returned the next year. | ||
| Vinakhab Tok' | ? | 643 | After 648 | After 648 Bonampak |
? | |||
| Unknown ruler | ? | Before 658 | After 670 | After 670 Bonampak |
? | |||
| Aj Nak'ey | ? | 683 | After 692 | After 692 Bonampak |
? | |||
| Knot-Eye Bahlam | ? | 732 | c.747 | c.747 Bonampak |
? | |||
| Aj Sak Teleh | ? | 747 | 776 | 776 Bonampak |
Lady Shield Skull at least one child |
|||
| Jasaw Chan Muwaan II |  |
? Son of Aj Sak Teleh and Lady Shield Skull |
776 | 795 | 795 Bonampak |
Lady Green Rabbit of Yaxchilan |
|
Last known ruler of the city. |
Calakmul 
The kings of Calakmul were known as k'uhul kan ajawob (/k’uːˈχuːl kän äχäˈwoɓ/) ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom").[6] This list is not continuous, as the archaeological record is incomplete. All dates AD.
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Snake dynasty[7] | ||||||||
| Yuknoom Chʼeen I | ? | c.484 | c.520 | c.520 Dzibanche |
? at least one child |
|
Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city. | |
| Tuun K'ab' Hix (Ku Ix; K'altuun Hix; Bound-Stone Jaguar) |
? Dzibanche Son of Yuknoom Chʼeen I |
c.520 | c.546 | c.546 Dzibanche |
Lady Ek' Naah at least one child |
His daughter married a lord from La Corona. | ||
| Ut Chanal (Sky Witness) |
? Dzibanche Possible son of Tuun K'ab' Hix and Lady Ek' Naah |
Before 561 | 572 | 572 Dzibanche |
? at least four children |
Made war with Tikal and won over that city, causing the collapse of the extensive power that Tikal had. | ||
| Yax Yopaat (First Axewielder) |
? Dzibanche (First?) son of Ut Chanal |
572 | 579 | 579 Dzibanche |
? | His life is mostly unknown today. | ||
| Uneh Chan (Scroll Serpent) |
? Dzibanche (Second?) son of Ut Chanal |
2 September 579 (9.7.5.14.17) |
611 | 611 Dzibanche |
Lady Scroll-in-Hand at least one child |
|||
| Yuknoom Ti' Chan (Chan) |
? Dzibanche (First?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand |
c.619 | ? | ? | ||||
| Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ (Ta Batz) |
? Dzibanche (Second?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand |
28 March 622 (9.9.9.0.5) |
1 October 630 | 1 October 630 (9.9.17.11.14) Dzibanche |
? |
|
||
| Yuknoom Head (Cauac Head) |
? Dzibanche (Third?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand |
630 | 636 | 636 Dzibanche |
? |
|
||
| Yuknoom Chʼeen II the Great | ..._Calakmul%252C_Late_Classic_(600-800_AD).jpg.webp) |
11 September 600 (9.8.7.2.17) Dzibanche (Fourth?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand |
28 April 636 (9.10.3.5.10) |
686 | 686 Calakmul (aged 85/86) |
? at least three children |
|
His daughter married a lord from La Corona. |
| Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ (Jaguar Paw Smoke) |
 |
6 October 649 (9.10.16.16.19) Son of Yuknoom Chʼeen II |
3 April 686 (9.12.13.17.7) |
31 March 698 | 31 March 698 (9.13.6.2.9) Calakmul(?) (aged 48) |
Lady of Stela 116 at least one child |
||
| Split Earth | ? | c.695 | ? | ? | Probably a co-ruler. | |||
| Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil (Ruler 5, 6 or 7) |
 |
? Son of Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ |
26 January 702 (9.13.10.0.0) |
c.736 | c.736 Calakmul |
Lady of Stela 54 possibly three children |
|
His daughter married a lord from La Corona.[8][9][7] |
| Wamaw K'awiil | ? Son (possibly) of Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil and Lady of Stela 54 |
c.736 | ? | ? at least one child |
||||
| Bolon K'awiil I[10] (Ruler 8, Ruler Y) |
? Calakmul Son of Wamaw K'awiil |
c.741 | ? | ? |
|
|||
| Great Serpent [11] (Ruler 9, Ruler Z) |
? | c.751 | ? | Lady of Stela 88 |
|
|||
| Bolon Kʼawiil II (Ruler 9) |
? | c.771 | c.789 | c.789 Calakmul |
? |
|
||
| Chan Pet | ? | c.849 | ? | ? | ||||
| Aj Took | ? | c.909 | ? | ? |
|
Last known ruler of the city. | ||
Cancuén
| Name | Ruled | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Tajal Chan Ahk | 757 – c. 799 | Built the city palace in 770. |
| Kan Maax | c.800 |
Caracol 
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caracol dynasty[12] | ||||||||
| Te' K'ab Chaak (Tree Branch Rain God) |
? | 331 | 349 | 349 Caracol |
? | Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city. Yet is only known from two Late Classic back dated texts. One places him at AD 331, and the second at AD 349. | ||
| No traces of the dynasty for nearly 100 years | ||||||||
| K'ahk' Ujol K'inich I (Smoking Skull I; Ruler I) |
? | c.470 | ? Caracol |
A lady of Xultun at least one child |
Appears on the 6th century genealogical text of Stela 16, but his place in the line of reigning lords is unknown.His reign has been estimated to be circa AD 470. He may have been the father of Yajaw Te’ K’inich I. | |||
| Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich I | ? Caracol Probable son of K'ahk' Ujol K'inich I and a lady of Xultun |
12 April 484 (9.2.9.0.16) |
514 | 514 Caracol |
? at least one child |
|
Stela 13 records his celebration of the 4th K’atun in AD 514. | |
| K'an I (Lord Jaguar; Antenna Top I; Ruler II) |
? Caracol Son of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich I |
13 April 531 (9.4.16.13.3) |
534 | 534 Caracol |
Lady Kʼal Kʼinich at least two children |
|
Stela 16 text gives his parentage statement, and tells that his accession was overseen by a ‘higher authority,’ either another lord or a divine being.[13] | |
| Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II (Lord Water; Lord Muluc; Ruler III) |
? Caracol Son of K'an I and Lady Kʼal Kʼinich |
18 April 553 (9.5.19.1.2) |
c.595 | c.595 Caracol |
Lady 1 at least one child Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ [of La Corona?] 582 at least one child |
|
Named after his grandfather. His first monument, Stela 14, records the K’atun ending in AD 554 (9.6.0.0.0). As told on Altar 21, Yajaw Te’ K’inich II's accession takes place under the auspices of the Tikal Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. He erected Stela 1 and Altar 1 to mark his last K’atun ending of 9.8.0.0.0, and four years later he is referenced as ‘seeing’ the 9.8.10.0.0 ending. He is mentioned in the fragmentary text on Stela 23. In AD 562 – 9.6.8.4.2 he enacted the first recorded star war against Tikal and Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. Yajaw Te' K'inich II's two sons, Knot Ajaw and K’an II, rule after him.[13] | |
| Knot Ajaw (Ajaw Serpent; Flaming Ajaw; Ruler IV) |
28 November 575 (9.7.2.0.3) Caracol Son of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II and Lady 1 |
24 June 599 (9.8.5.16.12) |
613 | 613 Caracol (aged 37/38) |
Unmarried |
|
Erected his monuments to the west of Structure A13. | |
| K'an II (Lord Stormwater Moon; Antenna Top II; Ruler V) |
