Miss United Kingdom

Miss United Kingdom is a title held by the highest-ranked contestant from the UK in the Miss World pageant. The winner sometimes competes at Miss International the following year under the Britain or United Kingdom banner. From 1958 to 1999, Miss United Kingdom was a national beauty pageant held to choose a representative for the Miss World Pageant. In 1999, Scotland and Wales had their own contestants at Miss World, and in 2000, England and Northern Ireland sent their own representatives. The existing organization now runs the Miss England competition.[1]

Miss United Kingdom
Formation1958
TypeBeauty pageant
HeadquartersLondon
Location
Membership
Miss International
Official language
English
President
Julia Morley

History

Nieve Jennings, Miss UK 2007

The pageant was created in 1958 by Eric Morley, the man behind the Miss World pageant. Before 1958, the winner of the Miss Great Britain contest would go on to represent the UK at the Miss World pageant, but from 1952 to 1957, none of the Miss GB title holders made the final seven at Miss World, so Morley decided to create the Miss United Kingdom contest in the hope of achieving better results at Miss World. From 1958 to 1999, the winner of Miss United Kingdom title would represent the UK at Miss World.[2]

At Miss United Kingdom, traditionally there would be regional heats from the four constituent Countries of the United Kingdom, these would take place early in the year. The winners of the respective Miss England, Miss Scotland and Miss Wales titles would compete in the summer at Miss Universe. The Miss UK contest would then take place featuring these titleholders plus a certain number of other top contestants from the regions, the winner would then go on to compete at the Miss World Contest in October/November. This meant that during the 60s, 70s and 80s, many British beauty queens competed at both the Miss Universe and Miss World contests.

Although England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have had separate representatives in other international pageants, Miss World did not allow this until the creation of separate Parliaments in the United Kingdom.

1999 was the year of the last Miss United Kingdom pageant, won by Nicola Willoughby, who competed as Miss UK at Miss World (the final woman to do so). The 1999 Miss World contest also saw the debuts of Scotland (represented by Stephanie Norrie) and Wales (represented by Clare Marie Daniels), so there was the unusual situation of having a Miss UK compete alongside Miss Scotland and Miss Wales. The following year, Julie Lee-Ann Martin became the first representative of Northern Ireland in the pageant while Michelle Walker was the first to compete as Miss England.

Since 2000, the Miss World Organization has announced the highest-ranking delegate of the four home nations at Miss World, as the winner of the Miss United Kingdom title. The winner receives a cash prize and has often represented the United Kingdom at the Miss International contest the following year. Since 2000, Scotland has the most Miss United Kingdom winners with (9), followed by England (4), Wales (3) and Northern Ireland (3).

Winners

From 2000 to present

Year Miss United Kingdom Country Miss World Placement 1st Runner-Up Country Miss World Placement 2nd Runner-Up Country Miss World Placement
2021 Anna Leitch Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Top 6 (4th) Rehema Muthamia England England Top 40
2020 No contest due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2019 Not elected by Miss World Organisation
2018 Linzi McLelland Scotland Scotland Top 12
2017 Stephanie Hill England England 2nd Runner-Up
2016 Not elected by Miss World Organisation
2015 Mhairi Fergusson Scotland Scotland Top 20 (18th) Leanne McDowell Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Top 20 (20th)
2014 Carina Tyrrell England England Top 5 (4th) Ellie McKeating Scotland Scotland Top 25
2013 Kirsty Heslewood England England Top 10 (6th)
2012 Sophie Moulds Wales Wales 1st Runner-Up Charlotte Holmes England England Top 15 (8th) Tiffany Brien Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Top 30
2011 Alize Lily Mounter England England Top 7 (4th) Jennifer Reoch Scotland Scotland Top 7 (7th) Finola Guinnane Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Non-Finalist (32nd)
2010 Nicola Mimnagh Scotland Scotland Top 25 Lori Moore Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Top 25
2009 Katharine Brown Scotland Scotland Non-Finalist
2008 Chloe-Beth Morgan Wales Wales Non-Finalist
2007 Nieve Jennings Scotland Scotland Non-Finalist (17th)
2006 Nicola McLean Scotland Scotland Top 17 (10th) Catherine Jean Milligan Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Top 17
2005 Lucy Evangelista Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Top 15
2004 Amy Guy Wales Wales Top 15
2003 Nicci Jolly Scotland Scotland Non-Finalist
2002 Gayle Williamson Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Non-Finalist
2001 Juliet-Jane Horne Scotland Scotland 2nd Runner-Up
2000 Michelle Watson Scotland Scotland Non-Finalist

