Rock candy

Rock candy or sugar candy,[1] also called rock sugar, or crystal sugar, is a type of confection composed of relatively large sugar crystals. This candy is formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal nucleation, such as a string, stick, or plain granulated sugar. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve thus producing larger crystals. Crystals form after six to seven days. Food coloring may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy.

"Rock sugar" redirects here. For the mash up rock group, see Rock Sugar (band).
This article is about crystalised sugar candy. For the cylindrical British boiled candy, see Rock (confectionery). For other uses, see Rock candy (disambiguation).

Rock candy
Colored and flavored rock candy commonly sold in the United States
Alternative namesRock sugar
TypeConfectionery
Main ingredientsSugar, water
VariationsAbout 10
Food energy
(per serving)
223–400 kcal
Other information450–225
Traditional brown rock sugar
White rock sugar

Nomenclature

Etymologically, "sugar candy" derives from late 13th century English (in reference to "crystallized sugar"), from Old French çucre candi (meaning "sugar candy"), and ultimately from Arabic qandi, from Persian qand ("cane sugar"), probably from Sanskrit khanda ("piece of sugar)", The sense gradually broadened (especially in the United States) to mean by the late 19th century "any confection having sugar as its basis". In Britain, these are sweets, and "candy" tends to be restricted to sweets made only from boiled sugar and striped in bright colors.[2]

The modern American term "rock candy" (referring to brittle large natural sugar crystals) should not be confused with the British term rock (referring to an amorphous and opaque boiled sugar product, initially hard but then chewy at mouth temperature).[3]

Origins

Islamic writers in the first half of the 9th century described the production of candy sugar, where crystals were grown through cooling supersaturated sugar solutions.[4] One of the famed makers of rock candy in the Muslim east is Hafiz Mustafa in 1864 in Istanbul founded during the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz.[5]

According to the production process, rock sugar is divided into two types: single crystal rock sugar and polycrystalline rock sugar.

Cuisine

Rock candy is often dissolved in tea. It is an important part of the tea culture of East Frisia, where a lump of rock sugar is placed at the bottom of the cup. Rock candy consumed with tea is also the most common and popular way of drinking tea in Iran, where it is called nabat; the most popular nabat is saffron.[6] This method of drinking tea can also be found in Central Asia as novvot.

It is a common ingredient in Chinese cooking. In China, it is used to sweeten chrysanthemum tea, as well as Cantonese dessert soups and the liquor baijiu. Many households have rock candy available to marinate meats, add to stir fry, and to prepare food such as yao shan. In less modern times, rock sugar was a luxury only for the wealthy. Rock candy is also regarded as having medicinal properties, and in some Chinese provinces, it is used as a part of traditional Chinese medicine.

Rock candy is used a lot in other countries. In Mexico, it is used during the Day of the Dead to make sugar skulls, often highly decorated. Sugar skulls are given to children so they will not fear death; they are also offered to the dead. In the Friesland province of the Netherlands, bits of rock candy are baked in the luxury white bread Fryske Sûkerbôle. Rock candy is a common ingredient in Tamil cuisine, particularly in the Sri Lankan city of Jaffna. In the US, rock candy comes in many colors and flavors, and is slightly hard to find, due to it being considered old-fashioned.[3]

Misri
Misri
Misri crystals
TypeRock candy or sweetener
Place of originIndia and Iran

Misri refers to crystallized sugar lumps, and a type of confectionery mineral, which has its origins in India and Iran, also known as rock sugar elsewhere.[7] It is used in India as a type of candy, or used to sweeten milk or tea.[8][9]

In Hinduism, mishri may be offered to a deity as bhog and distributed as prasad. The god Krishna is said to be fond of makkhan (butter) and misri. In many devotional songs written in Brajbhoomi in praise of Krishna, the words makkhan and misri are often used in combination. In Karnataka people serve mishri along with water to visitors in the Summer season.

Among Indian misri dishes are mishri-mawa (kalakand),[10] mishri-peda, which are more commonly eaten in Northern-Western India, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha, Gujarat, North coastal of Andhra Pradesh and many other states and parts of India.

The Ghantewala Halwai of Delhi, who started his career by selling Misari mawa in 1790[11] is famous for Misari mawa and sells 40 varieties of sweets made from Misari.

Beverages

Rock and rye is a term used both for alcoholic liqueurs and cocktails using rye whiskey and rock candy, as well as for non-alcoholic beverages made in imitation thereof, such as the "Rock & Rye" flavor of soda pop made by Faygo.[12][13]

See also

References
  1. Judy Pearsal; Bill Truble, eds. (1996). The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 213. ISBN 0-19-860050-X.
  2. "Candy". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  3. Richardson, Tim (2002). Sweets: A History of Candy. Bloomsbury. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-58234-229-0.
  4. "SUGAR". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  5. "Hafiz Mustafa: Istanbul confectionery now exporting". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  6. "Sweet Tea Persion Style". My Persion Corner. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  7. "Glossary: Misri". Tarla Dalal. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  8. Dar, Bashir Ahmad (January 1996). Studies in Muslim philosophy and literature. Iqbal Academy Pakistan. p. 168. ISBN 978-969-416-054-2. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  9. Baden-Powell, Henry (1868). Hand-book of the economic products of the Punjab: with a combined index and glossary of technical vernacular words. Thomason Civil Engineering College Press. pp. 307–. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  10. "Kalakand". chezshuchi.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  11. Hardy's Encyclopaedic Guide to Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, and Varanasi. India: Hardy & Ally. 1970.
  12. "This is How to Bring Rock and Rye Back from the Dead". Liquor.com. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  13. Rouch, Lawrence L. (2003). The Vernor's Story: From Gnomes to Now. University of Michigan Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 0-472-06697-8.

Further reading
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