18 April 588 (9.7.14.10.8) Caracol Son of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II and Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ |
6 March 618 (9.9.4.16.2) |
21 July 658 | 21 July 658 (9.11.5.15.9) Caracol (aged 70) |
? at least one child |
The most successful Caracol ruler. Reigning for 40 years, he expanded the causeway system and saw an increase in the site's population. Born as Sak Witzil Baah (“White First Hill”, or “White Gopher Hill”) in AD 588, he took his grandfather's name at his accession. He was the half-brother of Knot Ajaw, and was thus always stressing his legitimacy by referencing his mother (who may be Batz’ Ek’). It is interesting that he never references the rule of his brother Knot Ajaw in any of his monuments, even those that describe his dynastic predecessors. He also seems to have developed diplomatic contacts with the Snake polity, with whom he coordinated the war with Naranjo, which began in 626, and ended with the defeat of Naranjo in 631. | ||
| Kʼahkʼ Ujol Kʼinich II (Smoking Skull II; Ruler VI) |
? Caracol Possible son of K'an II |
22 June 658 (9.11.5.14.0) |
2 March 680 | 2 March 680 (9.12.7.14.1) Caracol |
? | Succeeded K’an II in 658, but as he has no surviving parentage statements, we cannot be certain that he is K’an II's son. One of the stucco texts shows that in 680, Caracol was the victim of a star war from Naranjo (also called Naranjo's war of Independence). Martin and Grube suggest that this action drove K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich from Caracol, at which time he may have fled to La Rejolla, 12 km to the northwest. The remainder of this text has not been excavated. This star war event seems to have launched Caracol's epigraphic hiatus, which continues for 96 years, until 798. | ||
| Ruler VII (Tz’ayaj K’ajk’?) |
? Caracol |
c.700 | ? Caracol |
? |
|
Reigned during the epigraphic hiatus. One candidate for this ruler comes from Naj Tunich, some 46 km to the south. In one of the cave's chambers dated to 692 is a text referring to a Caracol elite named Tz’ayaj K’ajk’, who carries the emblem glyph, but not the k’inich ajaw prefix. | ||
| Tum Yohl K'inich (Tz’ayaj K’ajk’?; Ruler VIII) |
? Caracol |
c.744 | c.793 | ? Caracol |
? at least one son |
He is as enigmatic as Ruler VII. He likewise appears in Naj Tunich, and also lacks the k’inich ajaw prefix, leaving his royal status in question.In this text (dated to 27 August 744), he performs a fire-bearing ritual under the supervision of a lord of Ixkun; an unnamed lord of Calakmul is also involved. All other appearances of his name occur in later retrospective texts like Altar 23, which lists him as a 3 K’atun lord, and the captor of two lords from Ucanal and Bital. | ||
| K’inich Joy K’awiil | ? Caracol Possible son of Tum Yohl K'inich |
10 December 799 (9.18.9.5.9) |
? | ? Caracol |
? |
|
Began a revival of the Caracol polity with his accession. He commissioned the B-Group Ballcourt, the markers of which date back to the dynastic founder Te’ K’ab Chaak. Stela 11 shows Tum Yohl K’inich in an ambiguous relationship to Joy K’awiil, which may show that he is the latter's father, or as suggested by Altar 23 potentially a relative in a high-ranking military position. | |
| K'inich Toob'il Yopaat (Ruler X or XI) |
? Caracol Possible son of Tum Yohl K'inich |
c.810 | c.830 | ? Caracol |
? |
|
His accession date is not certain, but he erected five (possibly six) monuments (Stelae 18, 19, Altars 12, 13), and seems to have repaired relations with Ucanal. This new relationship is depicted on Altars 12 and 13, as well as on stucco text from Structure B18. | |
| K'an III | ? Caracol |
c.835 | c.849 | ? Caracol |
? |
|
||
| Ruler XIII | ? Caracol |
c.859 | ? Caracol |
? |
|
Last known lord of Caracol, and erected only one monument: Stela 10. Stela 10 is a carved all glyphic monument which may commemorate the half-K’atun 10.1.10.0.0 (AD 859). | ||
Cobá
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Cobá dynasty[14] | ||||||||
| Yu’npik Tok’ | ? | c.500 | ? | ? | Founder of the ruling family, which lasted in power until 780. | |||
| Three unknown rulers | ||||||||
| 2nd Cobá dynasty / Snake dynasty[15] | ||||||||
| Che'enal | ? Dzibanche? Probable daughter of Yax Yopaat, king of Dzibanche or Calakmul |
c.565 | c.574[16] | ? | c.565? at least one child |
|
A lady that probably came from the Snake kingdom at Dzibanche/Calakmul. She had a superior title than her husband (she was called kaloomte). The queen celebrated her first and only period ending on 7 December 573.
Probably abdicated to her husband, who starts his reign in 574. | |
| K'ahk Bahlam | ? | 21 September 574 (9.7.0.14.10) |
c.610 | c.610? Cobá |
|
|||
| Sihyaj Chan K'awiil (Ruler A) |
? Cobá Son of K'ahk Bahlam and Lady Che'enal [of Dzibanche/Calakmul] |
c.610 | 632[17] | c.632 Cobá |
Lady of Stela 3 at least one child |
|
||
| Xaman K’awiil | ? Cobá Son of Sihyaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Stela 3 |
16 March 632[17] (9.9.19.2.3) |
640 | 640 Cobá |
? one child? |
|||
| K'awiil Ek' (Lady K’awiil Ajaw; Ruler B) |
.jpg.webp) |
617 Cobá Daughter of Sihyaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Stela 3, or of Xaman K’awiil |
7 April 640 (9.10.7.5.9) |
682 | 682 Cobá (aged 64/65) |
? at least one child |
|
She bore the title kaloomte' ('superior warrior'), which was a very high title in contemporary Maya culture, and not worn by all rulers. She is depicted presiding over, or treading upon, over a dozen captives under her feet, a larger number than any other Maya queen, and more than almost any other Maya king. Her reign took place during a period of golden age of Coba, with political continuity, economic prosperity, and expansionistic, militaristic power, and not a vassal of Calakmul. |
| Chan Yopaat (Chan K'awiil; Ruler C) |
? Cobá Son of K'awiil Ek' |
28 August 682 (9.12.10.5.12) |
692 | 692 Cobá |
? at least one child |
|
||
| Mat K'awiil | ? Cobá Son of Chan Yopaat |
c.692 | c.711 | c.711? Cobá |
? |
|
||
| Unknown rulers | ||||||||
| Chan K'inich (Ruler C or D) |
.jpg.webp) |
? Cobá Probably a descendant of his predecessors |
16 January 773 (9.17.2.0.5) |
c.780 | c.780? Cobá |
? |
|
|
| Ruler E | ? (Nothing else is known or certain besides their name) |
Discovered in 2020,[14] ruled Cobá in the period 500-780. Some of these may have ruled between Yu’npik Tok’ and Che'enal. | ||||||
| K'ahk Chitam | ||||||||
| Uxman K’awiil | ||||||||
| Yopaat Taj Naaj | ||||||||
| Lady Yopaat | ||||||||
| K’ahk’ Yopaat | ||||||||
| K'aloomte | ||||||||
Copán 
(Note:Despite the sparse references to previous rulers in Copán, the first safe reference is from 426. All the rulers, with the exception of the last one, appear in the called Altar Q.)