From 1958 to 1999

Year Miss United Kingdom Age Represented Miss World Placement 1st Runner-Up Represented 2nd Runner-Up Represented
1999 Nicola Willoughby Lincoln, England Non-Finalist (15th) Julia Keegan Bristol Emma Keenan Manchester
1998 Emmalene McLoughlin Manchester, England Non-Finalist Joanne Salley Larne, Northern Ireland Katie Viggers Birmingham
1997 Vicki-Lee Walberg Blackpool, England Top 10 Abby Essien Lancaster Sarah Smart Leicestershire
1996 Rachael Liza Warner Portmeirion, Wales Non-Finalist (11th) Kathy Green Sheffield Alice Wogan Rothbury
1995 Shauna Marie Gunn County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland Non-Finalist Angie Bowness Sheffield Michelle Gascoigne Bradford
1994 Melanie Abdoun London, England Top 10 Emma Steadman Blackpool Josie Saltwood Belfast, Northern Ireland
1993 Amanda Louise Johnson 19 Nottingham, England Non-Finalist Rosie Ann James Glasgow, Scotland Caitlyn Vorschynn Liverpool, Merseyside
1992 Claire Elizabeth Smith 22 Chester, England 1st Runner-Up Melanie Sykes Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire Sally Brake Rotherham, South Yorkshire
1991 Johanne Elizabeth Lewis Mansfield, England Non-Finalist (Joint 11th) Liz Carter Doncaster, South Yorkshire Cherie Grainger Bristol
1990 Helen Upton 19 Blackpool, England Non-Finalist (Joint 11th) Kathy Furniss Basildon, Essex Sandra Pack Wales
1989 Suzanne Younger Portmeirion, Wales Top 10 Racquel Jory Blackburn, England Victoria Lace Dundee, Scotland
1988 Kirsty Roper 18 Manchester, England 2nd Runner-Up Angela Newlands Wolverhampton Nicola Kidd Peterborough
1987 Karen Mellor 25 Derby, England Non-Finalist (Joint 10th) Heather Daniels Portsmouth Helen Fairbrother Swindon
1986 Alison Slack Sheffield, England Top 15 Joanne Sedgley England Suzanne Younger Mold
1985 Mandy Adele Shires 19 Bradford, England 1st Runner-Up Joanne Sedgley Newquay Barbara Christian Wales
1984 Vivienne Rooke 22 Weston-super-Mare, England 3rd Runner-Up Lea La Salle Wrexham Susan Tan Northern Ireland
1983 Sarah-Jane Hutt 18 Poole, England Miss World 1983 Karen Lesley Moore England Nicola Stanley Isle of Wight
1982 Della Frances Dolan 20 Grimsby, England 2nd Runner-Up Alison Smith Belfast Ann Jackson Chichester
1981 Michele Donnelly 20 Cardiff, Wales 4th Runner-Up Della Frances Dolan Yorkshire Georgina Kearney Scotland
1980 Kim Ashfield 21 Buckley, Wales 4th Runner-Up Nicky Wright Poole Julie Duckworth England
1979 Carolyn Seaward 18 Yelverton, England 1st Runner-Up Lorraine Davidson Scotland Karen Loughlin Stockport
1978 Elizabeth Ann Jones 20 Welshpool, Wales 5th Runner-Up Janet Withey London Beverley Isherwood England
1977 Madeleine Stringer 24 North Shields, England 5th Runner-Up Dorothy Walker Edinburgh Sarah Long England
1976 Carol Jean Grant[**] 19 Glasgow, Scotland 3rd Runner-Up Sian Adey-Jones Wales Joanna Booth Sheffield
1975 Vicki Harris 22 London, England 2nd Runner-Up Sue Cuff Manchester Gail Inglis Dundee
1974 Helen Morgan 21 Barry, Wales Miss World 1974 (Resigned) Kathy Anders England Linda Myers Sale
1973 Veronica Ann Cross 23 London, England 6th Runner-Up Marie Kirkwood Pam Wood
1972 Jennifer McAdam 24 London, England 6th Runner-Up Elaine Farnworth Ramsbottom Julie Marcus
1971 Marilyn Ward 21 New Milton, England 1st Runner-Up Linda Ann Thomas Blackpool Anita Gudgeon Basildon
1970 Yvonne Ormes 20 Nantwich, England 6th Runner-Up Jean Galston Manchester Lee Hamilton Marshall Scotland
1969 Sheena Drummond 18 Tullibody, Scotland Top 15
1968 Kathleen Winstanley 23 Wigan, England 1st Runner-Up Marie Smith Glasgow Lisa Robertshaw Bradford South
1967 Jennifer Lynn Lewis 20 Leicester, England 4th Runner-Up Jennifer Gurley Manchester Nine Scott Sheffield
1966 Jennifer Lowe Summers 20 Warrington, England Top 15
1965 Lesley Langley 20 London, England Miss World 1965
1964 Ann Sidney 20 Poole, England Miss World 1964
1963 Diane Westbury[*] 19 Ilkeston, England 5th Runner-Up
1962 Jackie White 20 Alvaston, England Top 15
1961 Rosemarie Frankland 18 Rhos, Wales Miss World 1961
1960 Hilda Fairclough 23 Lancaster, England Top 10
1959 Anne Thelwell 22 Heswall, England 3rd Runner-Up
1958 Eileen Sheridan 22 Walton-on-Thames, England 5th Runner-Up

