Mentha canadensis

Mentha canadensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Genus:	Mentha
Species:	M. canadensis
Binomial name
	Mentha canadensis; L.[1]
Synonyms[2][1]
	List Mentha agrestis Raf. ; Mentha arvensis var. borealis (Michx.) Kuntze ; Mentha arvensis subsp. borealis Taylor & MacBryde ; Mentha arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Briq. ; Mentha arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Kuntze ; Mentha arvensis var. glabrata (Benth.) Fernald ; Mentha arvensis var. haplocalyx (Briq.) Briq. ; Mentha arvensis subsp. haplocalyx Briq. ; Mentha arvensis var. lanata Piper ; Mentha arvensis var. pavoniana Briq. ; Mentha arvensis var. penardi Briq. ; Mentha arvensis f. piperascens Malinv. ex Holmes ; Mentha arvensis var. sachalinensis Briq. ; Mentha arvensis var. schmitzii Briq. ; Mentha arvensis var. villosa (Benth.) S.R. Stewart ; Mentha arvensis var. zollingeri Briq. ; Mentha borealis Michx. ; Mentha canadensis var. borealis (Michx.) Piper ; Mentha canadensis var. glabrata Benth. ; Mentha canadensis var. glabrior Hook. ; Mentha canadensis var. lanata (Piper) J.K. Henry ; Mentha canadensis var. lanata (Piper) Piper ; Mentha canadensis var. villosa Benth. ; Mentha ciliata Raf. ; Mentha cinerea Raf. ; Mentha disperma Sessé́ & Moc. ; Mentha glabrior (Hook.) Rydb. ; Mentha hakka Siebold ; Mentha haplocalyx Briq. ; Mentha haplocalyx subsp. austera Briq. ; Mentha haplocalyx var. barbata Nakai ; Mentha haplocalyx var. nipponensis Matsum. & Kudo ex Kudo ; Mentha haplocalyx subsp. pavoniana Briq. ; Mentha haplocalyx var. piperascens (Malinv.) Wu and Li ; Mentha javanica Blume ; Mentha lanata (Piper) Rydb. ; Mentha nipponensis Kudo ; Mentha occidentalis Rydb. ; Mentha penardi (Briq.) Rydb. ; Mentha rubella Rydb. ; Mentha sachalinensis (Briq.) Kudo ; Mentha terebinthinacea Willd. ex Steud. ; Mentha trachiloma Raf. ; (incomplete list) ;

Mentha canadensis is a species of mint native to North America (from the Northwest Territories to central Mexico) and the eastern part of Asia (from Siberia to Java). In North America, it is commonly known as Canada mint,[3] American wild mint,[4] and in Asia as Chinese mint, Sakhalin mint,[5] Japanese mint,[6] and East Asian wild mint.[7] The flowers are bluish or have a slight violet tint. The plant is upright, growing to about 4–18 in (10–46 cm) tall. Leaves grow opposite from each other, and flower bunches appear in the upper leaf axils. The mint grows in wet areas but not directly in water, so it will be found near sloughs, and lake and river edges. Plants bloom from July to August in their native habitats.[8]

The plants found in eastern Asia have been called Mentha sachalinensis, among other synonyms.

Description

Wild mint in Saskatchewan

Mentha canadensis is a perennial plant with an underground creeping rhizome and upright shoots. It can grow to a height of about 18 inches (460 mm). It has hairy stems bearing opposite pairs of leaves. Each leaf is borne on a short stalk and has a wedge-shaped base and is lanceolate or ovate, with a toothed margin and a hairy surface. The flowers are borne in spikes at the tips of the shoots. The flowers may be bluish, pink or white. They are arranged in a spiral around the inflorescence. Each flower has five sepals, four petals, four stamens and a superior ovary. The fruits are dry and split open when ripe releasing the two seeds.[4]

Taxonomy

Mentha canadensis was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[9] It has been described since under a large number of synonyms, including as varieties or subspecies of M. arvensis, some of which, such as M. arvensis var. sachalinensis Briq., were subsequently raised to the status of a full species.[2] Thus the Flora of China, in a volume published in 1994, lists M. canadensis and M. sachalinensis as separate species, distinguishing them on the basis of features such as degree of branching, hairiness and leaf shape.[10] More recent sources treat M. canadensis as a single variable species with many synonyms and a wide distribution in North America and eastern temperate and tropical Asia.[2][1]

Mentha canadensis is an amphidiploid with 2n = 96 chromosomes. It is believed to be derived from ancient hybridization between M. arvensis (2n = 72) and M. longifolia (2n = 24).[2]

Distribution

Mentha canadensis has been found as a native species of mint around the world. Below is a detailed list of countries and states in which Mentha canadensis is considered to be native.[6]

Asia (both temperate and tropical)

East Asia: China; Japan( Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku); Korea
Russian Far East: Russian Federation (Kurile Islands, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Amur and Sakhalin)
Siberia: Russian Federation (Buryatia, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Irkutsk)
Indian Subcontinent: India; Nepal; Sri Lanka
Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines

Northern America

Eastern Canada: Canada (Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Newfoundland)
North-Central U.S.: United States (Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin)
Northeastern U.S.: United States (Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and West Virginia)
Northwestern U.S.: United States (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming)
South-Central U.S.: United States (New Mexico and Texas)
Southeastern U.S.: United States (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia)
Southwestern U.S.: United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah)
Subarctic America: Canada (Northwest Territory and Yukon); United States (Alaska)
Western Canada: Canada (Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba and British Columbia)

Cultivation

Mentha canadensis is cultivated throughout the world:

Africa
- Angola, South Africa, Seychelles
Asia
- China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Thailand, New Zealand
Northern America
- Mexico, United States
Southern America
- Brazil, Cuba, Argentina

Uses

It is grown in Hungary for essential oil and menthol production.[11] It also contains a significant amount of pulegone.[12]

The leaves have a distinct peppermint smell when pinched or crushed as the plant contains aromatic oils. The leaves can be picked at any time during plant growth, and may be dried. They are used in making mint jelly, mint tea, and mint leaf candy.[13] First nations people use mint tea for bad breath or toothache, or to cure hiccups. The mint can also be used for fox or lynx bait.[14]

Mint essential oil is known to be effective as insect repellent for insects such as Drosophila melanogaster.[14]

Medicinal uses

One of the most important essential oils used in medicine is Japanese mint oil. Mentha canadensis is rich in natural menthol compared to other mint species, and menthol is used extensively in a number of pharmaceutical preparations. Approximately 4000 tons of Japanese mint oil and 2000 tons of menthol were produced in the world in 1998. The major producing countries are Brazil, Paraguay, Taiwan, Japan, China, India, and Thailand.[15]

References

"Mentha canadensis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
Tucker, Arthur O.; Naczi, Robert F. C. (2007). "Mentha: An Overview of its Classification and Relationships". In Lawrence, Brian M. (ed.). Mint: The Genus Mentha. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 1–39. ISBN 978-0-8493-0779-9.
"Mentha arvensis L." ITIS Report.
"Mentha canadensis: American wild mint". Go Botany. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). CRC world dictionary of plant names : common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 1659. ISBN 0849326737.
"Mentha canadensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 537. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017 – via Korea Forest Service.
Vance, F.R.; Jowsey, J.R.; McLean, J.S. (1977), Wildflowers Across the Prairies, Saskatoon, SK: Western Producer Books, p. 141, ISBN 0-919306-74-8
"Mentha canadensis L." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
Li, Xi-wen & Hedge, Ian C. (1994). "Mentha". In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.). Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
Hornok, László (1992). Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Wiley. ISBN 9780471923831.
Guenther, Ernest (1949). The essential oils. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 663. ISBN 9780882750736.
Elias, Thomas S; Dykeman, Peter A. (1990), Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide, New York NY: Sterling Publishing Company Inc., pp. 143–144, ISBN 0-8069-7488-5
Johnson Kershaw, MacKinnon Pojar (1995), Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland, Edmonton Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing and the Canadian Forest Service., p. 162, ISBN 1-55105-058-7
Schultes, R. E. (1993). Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Edited by Olayiwola Akerele, Vernon Heywood & Hugh Synge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, UK: xiii+ 362 pp., 20× 15× 3 cm, no price indicated, 1991. Environmental Conservation, 20(01), 93–93.

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[POWO_450311-1-1] "Mentha canadensis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-07-15.

[TuckNacz07-2] Tucker, Arthur O.; Naczi, Robert F. C. (2007). "Mentha: An Overview of its Classification and Relationships". In Lawrence, Brian M. (ed.). Mint: The Genus Mentha. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 1–39. ISBN 978-0-8493-0779-9.

[3] "Mentha arvensis L." ITIS Report.

[GB-4] "Mentha canadensis: American wild mint". Go Botany. Retrieved 2013-12-10.

[CRC-5] Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). CRC world dictionary of plant names : common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 1659. ISBN 0849326737.

[grin1-6] "Mentha canadensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 January 2018.

[KNA-7] English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 537. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017 – via Korea Forest Service.

[8] Vance, F.R.; Jowsey, J.R.; McLean, J.S. (1977), Wildflowers Across the Prairies, Saskatoon, SK: Western Producer Books, p. 141, ISBN 0-919306-74-8

[IPNI_450311-1-9] "Mentha canadensis L." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2019-07-15.

[FoC-10] Li, Xi-wen & Hedge, Ian C. (1994). "Mentha". In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.). Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2019-07-15.

[11] Hornok, László (1992). Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Wiley. ISBN 9780471923831.

[Guenther-12] Guenther, Ernest (1949). The essential oils. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 663. ISBN 9780882750736.

[13] Elias, Thomas S; Dykeman, Peter A. (1990), Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide, New York NY: Sterling Publishing Company Inc., pp. 143–144, ISBN 0-8069-7488-5

[:1-14] Johnson Kershaw, MacKinnon Pojar (1995), Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland, Edmonton Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing and the Canadian Forest Service., p. 162, ISBN 1-55105-058-7

[15] Schultes, R. E. (1993). Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Edited by Olayiwola Akerele, Vernon Heywood & Hugh Synge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, UK: xiii+ 362 pp., 20× 15× 3 cm, no price indicated, 1991. Environmental Conservation, 20(01), 93–93.