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copán dynasty | ||||||||
| Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ (Great Sun; Quetzal Macaw) |
 |
c.380/390? Tikal |
426 | 437 | 437 Copán (aged around 47/57?) |
? at least one child |
|
Came from Tikal. Founder of Copán lineage, he also founded Quirigua's by installing there the first king, Tok Casper.[19] |
| Kʼinich Popol Hol (Great Sun) |
c.415 Copán Son of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ |
437 | 470 | c.470 Copán (aged around 54/55?) |
? |
|
Co-ruler with his father since 430, as he was shown in Structure 10L-26, dated to 9 December 435.[20] Founded the institutions of the city. | |
| Mat Head? (Ruler 3) |
? | c.455 | c.465? | c.465? Copán |
? | Identifiable with Ruler 3. Probably, given his reign date, a co-ruler.[20] | ||
| Ku Ix (K'altuun Hix; Tuun K'ab' Hix; Ruler 4) |
? | c.470? | 476 | c.476 Copán |
? |
|
Co-ruler since 465.[20] | |
| Ruler 5 | ? | c.475? | ? | ? | ||||
| Muyal Jol (Ruler 6) |
? | c.485? | 504 | c.504 Copán |
? | |||
| Bahlam Nehn[20] (Mirror Jaguar; Waterlily Jaguar) |
? | 504 | 524 or 544 | 524 or 544 Copán |
? at least one child |
|
||
| Wil Ohl Kʼinich (Head on Earth; Ruler 8) |
? Copán Son of Bahlam Nehn |
532 | 551 | 551 Copán |
? |
|
If Bahlam Nehn ruled until 544, Wil Ohl K'inich was a co-ruler until the former's death. | |
| Sak-Lu (Ruler 9) |
? Copán Son of Wil Ohl Kʼinich |
551 | 553 | 553 Copán |
? |
|
||
| Tzi-Bahlam (Moon Jaguar; Ruler 10) |
? Copán Son of Bahlam Nehn |
26 May 553 (9.5.19.3.0) |
22 October 578 | 22 October 578 (9.7.4.17.4) Copán |
? |
|
||
| K'ak' Chan Yopaat (Butz' Chan; Smoke Serpent) |
 |
564? Copán |
15 November 578 (9.7.5.0.8)[23] |
23 January 628 | 23 January 628 (9.9.14.16.9) Copán (aged around 64?) |
? at least one child |
|
|
| Chan Imix K'awiil (Smoke Jaguar; Smoke Imix) |
.jpg.webp) |
14 November 604 (9.7.5.0.8)[24] or 612 Copán Possible son of K'ak' Chan Yopaat |
8 or 21 February 628[25] | 18 June 695 | 18 June 695 (9.13.3.5.7) Copán (aged 78/79 or 90) |
? at least one child |
|
Probably the longest-reigning ruler of the city. |
| Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (Oxwitik; 18 Rabbit) |
 |
675 Copán Possible son of Chan Imix K'awiil |
2 January or 15 June 695 | 3 May 738 | 3 May 738 (9.15.6.14.6.) Quiriguá (aged 62/63) |
? at least one child |
|
If ascended on 2 January, he briefly co-ruled with his predecessor. He was captured and beheaded by the ruler of Quirigua.[26] |
| Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil (Smoke Monkey) |
? Copán |
11 June 738 (9.15.6.16.5) |
4 February 749 | 4 February 749 (9.15.17.12.16) Copán |
? at least one child |
|||
| Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil (Smoke Shell; Smoke Squirrel) |
 |
? Son of Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil |
4 February 749 (9.15.17.12.16) |
c.761 or January 763 | c.761 or January 763 Copán |
A lady from Palenque at least one child |
|
|
| Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat (Yax Pac; Rising Sun) |
? Copán Son of Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil |
2 July 763 | c.810 | c.810 Copán |
|
|||
| Ukit Took (Yax Pac; Yax Pasah; 18 Rabbit) |
? | 6 or 10 February 822 | c.830 | c.830 (or after) | ? |
|
Last known ruler of Copán, and the only who doesn't appear on the mentioned Altar Q. The city collapsed suddenly, possibly under an epidemic.[27] | |
La Corona
- c.520-544: Chak Took Ich'aak
- c.658: Chak Naahb Kaan
- 667-679: K'inich Yook
- ?: Chak Ak'aach Took
- c.721: Yajaw Te' K'inich
Dos Pilas 
| Name/Glyph[28] | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tikal-Dos Pilas dynasty[29][30][31][32] | ||||||||
| B'alaj Chan K'awiil (Ruler 1; Flint Sky; Flint Sky God K; Lightning Sky; Malah Chan K'awill) |
15 October 625 (9.9.12.11.2) Tikal Son of K'inich Muwaan Jol II, King of Tikal |
31 October 643 (9.10.10.16.9) |
692 | c.692 Dos Pilas (aged 66/67) |
Lady of Itzan at least two children Lady Bulu' at least one child |
He probably saw himself as the legitimate heir to the Tikal throne. Howwever, moved away from the capital to found a new one at Dos Pilas, which grew to become a rival kingdom, under overlordship of Calakmul. One of his children was Lady Wak Chanil Ajaw, queen regnant Naranjo, who, by using the Tikal emblem, proved her ascendance, through B'alaj Chan K'awiil, from Tikal royal line. | ||
| Itzamnaaj B'alam (Shield Jaguar) |
? Dos Pilas Son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Itzan |
c.695 | ? Dos Pilas |
? | Little is known about him. He probably had a short reign. | |||
| Itzamnaaj K'awiil (Ruler 2; Shield God K) |
 |
25 January 673 (9.12.0.10.11) Dos Pilas Son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Itzan |
24 March 698 (9.13.6.2.0) |
22 October 726 | 22 October 726 (9.14.15.1.19) Dos Pilas (aged 53) |
? at least one child |
|
|
| Ucha'an K'in B'alam (Ruler 3; Master of the Sun Jaguar; Scroll-head God K; Spangle-head; Jewelled-head) |
 |
? | 10 January 727 (9.14.15.5.15) |
28 May 741 | 28 May 741 (9.15.9.16.11) Dos Pilas |
Lady GI-Kʼawiil of Cancuén no children? |
|
Has no apparent family relation to his predecessors, being probably a regent. It is known that, twenty years earlier, he was already a prominent figure in the kingdom (being responsible, for example, for the capture of the lord of Tikal in 705, or involving himself closely in rituals performed by the previous king). As a ruler (regent or usurper) he provided strong leadership. Erected monuments in Dos Pilas and Aguateca. |
| Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich (Ruler 4; God K Sky Mahkʼina) |
%252C_Dos_Pilas%252C_museu_Nacional_d'Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%252C_Guatemala.jpg.webp) |
Before 726 Dos Pilas Son of Itzamnaaj K'awiil |
23 June 741 (9.15.9.17.17) |
c.761 | After 761 | ? |
|
He was forced to flee from Dos Pilas in 761 and was never mentioned again. As a result, the date of his death is currently unknown. |
Dzibilchaltun
- c.800: Ukuw Chan Chaak
Ek' Balam 
- Ukit Kan Leʼk Tokʼ
Edzná
- Unen-K'awiil (c. 620-638)
- Sihyaj Chan K'awiil (c. 636–649)
- Kal-Chan-Chaak (649-662)
- B'aah Pahk (662-672), wife of the former
- Janaab Yook K'inich (672–692)
- Hul Janaab Chanek (692-c. 710)
- Chan Chawaj (c.711-731)
- Aj-Koht-Chowa-Nahkaan (c. 805–850)
- Pdrich (850-860s)
- Ajan (c.869)
La Florida
- ?: Sihyaj Chan K'awiil
- ?: Aj Pat Chan
- ?: Chakaj Chaak
- c.677: Bahlam K'awiil
- c.681: K'ahk Ti' Kuy
- ?: Uh Ti' Kuy
- c.700: Tahn Tuun Chaak
- c.731: Lady Chaak
- 731-766: K'ahk Chan Yopaat
- c.790: A king, depicted in Stela 1
Holmul
(Note: No known dates)
- ?: Och Chan Yopaat
- ?: Sakhb Chan Yopaat Makcha
- ?: K’inich Tacal Tun
- ?: Vilaan Chak Tok Vakhab
Ixkun
| Nickname | Ruled |
|---|---|
| Eight Skull[33] | –c. 790 |
| Rabbit God K[34] | c. 790–800 |
Ixtutz
- c.780:[35] Aj Yaxjal B’aak
Machaquila
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Machaquila dynasty[36] | ||||||||
| Yas-tu-Chaak | ? | c.475 | ? | ? | ||||
| Tacal-Mo' | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Sihyaj K'in Ich'aak I | ? | 670 | 710 | c.710 Machaquila |
? |
|
||
| Ets'nab-Chaak | ? | 711 | 761 | c.761 Machaquila |
? |
|
At the end of his reign, Machaquilá's suzerain kingdom, Dos Pilas, was abandoned and, during the political turmoil that followed, Cancuén stole power from Machaquilá. | |
| Chak-Bahlam | ? | c.775 | ? | ? |
|
|||
| Under Cancuén rule: 786–799 | ||||||||
| Aj Ho' Baak | 5 December 770 (9.16.19.15.12) Machaquila |
28 June 800 (9.18.9.15.10) |
815 | 815 Machaquila (aged around 44/45) |
? at least one child |
|
||
| Sihyaj K'in Ich’aak II | .jpg.webp) |
? Machaquila Son of Aj Ho' Baak |
2 April 815 (9.19.4.15.1) |
824 | 824 Machaquila |
? at least one child |
|
|
| Juun Tsak-Took | ? Machaquila Son of Sihyaj K'in Ich’aak II |
3 March 824 (9.19.13.15.19) |
840 | 840 Machaquila |
? |
|
||
| Ti-Chaak | ? | 824 | 840 | ? | ? | |||
La Mar
- 781-?: Parrot Chaak
Moral Reforma
- 662-after 690: Muwaan Jol, ascended under king Yuknoom of Calakmul; however, in 690, ascended once again under the king of Palenque.