* Real name Diane Hickingbotham
** Also known as Carolyn Grant

United Kingdom in international pageants

Miss World

From 1952 to 1957 the UK were represented by the winner of the Miss Great Britain pageant. At the first Miss World in 1951, 21 of the 26 contestants were from the UK, including those that placed as first runner-up and second runner-up. From 1958 to 1999 the winner of the Miss United Kingdom pageant competed. There have been five UK winners of the Miss World title; all won the title competing as Miss United Kingdom.

Year Titleholder Country
(Banner Title)
Placement
1957 Leila Williams Great Britain
1956 Iris Alice Kathleen Waller Great Britain
1955 Jennifer Chimes Great Britain
1954 Patricia Butler Great Britain
1953 Brenda Mee Great Britain
1952 Marlene Ann Dee Britain 1951
Doreen Dawne Britain
1951 Laura Ellison-Davies Britain 1st Runner-up
Doreen Dawne Britain 2nd Runner-up
Aileen P. Chase Britain 4th Runner-up
Pat Cameron Britain
Fay Cotton Britain
Marlene Ann Dee Britain
Brenda Mee Britain
Elayne Pryce Britain
Nina Way Britain
Sidney Walker Britain
Ann Rosemary West Britain

Miss Universe

The first UK contestant was Aileen Chase, who competed at the first Miss Universe in 1952 as Miss Great Britain. From 1955 to 1990 Miss England would compete, joined (from 1961 to 1990) By Miss Scotland and Miss Wales; many of these contestants would go on to compete at (and win) the Miss United Kingdom contest later in the year. The Miss World organisation held the franchise. The 1990s and 21st century have returned to one contestant competing as Miss United Kingdom or Miss Great Britain. Since 2005 the UK has been represented by the winner of the Miss Universe Great Britain pageant. No woman from the United Kingdom has ever won Miss Universe.

