Methanol dehydrogenase

A common electron acceptor in biological systems is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺); some enzymes use a related molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺). An NAD⁺-dependent methanol dehydrogenase(EC 1.1.1.244) was first reported in a Gram-positive methylotroph[4] and is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:

CH₃OH + NAD⁺ ${\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }$ CH₂O + NADH + H⁺

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are methanol and NAD⁺, whereas its 3 products are formaldehyde (CH₂O), NADH, and H⁺. This can be performed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.[2]

NAD⁺ -dependent MDHs are found in thermophilic, Gram positive methlyotrophs, but can also been obtained from some non-methylotrophic bacteria. NAD⁺-dependent MDHs have so far been found in Bacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp.,and Cupriavidus sp.[2]

For Gram-negative bacteria, methanol oxidation occurs in the periplasmic space, facilitated by PQQ-dependent MDH. PQQ-dependent MDHs contain a PQQ prosthetic group, which has the role of capturing electrons from methanol oxidation and passing them to the cytochrome.[2]

MxaFI and XoxF are the genes that encode for PQQ-dependent MDHs. In MxaFI-type MDH, calcium (Ca²⁺) is encoded as the cofactor for PQQ-dependent methylotrophy.[2] XoxF-type MDHs use lanthanides (Ln³⁺) as cofactors and are highly selective towards early lanthanides (typically La-Nd). Sm³⁺, Eu³⁺, and Gd³⁺ can support some XoxF-type organisms, but less effectively. Pm³⁺ and Tb-Lu have shown no evidence of utilization so far.[2]

Many methylotrophs encode both MxaFI and XoxF, but those that encode only one will encode exclusively for XoxF.[5]

Oxygen-dependent alcohol oxidase (AOX) can be obtained from eukaryotic methylotrophs in the peroxisome of yeasts. Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) are formed through the oxidation of methanol. Dihydroxyacetone synthase (DAS) and catalase (CTA) must then transform these toxic chemicals into non-toxic forms to protect the cell. In this process, electrons from methanol are not captured as usable energy by the cell, and are thus lost.[2]