Motul de San José
- 701-c.710: Yichte K'inich I
- c.700–725: Sak Muwaan
- c.725–735: Tayel Chan K'inich
- ?: Sihyaj K'awiil
- c.742–755: Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich (son of Sak Muwaan)
- c.755–779: Lamaw Ek'
Naranjo 
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Naranjo dynasty[37][38][39] | ||||||||
| Tzik'in Bahlam | ? | ? | ? | ? |
|
First known ruler. | ||
| ? | ? | c.475 | ? | ? |
|
|||
| Naatz Chan Ahk | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| K'inich Tajal Chaak | ? Naranjo Son of Lady Casper[38] |
? | ? | ? | ||||
| Pik Chan Ahkul | ? | ? | ? | Lady Stone-in-Hand Sky at least one child |
Inferred as king by his son's inscriptions. | |||
| Aj Wosal Chan K'inich (Double Comb) |
534 Naranjo Son of Pik Chan Ahkul and Lady Stone-in-Hand Sky |
5 May 546 (9.5.12.0.4) |
615 | 615 Naranjo (aged around 80/81) |
? at least one child |
|
||
| K'uxaj | ? Son of Aj Wosal Chan K'inich |
615 | 27 December 631 | 27 December 631 (9.9.18.16.3) Naranjo |
? | Defeated by Caracol (626) and by Calakmul (631) | ||
| K'ahk' Xiiw Chan Chaahk | ? | c.644 | c.680 | c.680 Naranjo |
? | 37th ruler of Naranjo, according to the inscriptions on the site.[40] His rule, however, didn't produce any surviving monuments. He was victorious against Caracol. | ||
| 2nd Naranjo dynasty / Tikal-Dos Pilas dynasty[37][38][39] | ||||||||
| Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas (Lady Six Sky)  |
 |
15 July 669 (or after[41][39]) Dos Pilas Daughter of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, King of Dos Pilas and Lady Bulu' |
30 August 682 (9.12.10.5.12.) 11 October 721 (9.14.10.0.0) |
693 16 February 741 |
16 February 741 (9.15.9.11.6) Naranjo (aged around 72) |
K'ak' U ? Chan Chaak of Naranjo at least one child |
|
Wak Chanil arrived from Dos Pilas to form a new dynasty in Naranjo. United herself in marriage with a cousin of the previous ruler, K'ahk' Xiiw Chan Chaahk, from 693 she held regency for her son. Possibly as early as 721 or after his son's death in 728, she reassumed the reins of the kingdom as queen regnant, or queen regent for her second son (or grandson).
In the reign of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak, Wak Chanil's son, Naranjo fought and won a series of victories against polities, some of whom may have been rebelling against Wak Chanil herself. It's possible that was her the organizer of many of Naranjo campaigns that, early in his reign, defeated Yaxha, Tikal, and Ucanal. |
| Regency of Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas (693-26 March 706) | ||||||||
| Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak (Smoking Squirrel) |
6 January 688 (9.12.15.13.7) Naranjo Son of K'ak' U ? Chan Chaak and Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas |
31 May 693 (9.13.1.3.19) |
c.728 | c.728 (or after[42]) Naranjo (aged around 31/32) |
Lady Unen Bahlam of Tuub'al 21 March 710 at least one child | |||
| Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak | ? Naranjo Son of K'ak' U ? Chan Chaak and Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas |
c.741 | 4 February 744 (15.9.12.11.13) |
14 June 744 (9.15.13.0.0) Naranjo or Tikal? |
? |
|
Defeated by Tikal and sacrificed months later. | |
| K'ak' Yipiiy Chan Chaak | ? | 15 August 746 (9.15.15.3.16) |
748 or 755 | 748 or 755 Naranjo |
? |
|
||
| K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak |  |
? Naranjo Son of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak and Lady Unen Bahlam of Tuub'al |
20 November 755 (9.16.4.10.18) |
780 | 780 Naranjo |
Lady Star Shell of Yaxha at least two children |
|
|
| Bat K'awiil | ? Naranjo Son of K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak and Lady Star Shell of Yaxha |
? | ? | ? | ||||
| Itzamnaaj K'awiil (Shield; Shield God K) |
 |
13 March 771 (9.17.0.2.12) Naranjo Son of K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak and Lady Star Shell of Yaxha |
4 February 784 (9.17.13.4.3) |
810 | c.810 Naranjo (aged around 38/39) |
|
He was victorious against Yaxha. | |
| Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil | ? | c.814 | ? | ? |
|
|||
Mythological and legendary rulers
- ?-Muwaan Mat c.2325 BC
- Uk'ix Chan c.987 BC
- Casper c.252 BC
Historical rulers
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palenque dynasty[43][44][45] | ||||||||
Kʼukʼ Bahlam I (Kuk; Bahlum K'uk) |
30 March 397 (8.18.0.13.7) Palenque |
10 March 431 (8.19.15.3.5) |
435 | 435 Palenque (aged 37/38) |
? |
|
Founder of the dynasty. | |
Casper.svg.png.webp) (11 Rabbit) |
8 August 422 (8.19.6.8.9) Palenque Son of Kʼukʼ Bahlam I? |
9 August 435 (8.19.19.11.18) |
c.487 | c.487 Palenque (aged 64/65) |
? | |||
Bʼutz Aj Sak Chiik (Manik) |
15 November 459 (9.1.4.5.2) Palenque Son of Casper? |
28 July 487 (9.2.12.6.19) |
c.501 | c.501 Palenque (aged 41/42) |
? | His successor, Ahkal Moʼ Nahb, was probably his brother. | ||
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I (Chaacal I; Akul Anab I) |
5 July 465 (9.1.10.0.1) Palenque Son of Casper? |
3 June 501 (9.3.6.7.17) |
29 November 524 | 29 November 524 (9.4.10.4.17) Palenque (aged 59) |
? | The list of ancestors made by his descendant Pakal the Great starts with him. | ||
| Interregnum: 524–529 | ||||||||
Kʼan Joy Chitam I (Hok; Kan Xul I; K'an Hok' Chitam) |
5 May 490 (9.2.15.3.11) Palenque Son of Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I? |
6 February 529 (9.4.14.9.7) |
6 February 565 | 6 February 565 (9.6.11.0.16) Palenque (aged 74) |
? two children |
|||
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II (Chaacal II; Akul Anab II) |
3 September 523 (9.4.9.0.4) Palenque Son of Kʼan Joy Chitam I |
2 May 565 (9.6.11.5.1) |
21 July 570 | 21 July 570 (9.6.16.10.7) Palenque (aged 46) |
? no children |
|||
Kan Bahlam I (Chan Bahlum I) |
18 September 524 (9.4.10.1.5) Palenque Son of Kʼan Joy Chitam I |
6 April 572 (9.6.18.5.12) |
1 February 583 | 1 February 583 (9.7.9.5.5) Palenque (aged 58) |
? one child? |
|||
Yohl Ikʼnal (Lady Kan Ik; Lady K'anal Ik'nal) |
? Palenque Daughter of Kʼan Joy Chitam I or Kan Bahlam I |
21 December 583 (9.7.10.3.8) |
5 November 604 | 5 November 604 (9.8.11.6.12) Palenque |
? two children |
|||
Ajen Yohl Mat (Aj Ne' Ohl Mat; Ac Kan; Ahl Lawal Mat) |
? Palenque Son of Yohl Ikʼnal? |
1 January 605 (9.8.11.9.9) |
8 or 11 August 612 | 8 or 11 August 612 Palenque |
? two children |
During his reign (4 April 611), Palenque was invaded by Calakmul. | ||
Sak K'uk' (Muwaan Mat; Lady Beastie) |
 |
? Palenque Daughter of Janahb Pakal I and Yohl Ikʼnal? |
20 October 612 (9.8.19.7.18) |
27 July 615 (9.9.2.4.8) |
10 September 640 (9.10.7.13.5) Palenque |
Kʼan Moʼ Hix one or two children |
Abdicated to her son.[39] | |
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I the Great (Pacal; 8 Ahau; Sun Shield) |
 |
19 March 603 (9.8.9.12.15) Palenque Son of Kʼan Moʼ Hix and Sak K'uk' |
27 July 615 (9.9.2.4.8) |