Year Titleholder Country (Banner Title) Placement Special Award
2023 Jessica Page Great Britain
2022 Noky Simbani Great Britain
2021 Emma Rose Collingridge Great Britain Top 16
2020 Jeanette Akua Great Britain Top 21
2019 Emma Jenkins Great Britain
2018 Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers Great Britain Top 20
2017 Anna Burdzy Great Britain Top 16
2016 Jaime-Lee Faulkner Great Britain
2015 Narissara France Great Britain
2014 Grace Levy Great Britain
2013 Amy Willerton Great Britain Top 10
2012 Holly Hale Great Britain
2011 Chloe-Beth Morgan Great Britain
2010 Tara Hoyos-Martínez Great Britain
2009 Clair Cooper Great Britain
2008 Lisa Lazarus UK
2006 Julie Doherty United Kingdom
2005 Brooke Johnston United Kingdom
2000 Louise Lakin Great Britain
1999 Cherie Pisani Great Britain
1998 Leilani Anne Dowding Great Britain
1996 Anita St. Rose Great Britain
1995 Sarah-Jane Southwick Great Britain
1994 Michaela Pyke Great Britain
1993 Kathryn Middleton Great Britain
1992 Tiffany Stanford Great Britain
1991 Helen Upton United Kingdom
1990 Carla Barrow England
Karina Ferguson Scotland
Jane Lloyd Wales
1989 Raquel Marie Jory England
Victoria Susannah Lace Scotland
Andrea Caroline Jones Wales
1988 Tracey Williams England Miss Photogenic
Amanda Laird Scotland
Lise Marie Williams Wales
1987 Yvette Dawn Lindsey England
Nicola Gail Davies Wales
1986 Joanne Ruth Sedgley England
Natalie M. Devlin Scotland
Tracey Rowlands Wales
1985 Helen Westlake England
Jacqueline Hendrie Scotland
Barbara Christian Wales
1984 Louise Gray England
May Monaghan Scotland
Jane Anne Riley Wales
1983 Karen Lesley Moore England 4th Runner-up
Linda Renton Scotland
Lianne Gray Wales
1982 Della Frances Dolan England Top 12
Georgina Kearney Scotland
Michelle Donelly Wales
1981 Joanna Longley England
Anne McFarlane Scotland
Karen Ruth Stannard Wales
1980 Julie Duckworth England
Linda Gallagher Scotland 1st Runner-up
Kim Ashfield Wales
1979 Carolyn Ann Seaward England 2nd Runner-up Miss Photogenic
Lorraine Davidson Scotland Top 12
Janet Beverly Hobson Wales Top 12
1978 Beverly Isherwood England
Angela Mary Kate McLeod Scotland
Elizabeth Ann Jones Wales
1977 Sarah Louise Long England
Sandra Bell Scotland 2nd Runner-up
Christine Anne Murphy Wales
1976 Pauline Davis England Top 12 Miss Photogenic
Carol Grant Scotland 3rd Runner-up
Sian Adey-Jones Wales 2nd Runner-up
1975 Vicki Harris England Top 12
Mary Kirkwood Scotland
Georgina Kerler Wales
1974 Kathleen Ann Anders England Top 12
Catherine Robertson Scotland
Helen Elizabeth Morgan Wales 1st Runner-up
1973 Veronica Ann Cross England
Caroline Meade Scotland
Deirdre Jennifer Greenland Wales
1972 Jennifer McAdam England 4th Runner-up
Elizabeth Joan Stevely Scotland
Eileen Darroch Wales
1971 Marilyn Ann Ward England Top 12
Elizabeth Montgomery Scotland
Dawn Cater Wales
1970 Yvonne Anne Ormes England
Lee Hamilton Marshall Scotland
Sandra Cater Wales
1969 Myra Van Heck England
Sheena Drumond Scotland
Shirley Jones Wales
1968 Jennifer Lowe Summers England
Helen Davidson Scotland
Judith Radford Wales
1967 Jennifer Lewis England 2nd Runner-up
Lena MacGarvie Scotland
Denise Elizabeth Pag Wales Top 15
1966 Janice Whiteman England Top 15
Linda Ann Lees Scotland
Christine Heller Wales
1965 Jennifer Warren Gurley England
Mary Young Scotland
Joan Boull Wales
1964 Brenda Blackler England 1st Runner-up
Wendy Barrie Scotland
Marilyn Joy Samuel Wales
1963 Wendy Barrie Scotland Miss Congeniality
Maureen Thomas Wales
1962 Kim Carlton England Top 12 Miss Photogenic
Best National Costume
Vera Parker Scotland
Hazel Williams Wales
1961 Arlette Dobson England 3rd Runner-up
Susan Jones Scotland Top 15
Rosemarie Frankland Wales 1st Runner-up
1960 Joan Ellinor Boardman England Top 15
1959 Pamela Anne Searle England 3rd Runner-up Miss Photogenic
1958 Dorothy Hazeldine England
1957 Sonia Hamilton England 2nd Runner-up
1956 Iris Alice Kathleen Waller England 3rd Runner-up
1955 Margaret Rowe England Top 15 Most Popular Girl in Parade
1952 Aileen P. Chase Great Britain

Miss International

Year Titleholder Country Placement Special Award
2023 Alisha Cowie[3] United Kingdom Miss International Europe
2022 Evanjelin Elchmanar United Kingdom Top 15 Best in Swimsuit
2021 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, no pageant in 2021
2020 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, no pageant in 2020
2019 Harriotte Lane United Kingdom 4th Runner-Up
2018 Sharon Gaffka United Kingdom
2017 Ashley Powell United Kingdom Top 8 Miss International Europe
2016 Romy Simpkins United Kingdom
2015 Sophie Loudon United Kingdom Top 10
2014 Victoria Tooby United Kingdom 3rd runner-up
2013 Elizabeth Greenham United Kingdom
2012 Alize Lily Mounter United Kingdom Top 15
2010 Katharine Brown United Kingdom
2009 Chloe-Beth Morgan United Kingdom 2nd runner-up
2008 Nieve Jennings United Kingdom
2007 Samantha Freedman United Kingdom
2005 Amy Guy United Kingdom
2004 Laura Shields United Kingdom Top 15
2003 Gayle Williamson United Kingdom
2002 Juliet-Jane Horne United Kingdom
2001 Michelle Watson Britain
1999 Janeth Kehinde Ayuba Britain
1998 Melanie Devina Jones Britain
1997 Rachael Liza Warner Britain
1996 Shauna Marie Gunn Britain
1995 Melanie Abdoun Britain
1994 Amanda Louise Johnson Britain Top 15
1993 Claire Elizabeth Smith Britain
1992 Joanne Elizabeth Lewis Britain
1991 Helen Upton Britain Top 15
1990 Jane Lloyd Britain
1989 Victoria Susannah Lace Britain Top 15
1988 Heather Jane Daniels Britain
1987 Debbie Ann Pearman Britain
1986 Helen Fairbrother England Winner
Kim Robertson Scotland
Judith Kay Popham Wales
1985 Andrea Vivienne Boardman England Top 15
Karen Helen Bell Scotland
Samantha Amystone Wales
1984 Karen Lesley Moore England Top 15
Siobhan Fowl Scotland
Jane Ann Riley Wales
1983 Nicola Stanley England Top 15 Miss Photogenic
Alison Dunn Scotland Top 15
Lianne Patricia Gray Wales
1982 Anne Marie Jackson England Top 15
Lena Masterton Scotland
Caroline Jane Williams Wales Top 15
1981 Susan Elizabeth Hutt England
Margaret Bisset Scotland Top 15
Sally Douglas Williams Wales
1980 Lorraine Davidson Britain
1979 Beverly Isherwood Britain
1978 Patricia Morgan Britain
1977 Sian Helen Adey-Jones Britain
1976 Janet Withey Britain Top 15
1975 Sharon Jermyn Britain
1974 Joanna Booth Britain 1st runner-up
1973 Zoe Spink Britain 1st runner-up
1972 Linda Hooks Britain Winner
1971 Pamela Wood Britain Top 15 Miss Photogenic
1970 Jacqueline "Jackie" Francesca Molloy Britain
1969 Valerie Holmes Britain Winner
1968 Gloria Best England
Marie Smith Scotland Top 15
Kay House Wales
1967 Sonia Gail Ross England Top 15
Marlene McFadyn Scotland
Dawn Sullivan Wales
1965 Carol Crompton England Top 15 Miss Photogenic
Anne Snape Smith Scotland
Susan Strangemore Wales
1964 Tracy Ingram England 3rd runner-up
Dorothy Smallman Scotland
Pamela Martin Wales
1963 Diane Westbury England 1st runner-up
Wendy Barrie Scotland
Christina Fryer Wales
1962 Sue Burgess England
Elizabeth Burns Scotland
Diane Thomas Wales
1961 Nicky Allen England
Annie Carnie Jinks Scotland
Barbara Wilcock Wales
1960 Joyce Kay England 3rd runner-up