26 August 683 | 26 August 683 (9.12.11.5.15) Palenque aged 80 |
Tzʼakbu three children |
|
He was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.[46] |
K'inich Kan Bahlam II (Chan Bahlum II) |
 |
23 May 635 (9.10.2.6.5) Palenque Son of Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I and Tzʼakbu |
10 January 684 (9.12.11.12.12) |
20 February 702 | 20 February 702 (9.13.10.1.7) Palenque aged 66 |
? no children |
|
He continued the ambitious project of adorning Palenque with fine art and architecture begun by his father.[44][47] |
K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II (Kan Xul II; K'an Hok' Chitam On II |
 |
31 October 644 (9.10.11.16.17) Palenque Son of Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I and Tzʼakbu |
28 May 702 (9.13.10.6.4) |
c.721 | 721 Palenque aged 76/77 |
? no children |
|
He was captured by Toniná in 711, but possibly restored to kingship. |
Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III (Chaacal III; Akul Anab III) |
 |
23 September 678 (9.12.6.5.17) Palenque Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw |
30 December 721 (9.14.10.4.0) |
c.736 | c.736 Palenque aged 57/58 |
Men Nik one child |
|
Grandson of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I. His construction program rivaled that of his predecessors, and contributed enormously to the surviving records of Palenque history. |
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II (Upakal K'inich) |
 |
? Palenque Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw |
c.742 | ? | ? one child |
|
Probable brother of the predecessor.[45] | |
K'inich Kan Bahlam III |
? | c.751 | ? | ? | A text at Pomona, the only source of his existence, suggests that his reign was short or troubled.[45] | |||
K'inich K'uk' Bahlam II[45] (Bahlum K'uk' II; Mahk'ina K'uk') |
? Palenque Son of Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III and Men Nik |
4 March 764 (9.16.13.0.5) |
c.783 | c.783 Palenque |
? |
|
||
Janaab Pakal III (6 Cimi Pakal) |
? | 13 November 799 (9.18.9.4.2) |
? | ? | ||||
El Perú
- 672–692: Lady K'abel
Piedras Negras 
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Piedras Negras dynasty[48] | ||||||||
K'an Ahk I (Ruler A; Turtleshell) |
? | c.297 | ? | ? | Ruler A was later captured by Moon Skull of Yaxchilan.[48] | |||
K'an Ahk II (Ruler B) |
? | c.478 | ? | ? | ||||
Yat Ahk I[49] (Ah Cauac Ah K'in; Turtletooth) |
? | c.510 | ? | ? | ||||
| Ruler C | ? | 30 June 514 (9.3.19.12.12) |
c.520 | c.520 Piedras Negras |
? |
|
||
K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I (Ruler 1) |
 |
? | 14 November 603 (9.8.10.6.16) |
3 February 639 | 3 February 639 (9.10.6.2.1) Piedras Negras |
Lady Bird Headdress at least one child |
|
Some scholars have argued that K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I refounded the ruling dynasty at Piedras Negras.[50][51] |
Itzam K'an Ahk I[52] (Ruler 2) |
 |
22 May 626 (9.9.13.4.1) Piedras Negras Son of K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I and Bird Headress |
12 April 639 (9.10.6.5.9) |
15 November 686 | 15 November 686 (9.12.14.10.13) Piedras Negras (aged 50) |
Lady White Bird at least one child |
|
|
K'inich Yo'nal Ahk II (Ruler 3) |
 |
30 December 664 (9.11.12.7.2) Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk I and White Bird |
2 January 687 (9.12.14.13.1) |
c. 729 | c. 729 Piedras Negras (aged 64/65) |
Winik Haab' Ajaw of Namaan 21 November 686 (9.12.14.10.16) one child |
|
|
| 2nd Piedras Negras dynasty[48] | ||||||||
Itzam K'an Ahk II (Ruler 4) |
 |
18 November 701 (9.13.9.14.15) Piedras Negras |
9 November 729 (9.14.18.3.13) |
26 November 757 | 26 November 757 (9.16.6.11.17) Piedras Negras (aged 56) |
Juntan Ahk of Piedras Negras (?) possibly three children |
|
There is evidence that Itzam K'an Ahk II started a new patriline at Piedras Negras. It's possible that he also married the daughter of the previous ruler.[54] |
Yo'nal Ahk III[51][55] (Ruler 5) |
 |
? Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II |
10 March 758 (9.16.6.17.1) |
c. 767 | c. 767 Piedras Negras |
? |
|
|
Ha' K'in Xook[55][56][51] (Ruler 6) |
 |
? Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II |
14 February 767 (9.16.16.0.4) |
24 March 780 | 24 March 780 (9.17.9.5.11) or after 780 Piedras Negras |
? |
|
Appears to have either died or abdicated. Scholars are unsure if 24 March 780 refers to Ha' K'in Xook's death date, or rather the date of his burial. |
K'inich Yat Ahk II (Ruler 7) |
 |
7 April 750 (9.15.18.16.7.) Piedras Negras Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II |
31 May 781 (9.17.10.9.4.) |
c. 808 | c. 808 Piedras Negras (aged 57/58) |
? |
|
Took the throne almost a year following the death of Ha' K'in Xook. Despite this time gap, there is no evidence anyone was ruling Piedras Negras in the interim. He was later captured by K'inich Tatbu Skull IV of Yaxchilan.[57][58][51][59] |
Pusilha
- c.569–595: K’awiil Chan K’inich (this first ruler and dynasty probably descended from the first dynasty of Naranjo[60])
- c.595–650: K’ahk U’ Ti’ Chan
- c.650–670: Muyal Naah K’ukhul K’ahk’ U’
- c.670–680: Ruler D
- c.680–710: Ruler E
- c.710–731: Lady Ich’aak K’inich
- c.731–750: K’ahk Chan (began a new line of rulers)
- c.750–768: K’ahk Kalav
- c.768-c.800?: K’awiil Chan
Quiriguá 
| Name (or nickname) | Ruled | Dynastic succession no.[61] |
|---|---|---|
| "Tok Casper" | 426–?[62] | 1 |
| Tutuum Yohl K'inich | c. 455[62] | ? |
| "Ruler 3" ("Turtle Shell") | c. 480[62][63] | ? |
| "Ruler 4" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[63] | 3? |
| Mih Toh | 493–[63] | 4? |
| K'awiil Yopaat ("Ruler 5") | c. 653[63] | ? |
| K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat ("Cauac Sky" or "Kawak Sky") | 724–785[64] | 14 |
| "Sky Xul" | 785 – c. 795[64] | 15 |
| "Jade Sky" | c. 800 – c. 810[64] | 17? |
Plan de Ayutla
| Name | Dates |
|---|---|
| U K'ab'[66] | c. 564 |
| K'ab Chan Te' I | c. 594–641 |
| K'ab Chan Te' II? | c.653–693 |
| Aj Sak Maax | c.754–772 |
| Yeht' K'inich | c. 787 |
| Jats' Tokal Ek' Hiix | c.796? |
| K'ab' Chan Te' III | c. 864 |
Seibal
| Name | Title or nickname | Ruled |
|---|---|---|
| Pat-K'awiil | ? (7th–8th century?) | |
| Ich'aak Bahlam I | "Jaguar Claw" | ?-c.735 |
| Ich'aak Bahlam II | "Jaguar Claw" | c.735–c.750[67] |
| K'inich Bahlam | ? | |
| Ajaw B'ot | Ruler D, Ah-Bolon-Abta[68] | 771–?[69] |
| Wat'ul Chatel[70] | Aj B'olon Haab'tal[71] | 830–889+[71] |
| K'uhul It'sat[72] | c.860? | |
| K'ap Sak Nik | c.880? |
Tamarindito
| Name | Ruled |
|---|---|
| Ruler 1 | ca. 513 |
| Wakoh K'inich | ca. 534 – ca. 554 |
| Ruler 3 | ca. 573 |
| Ruler 4 | – 613 |
| Wakoh Chan K'inich | a. 613 – |
| Aj Ajan Nah | ca. 660 |
| Aj Ihk' Wolok | ca. 660 – ca. 702 |
| Ruler 8 | ca. 705 |
| Ruler 9 | – ca. 711 |
| Ruler 10 | – 712 |
| Chak Bin Ahk | a. 712 – ca. 731 |
| Chanal Balam | a. 760 – ca. 764 |
Teotihuacan
- c.378: Spearthrower Owl, ruled when his son took over Tikal.
Tikal .png.webp)
The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers.[73]
| Name/Glyph[74][75] | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Tikal dynasty[76] | ||||||||
Yax Ehb' Xok (Yax Moch Xok; Yax Chakte'l Xok; First Scaffold Shark) |
? | c.90 | ? | ? | Founder of Tikal lineage.[77] | |||
? Bahlam (Foliated Jaguar; Decorated Jaguar; Scroll Ahau Jaguar) |
? | c.292 | ? | ? |
|
|||
K'inich Ehb'[78] (Animal Headdress) |
? | ? | ? | Lady Skull at least one child |
|
|||
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil I |
? Tikal Son of K'inich Ehb' and Lady Skull |
c.307 | ? | |||||
Unen Bahlam (Lady Une' B'alam) |
? |
c.317 | ? | ? |
|
Assumed to be female, the sex of this ruler is in fact unclear. | ||
Kʼinich Muwaan Jol (Mahk'ina Bird Skull; Feather Skull) |
? | ? | 22 May 359 | 22 May 359 (8.16.2.6.0) Tikal |
Bahlam Way at least one child |
|
||
Chak Tok Ichʼaak I (Great Paw; Great Jaguar Paw; Toh Chak Ichʼak) |
? Tikal Son of Kʼinich Muwaan Jol and Bahlam Way |
7 August 360 (8.16.3.10.2) |
16 January 378 | 16 January 378 (8.17.1.4.12) Tikal |
? |
|
On the day he died, Tikal was invaded by troops led by Siyaj Kʼakʼ, who overthrew the reigning family. | |
| 2nd Tikal dynasty / Teotihuacan dynasty | ||||||||
Yax Nuun Ayiin I (Curl Snout; Curl Nose) |
 |
? Teotihuacan Son of Spearthrower Owl |
12 September 379 (8.17.2.16.17) |
18 June 404 | 18 June 404 (8.18.8.1.2) Tikal |
Lady K'inich at least one child |
|
Probably son of the king of Teotihuacan, founded a new line of rulers in Tikal. |
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II (Storm Sky; Manikin Cleft Sky) |
 |
? Tikal Son of Yax Nuun Ayiin I and Lady K'inich |
26 November 411 (8.18.15.11.0) |
3 February 456 | 3 February 456 (9.1.0.8.0) Tikal |
Lady Ayiin at least one child |
|
|
Kʼan Chitam[79] (Kan Boar; K'an Ak) |
 |
26 November 415 (8.18.19.12.1) Tikal Son of Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II and Lady Ayiin |
8 August 458 (9.1.2.17.17) |
486 | 486 Tikal (aged 70/71) |
Lady Tzutz Nik at least one child |
|
|
Chak Tok Ichʼaak II[79][80] (Jaguar Paw II; Jaguar Paw Skull) |
? Tikal Son of Kʼan Chitam and Lady Tzutz Nik |
486 | 24 July 508 | 24 July 508 (9.3.13.12.5) Tikal |
Lady Hand Probably two children |
|
||
Yo K'in[76] (Lady of Tikal) |
1 September 504 (9.3.9.13.3) Tikal Daughter of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and Lady Hand? |
19 April 511 (9.3.16.8.4) |
527 | After 527 Tikal |
? |
|
Ruled jointly. Possibly married? | |
Kaloomte Bahlam (Curl Head) |
 |
? | c.511 Tikal |
527 | After 527 Tikal |
? | ||
Bird Claw  (Animal Skull) |
? | ? | ? | ? |
|
Ruled after Yo K'in. He carried a high-ranking name but no Tikal emblem. Possibly an interim ruler, or usurper?[81] | ||
Wak Chan Kʼawiil (Double Bird) |
January 508 Tikal Son of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and Lady Hand |
27 December 537 (9.5.3.9.15) |
562 | 562 Tikal (aged 53/54) |
? |
|
||
| 3rd Tikal dynasty[76] | ||||||||
K'inich Waaw (Animal Skull; Lizard Head; Ete II) |
? Tikal Son of Fire Cross and Lady Hand Sky of Bahlam |
562? or 593 | 628 | 628 Tikal |
? | Had no apparent relation to the previous rulers; possibly a new dynasty began at this point. | ||
| K'inich Wayaan? (23rd Ruler) |
? | c. 635 (if he is the 23rd Ruler) or c.628–650 |
? | ? |
|
Probably identifiable with 23rd Ruler? | ||
| K'inich Muwaan Jol II (24th Ruler) |
? | c. 645 (if he is the 24th Ruler) or c.628–650 |
? | ? at least one child |
Probably identifiable with 24th Ruler? | |||
Nuun Ujol Chaak (Shield Skull; Nun Ban Chak) |
? Tikal Son of K'inich Muwaan Jol II |
657 | 679 | 679 Tikal |
Lady Jaguar Seat at least one child |
|
||
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I (Ruler A; Ah Cacao; Sky Rain) |
 |
? Tikal Son of Nuun Ujol Chaak and Lady Jaguar Seat |
3 May 682 (9.12.9.17.16) |
734 | 734 Tikal |
Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ at least one child |
|
His defeat of the rival Maya city of Calakmul in 695 is seen to represent a resurgence in the strength and influence of Tikal. |
Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil (Ruler B; Yaxkin Caan Chac; Sun Sky Rain) |
 |
? Tikal Son of Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I and Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ |
8 December 734 (9.15.3.6.8) |
766? | 766? Tikal |
? at least two children |
|
He was one of Tikal's most successful and expansionary rulers, consolidating the political gains won by his father. |
| 28th Ruler | ? Tikal Son of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil |
c.766 | c.768 | c.768? Tikal |
? | Little is known about this ruler. | ||
Yax Nuun Ayiin II (Ruler C; Chitam) |
? Tikal Son of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil |
25 December 768 (9.16.17.16.4) |
c.794 | c.794 Tikal |
? |
|
||
Nuun Ujol Kʼinich |
? | Between 794 and 810 | ? | ? at least one child |
|
|||
Dark Sun  |
? Tikal Son of Nuun Ujol Kʼinich |
c.849 | ? | ? |
|
|||
Jewel K'awiil  |
? | c.849 | ? | ? | ||||
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II  (Stela 11 Ruler) |
 |
? | c.869 | c.889 | c.889? Tikal |
? |
|
|
Toniná 
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Toniná dynasty[82][83] | ||||||||
| Reptile Head (Ruler 1; Itzamnaaj Mut I?) |
? | c.510/14? | ? | ? | First known ruler of the site. | |||
| Bahlam Ya Acal (Jaguar Bird Peccary; Zots Choj) |
? | 16 January 563 (9.6.8.17.4) |
573 | 573 Toniná |
? | |||
| Chac B'olon Chaak | ? | c.589 | ? | ? | ||||
| K'inich Bahlam Chapat (K'inich Hix Chapat) |
? | 2 January 615 (9.9.1.12.2) |
668 | 668 Toniná |
? |
|
||
| Yuknoom Wahywal [84] (Jaguar Casper; Ruler 2) |
? | 23 July 668 (9.11.16.0.3) |
12 September 687 | 12 September 687 (9.12.15.7.13) Toniná |
? at least two children |
|
||
| K’inich B’aaknal Chaak [84] (Kuk; Snake Skull; Ruler 3) |
? Possible son of Yuknoom Wahywal |
17 June 688 (9.12.16.3.12) |
715 | 715 Toniná |
? |
|
It's possible that they ruled together, at least in 688. | |
| Aj Ch'aaj Naah | ? | 688 | ? | ? | ||||
| Kel'ne Hix | ? | ? | Lady K'awill Chan at least one child |
|||||
| Regency of Lady K'awill Chan (708/15-722) | Co-ruled with his uncle, K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, until 715. Under regency of his mother, the sister of K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, until 722. | |||||||
| K’inich Chuwaaj Chaak[84] (Jaguar God; Ruler 4) |
16 December 706 (9.13.14.17.7) Toniná Son of Kel'ne Hix and Lady K'awill Chan |
28 November 708 (9.13.16.17.0) |
723 | 723 Toniná aged 16/17 |
? |
| ||
| 2nd Toniná dynasty[85][83] | ||||||||
| K'inich Ich'aak Chapat (Jaguar Claw; Ruler 5) |
15 January 709 (9.13.17.1.8) Toniná Son of Lady Winik Timak K'awiil |
19 November 723 (9.14.12.2.9) |
739 | 739 Toniná aged 29/30 |
Lady Muyal Chan K'awiil (I) at least one child |
|
Has no known family relation to previous rulers;[86] probably a new dynasty started at this point. | |
| K’inich Tuun Chapat (Ruler 6 or 8) |
? Toniná Son of K'inich Ich'aak Chapat and Lady Muyal Chan K'awiil (I) |
739 | 15 February 762 | 15 February 762 (9.16.10.16.17) Toniná |
? at least one child |
|||
| Lady K'awiil Yopaat (Ruler 7) |
? Toniná Daughter of K’inich Tuun Chapat |
15 February 762 (9.16.10.16.17) |
774 | 774[87] Toniná |
? at least one child |
Around 764 Toniná defeated Palenque in battle.[88] | ||
| K'inich Chapat (Itzamnaaj Mut II?; Ruler 8?[89]) |
? Toniná Son of Lady K'awiil Yopaat |
774/787 | 806 | 806 Toniná |
Lady Muyal Chan K'awiil (II) at least one child |
|
The last succeessful warrior ruler of Toniná. It's possible that the heir prince who died in 775, Prince Wak Chan K'ahk, was his brother. | |
| Uh Chapat[89] (Ruler 9) |
? Toniná Son of Kel'ne Hix and Lady K'awill Chan |
c.837 | ? Toniná |
? at least one child? |
||||
| Ruler 10 | ? Toniná Son of Uh Chapat? |
c.901[89] | ? Toniná |
? |
|
|||
Ucanal
- Itzamnaaj Bahlam, ruled at least between 698 and 702.