Miss Europe

The UK started sending representatives to the Miss Europe contest in 1929. From 1929-1936, the winner of Miss England competed at Miss Europe. The UK did not send any representatives in 1937 but returned in 1938, it is unknown how the representative was determined in 1938. In 1933, a representative from Scotland was also sent. The Miss Europe contest stopped after 1938 due to World War II but returned after the war in 1948. In 1948 & 1949, the winner of Miss Great Britain competed at Miss Europe. The UK did not compete in 1950 and there was no contest in 1951. In 1952, both the contest and the UK returned. It is unknown how that year's representative was chosen. From 1953 to 1969, Miss England sent delegates to compete at Miss Europe and that was the only UK representative at the pageant. Starting in 1970, the UK's representation was from Miss England, Miss Scotland & Miss Wales, this lasted until 1997. Starting in 1999, there was only one UK representative and they competed as Great Britain (with the exception of 2003 & 2005, 2003 competed as United Kingdom and 2005 competed as England).

Year Titleholder Country (Banner Title) Placement Special Award
2006 Eleanor Mary Ann Glynn Great Britain
2005 Laura Shields England
2003 Samantha Vaughan United Kingdom Top 12
2002 Yana Booth Great Britain Top 10
1999 Danielle Waller Great Britain
1997 Emma Scott England
Kate Ann Peyton Wales
1996 Marie-Claire Harrison England Winner
Zara Baynes Wales
1995 Angie Bowness England Top 12
Tracy West Scotland
Liza Warner Wales
1994 Amanda Louise Johnson England 3rd runner-up
Sarah MacRae Scotland
1993 Alison Hobson England Top 12 Miss Friendship
Laura King Scotland
Natalie Lee Wales
1992 Joanne Elizabeth Lewis England
Katrina Lyall Scotland
Sharon Isherwood Wales
1991 Racquel Jory England
Karina Ferguson Scotland
Jane Lloyd Wales
1988 Eileen Ann Catterson Scotland
Nicola Gail Davies Wales
1984 Karen Lesley Moore England Top 10
Linda Renton Scotland
Lianne Patricia Gray Wales
1982 Jane Karen Davidson England
Lena Masterton Scotland
Caroline Jane Williams Wales 3rd runner-up
1981 Joanna Longley England
Anne McFarlane Scotland
Karen Ruth Stannard Wales
1980 Tracey Jessop England
Lorraine Davidson Scotland
Janet Beverly Hobson Wales
1978 Sarah Louise Long England 2nd runner-up
1976 Pauline Davies England
Mary Kirkwood Scotland 4th runner-up Miss Elegance
Miss Photogenic
Sian Helen Adey-Jones Wales
1974 Kathleen Ann Celeste Anders England 4th runner-up
1973 Zoe Spink England Top 7 Miss Elegance
1972 Jennifer McAdam England 4th runner-up
Elizabeth Joan Stevely Scotland
Eileen Darroch Wales
1971 Pamela Wood England
1970 Jacqueline "Jackie" Francesca Molloy England
Lee Hamilton Marshall Scotland
Sandra Cater Wales
1969 Marie Smith England
1968 Jennifer Lowe Summers England
1967 Jennifer Lynn Lewis England
1966 Janice Carol Whiteman England
1965 Jennifer Warren Gurley England
1964 Brenda Blackler England
1963 Susan Pratt England
1962 Kim Carlton England
1961 Arlette Dobson England
1960 Joan Ellinor Boardman England
1959 Karen MacGill England
1958 Dorothy Hazeldine England
1957 Sonia Hamilton England 4th runner-up
1956 Ilena Nelson England
1955 Margaret Rowe England 4th runner-up
1954 June Peters England
1953 Marlene Ann Dee England 1st runner-up
1952 Judy Breen England
1949 Elaine Pryce Great Britain
June Mitchell Dominions (Great Britain)
1948 Pamela Bayliss Great Britain
1938 Doris Williams England
1936 Laurence Atkins England
1935 Muriel Oxford Great Britain
1934 June Lammas England 1st runner-up
1933 Angela Ward England
Avia Talbot Scotland
1932 Gwen Stallard England
1931 Betty Mason England
1930 Marjorie Ross England
1929 Benny Dick England

Hosts

Year Hosts (s)
1977 John Stapleton
1997 Tania Bryer, Russ Williams

See also

References

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