Xultun
- Yax We'nel Chan K'inich, depicted in a mural of a Late Classic room, 10K2
Yaxchilan 
| Name/Glyph[74][75] | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until[90] | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments[91] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yaxchilan dynasty[92] | ||||||||
| Yopaat Bahlam I | ? | 23 July 359 (8.16.2.9.1.) |
? | ? | ? | Founder of Yaxchilan lineage.[93] | ||
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam I (Shield Jaguar I) |
? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Yaxun Bahlam I (Bird Jaguar I) |
? | 378 | 389 | 389 Yaxchilan |
? | |||
| Yax Deer-Antler Skull | ? | 389 | 402 | 402 Yaxchilan |
? | |||
| Ruler 5 | ? | 402 | ? | ? | ? | |||
| K'inich Tatb'u Jol I | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Moon Skull | ? | 454 | 467 | 467 Yaxchilan |
? | His name is not an actual reference to the moon but is rather the Maya word for a spear-thrower. | ||
| Yaxun Bahlam II (Bird Jaguar II) |
? | 467 | ? | ? | Lady Chuwen at least two children |
The eighth king in the dynastic record of Yaxchilan. Two of his sons became kings after him, Knot-eye Jaguar I and K'inich Tatb'u Skull II. | ||
| Joy Bahlam I (Knot-eye Jaguar I) |
? Yaxchilan Son of Yaxun Bahlam II< and Lady Chuwen |
508 | 518 | 518 Yaxchilan |
? at least two children |
|
The ninth known king of Yaxchilan, he reigned in the early 6th century. His glyphic name should probably be read as Joy Bahlam.[94] | |
| K'inich Tatb'u Jol II | ? Yaxchilan Son of Yaxun Bahlam II and Lady Chuwen |
11 February 526 (9.4.11.8.16) |
537 | 537 Yaxchilan |
? at least two children |
|
The tenth in the dynastic king list. He was another son of Bird Jaguar II. | |
| Joy Bahlam II | ? | c.560 | c.570 | c.570 Yaxchilan |
? | |||
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam II (Shield Jaguar II) |
? | c.599 or c.599–611 |
? | ? | ||||
| K'inich Tatb'u Jol III | ? | ? | ? | ? at least one child |
|
|||
| Yaxun Bahlam III (6-Tun-Bird Jaguar; Bird Jaguar III) |
? Yaxchilan Son of K'inich Tatb'u Jol III |
631 | 681 | 681 Yaxchilan |
Lady Pacal (c. 607? – 705) at least one child |
|
Described in one text as fifteenth in line from Yopaat B'alam I. Bird Jaguar III took Lady Pakal as his wife, who lived a very long life, dying in 705 at the age of at least 98 years. Their son and heir was Itzamnaaj B'alam II. | |
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[95] (Shield Jaguar III) |
 |
647 Yaxchilan Son of Yaxun Bahlam III and Lady Pacal |
23 October 681 (9.12.9.8.1) |
15 June 742 | 15 June 742 (9.15.10.17.14) Yaxchilan (aged 94/95) |
Lady Xoc Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul (1 September 704–751) at least one child Lady Sak B'iyaan |
|
Ruled for 60 years. He was often referred to in hieroglyphic texts as Master of Aj Nik, referring to the capture of his first captive before he became king, this phrase being attached to his name on 32 separate occasions. Aj Nik himself was a sub-lord from a place known as either Maan or Namaan and was not of high rank. |
| Yopaat Bahlam II | ? | c.749 | ? | ? |
|
|||
| Yaxun Bahlam IV (Bird Jaguar IV) |
 |
709 or later[96] Yaxchilan Son of Itzamnaaj Bahlam III and Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul |
752 | 768 | 768 Yaxchilan (aged 56/57) |
Lady Great Skull at least one child Lady Wak Tuun of Motul de San José Lady Wak Jalam Chan of Motul de San José Lady Mut Bahlam of Hix Witz |
|
Possibly under regency of his mother in the beginning of his reign.[93][97][98] |
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam IV[99] (Shield Jaguar IV) |
18 February 752 (9.16.0.14.7) Yaxchilan Son of Yaxun Bahlam IV and Lady Great Skull |
769 | c.800 | c.800 Yaxchilan (aged around 47/48) |
Lady Chab-Ahab at least one child |
|||
| K'inich Tatb'u Jol IV | ? Son of Itzamnaaj Bahlam IV and Lady Chab-Ahab |
c.808 | ? | ? |
|
Last known ruler of the city.[93] | ||
Yo'okop
- c.570: Na Chaʼak Kab, a Kaloomte that may have ruled under the overlord Sky Witness from Calakmul or Dzoyola.
Yootz
El Zapote
- c.404?: K’ahk Bahlam
- c.439: Chan K’awiil
Zapote Bobal
- ?: Yukul K’awiil
- ?: Ti’ K’awiil
- ?-559: Chan Ahk
- c.660: Janaab Ti’O
- ?-23 IV 663: Itzamnaaj Ahk
Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Post-Classic Period
Notes:
- All dates AD; if otherwise, it is stated.
- The lists may not be completed. However, take in consideration that some lists are more completed than others in different aspects.
- English language names are provisional nicknames based on their identifying glyphs, where rulers' Maya language names have not yet been definitively deciphered phonetically.
Chichen Itzá
- c.869–890: K’ak’upakal K’awiil, possibly ruler or a high-ranked official
- c.930–950: Ak-Holtun-Bahlam I
- ?-1047: Ak-Holtun-Bahlam II
- 1047-?: Poshek Ix Soi
- c.1194: Canek
Cocom dynasty
- Hunac Ceel, general who conquered the city in the 12th–13th century, and founded a new ruling family.
Iximche
| Ahpo Sotzʼil[102] | Ahpo Xahil[103] | Kʼalel Achi | Ahuchan |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wuqu-Batzʼ | Hun-Toh | Chuluk | Xitamel-Keh |
| Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ | Lahuh-Ah | ||
| Kablahuh-Tihax | |||
| Hun-Iqʼ | Lahuh-Noh | ||
| Cahi Imox | Belehe Qat |
Mixco Viejo
| Name | Ruled | Alternative names |
|---|---|---|
| Lajuj No'j | c.1450–c.1480[104] | Ichalkan Chi Kumkwat, Ychal Amollac Chicumcuat |
| Achi Q'alel | early 16th century[105] | – |
Q'umarkaj
- c.1225–1250: Bahlam Kitze
- c.1250–1275: Kʼokʼoja
- c.1275–1300: E Tzʼikin
- c.1300–1325: Ajkan
- c.1325–1350: Kʼokaibʼ
- c.1350–1375: Kʼonache
- c.1375–1400: Kʼotuja
- c.1400–1435: Quqʼkumatz
- c.1435–1475: Kʼiqʼabʼ
- c.1475–1500: Vahxakʼ i-Kaam
- c.1500–1524: Oxib Keh
Uxmal
This city is here included because, despite of being founded in the Classic period, attained the peak of its influence already in the Post Classic.
Tutul Xiu dynasty
- c.500: Hun Uitzil Chac, founded the kingdom in year 500.
- ?: Ah Suytok
- c.890–910: K’ahk Pulaj Chan Chaak
- 987–1007: Ak Mekat
- 1441–1461: Ah Xiu Xupan
See also
References
- L., Tignor, Robert (2014). Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9780393123760. OCLC 854609153.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Tignor, Adelman, Brown, Elman, Liu, Pittman, Shaw, Robert, Jeremy, Peter, Benjamin, Xinru, Holly, Brent (2014). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart (V1). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 311–313. ISBN 9780393922080.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 409.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 65
- Martin & Grube 2000; Zender 2004
- Braswell et al. 2005, p.162.
- Maya Royal Dynasties
- Kings of Calakmul
- "Mesoweb Articles". www.mesoweb.com.
- Martin and Grube 2008:114
- Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube 2008:103, 115)
- Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 2nd edition. Thames and Hudson, London
- Nikolai Grube 1994 Epigraphic Research at Caracol, Belize. In Studies in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize, edited by Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- "Una lideresa maya entre los secretos milenarios revelados en Cobá". infobae (in European Spanish). 21 July 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020. "Una mujer, entre los 14 gobernadores del Gran Cobá". El Universal (in Spanish). 21 July 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- Europe C. Mercier & Renato Cottini Giroldo 2014.
- Guernsey & Reese-Taylor (2009) date the end of her reign in c.650 (according to Stela 29), but this overlaps with Lady K'awiil's reign, which started in 640, and her predecessors.
- Gronemeyer S. A Preliminary Ruling Sequence at Coba, Quintana Roo // Wayeb Notes 14. — 2004
- Double dates indicate carvings in different dates on the same stela
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.216
- "Maya Rulers of Copan". gei.aerobaticsweb.org.
- Ascended 24 days after Tzi-Bahlam's death.
- In Altar Q, only Ruler 12 (Chan Imix K'awiil) is shown living for 5 k'atun (about 98 years).
- Ascended 16 days after K'ak' Chan Yopaat death.
- Stuart 1996.
- Snow 2010, p. 168.
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.384–5. Martin & Grube 2000 pp.56–60.
- Salisbury, Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002.
- Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 54–55.
- Webster 2002, p. 263.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 56.
- Laporte et al 2005, p.159.
- Laporte 2005, pp. 224–225.
- Zender, p.4.
- Ninth-Century Stelae of Machaquilá and Seibal
- Tokovinine, Alexandre; Fialko, Vilma (2007). "Stela 45 of Naranjo and the Early Classic Lords of Sa'aal". The PARI Journal.
- "Los Gobernantes de Naranjo". www.mesoweb.com.
- The Dynastic History of Naranjo
- Martin, Simon (25 March 2008). Chronicle of the Maya kings and queens : deciphering the dynasties of the ancient Maya. Grube, Nikolai (Second ed.). London. ISBN 978-0-500-28726-2. OCLC 191753193.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Wak Chanil's father was 14 years old in this date; it is the earliest date of her birth, which could also have happened later)
- Last monument of him on 26 October 716; in 721 he was already dead.
- Skidmore, Joel (2010). The Rulers of Palenque (PDF) (Fifth ed.). Mesoweb Publications. p. 6. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
- Skidmore 2010, p. 74.
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2008). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya (2nd ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 175. ISBN 9780500287262. OCLC 191753193.
- Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–268.
- Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 168–170.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 140.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 141.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 142.
- Sharer, Robert; Traxler, Loa (2006). The Ancient Maya. California: Stanford University Press. pp. 421–431.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 143.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 148-50.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 151.
- Clancy (2009), pp. 140–141.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 152-153.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 149.
- O'Neil 2014, p. 142.
- Prager, 2002
- The numbers given here follow those noted in Looper 2003, p.205.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
- Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
- Laporte et al 2006, p.222.
- Biro 2005, p. 31
- Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 61, 63.
- Tourtellot & González 2005, p. 68.
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.409. Tourtellot & González 2005, p. 68.
- Tourtellot & González 2005, pp. 68–9.
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 524.
- "Сейбаль". May 25, 2020 – via Wikipedia.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.25.
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.310–2
- Martin & Grube 2000 pp.26–52.
- "Welcome to Tikal Park, tours, lodging and transportation". Tikal Park.
- Drew 1999, p.187.
- Martin & Grube 2008, p.26.
- Martin & Grube 2008, p.37.
- Guenter, Stanley Paul (2014). "Dating Stela 26 of Tikal". The PARI Journal. Ancient Cultures Institute. 14 (3): 13–17.
- Martin & Grube 2008, p.39.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.178.
- Taladoire, Erik - Towards a reevaluation of the Toniná polity, Estudios de Cultura Maya, vol.46, 46, 2015, pages 45-70
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.180. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.186.
- Despite some authors defending that K'inich Ich'aak Chapat's father was K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, his existence as B'aaknal's son would prevent the succession of the previous ruler, K’inich Chuwaaj Chaak, a son of B'aaknal's sister. Therefore, it's more probable that he had no relation at all with the previous rulers.
- Falcon, Maricela Ayala (2002). Ardren, Tracy (ed.). Lady K'awil, Goddess O and Maya Warfare. Rowman Altamira. pp. 109–110.
- Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.460.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.186. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.476.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p. 118-123
- Kelly 2001
- Belyev, D.D.; Safronov, А. В. "Правители Яшчилана" (in Russian). «МесоАмерика.Ru». Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions". www.peabody.harvard.edu.
- Martin & Grube 2000, p.120.
- He was probably the third and not the second ruler of that name in Yaxchilan.
- It's possible that Yaxun Bahlam "changed" his age to look older, which would be another proof of his turbulent succession. 709 seems too early as his birth age, since his own's mother's birth dates to 704 (unless 704 is the date of Lady Eveningstar's marriage and not her birth).
- The Period-Ending Stelae of Yaxchilán
- Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube
- He was probably the fourth and not the third ruler of that name in Yaxchilan.
- Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 688.
- Krempel, Guido; Matteo, Sebastian (2012). "Painting styles of the north-eastern Peten from a local perspective: the palace schools of Yax We'en Chan K'inich, Lord of Xultun" (PDF). Contributions in New World Archaeology. 3: 135–171. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
- Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296–297, 307. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.
- Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296–297. Guillemin 1967, p.34. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.
- Carmack 2001, p.153. Hill 1996, p.67. Hill 1998, p.237.
- Carmack 2001, p.155.
Further reading
- Lucero, Lisa Joyce (2006). Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292709994. OCLC 61731425.
- Tiesler, Vera and Andrea Cucina (2006). Janaabʼ Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2510-2. OCLC 62593473.
- Prager C. Die Inschriften von Pusilha: Epigraphische Analyse und Rekonstruktion der Geschichte einer klassischen Maya-Stätte. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Bonn: Institut für Altamerikanistik und Ethnologie, Universität Bonn, 2002 P. 220
- Prager C., Volta B., Braswell G. The Dynastic History and Archaeology of Pusilha, Belize // The Maya and their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts, and Ceramics / Ed. by G. Braswell. — London and New York: Routledge, 2014. — P. 272–281.
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