Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
The royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX, monarchs of the United Kingdom (1837–1901) and Denmark (1863–1906) respectively, currently occupy the thrones of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. At the outbreak of the First World War, their grandchildren occupied the thrones of Denmark, Greece, Norway, Germany, Romania, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. For this, Victoria was nicknamed the "grandmother of Europe" and Christian IX the "father-in-law of Europe".
Grandchildren
19th century
Victoria arranged the marriage of her eldest son and heir-apparent, the future Edward VII, to Alexandra of Denmark, the eldest daughter of Christian IX, which took place on 10 March 1863. Among their six children were George V (who was also Emperor of India throughout his reign) and his sister Maud of Wales (who would later marry their cousin Haakon VII of Norway, another grandchild of Christian IX, on 22 July 1896). However, these two marriages were not the only unions among and between descendants of Victoria and Christian IX.
The second son of Christian IX, Prince William, became King of Greece as George I shortly after his sister Alexandra's marriage due to this new connection with the British royal family. On 27 October 1889 his son, later Constantine I of Greece, married Sophia of Prussia, a granddaughter of Victoria, forging another union between descendants of the British queen and the Danish king.
In 1865, Christian IX's second daughter, Princess Dagmar, became engaged to Tsarevich Nicholas of Russia, son and heir of Tsar Alexander II. Following the untimely death of her fiancé, Dagmar married Nicholas's younger brother, the Tsarevich Alexander in 1866, taking the Russian name Maria Feodorovna. Between 1881 and 1894, she was empress-consort of Russia. Her son, Nicholas II of Russia, married Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, yet another granddaughter of Queen Victoria, on 26 November 1894, and she became empress-consort as Alexandra Feodorovna.
Other grandchildren became monarchs in their own right or consorts. Christian X of Denmark was the elder brother of Haakon VII of Norway and thus another grandson of Christian IX of Denmark. William II, German Emperor and King of Prussia was the elder brother of Sophia of Prussia and thus another reigning grandson of Victoria. Lastly, Victoria had two more granddaughters who became queens: Marie of Edinburgh, who married Ferdinand I of Romania, and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg who married Alfonso XIII of Spain.
Christian IX was therefore the grandfather of an emperor and two kings who all married granddaughters of Victoria, one of whom (Maud of Wales) was also a granddaughter of Christian IX. In total, five of his grandsons were reigning sovereigns.
Victoria, meanwhile, was the grandmother of an emperor, a king-emperor, four queens consort and an empress consort.
First World War
During the First World War (1914–1918), many monarchs of countries from both sides were closely related due to their mutual descent from either Queen Victoria, Christian IX or both. The most commonly cited example is the fact that Constantine I of Greece and Nicholas II of Russia (through Christian IX), as well as Nicholas' wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, and Wilhelm II of Germany (through Victoria) were all first cousins of George V of the United Kingdom.[1] Shortly before the end of the war, Nicholas, his wife and children were executed by the Bolsheviks.
Other countries who fought against Germany in addition to Russia and the United Kingdom were Romania, whose queen-consort, Marie, wife of Ferdinand I, was a cousin of the Wilhelm II, and Greece, whose queen-consort, Sophia, wife of Constantine I, was the Wilhelm II's sister.
Other first cousins of George V, whose countries were neutral during the war, were Christian X of Denmark, Victoria Eugenie of Spain (queen-consort of Alfonso XIII) and Haakon VII of Norway (who was also George's brother-in-law via his marriage to George's sister, Maud).
Family tree of sovereign and consort grandchildren
The family tree below shows the relationships between the monarch grandchildren of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX.
Present-day reigning descendants
The unions between descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX did not end with the First World War, despite the overthrows of both the German and Russian monarchies (along with the House of Habsburg in Austria-Hungary). On the contrary, nearly all European reigning kings and queens today are most closely related through their descent from Victoria, Christian or both.
King Charles III of the United Kingdom, King Harald V of Norway, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and King Felipe VI of Spain are all descended from both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX.[2] The first two monarchs are descendants of the aforementioned union between Alexandra of Denmark (daughter of King Christian IX) and Edward VII (son of Queen Victoria). Harald V of Norway is actually descended from Christian IX three ways, twice through his father and once through his mother. Margrethe II of Denmark is descended once each from Victoria and Christian IX. She is also a first cousin to Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden through Victoria's granddaughter Princess Margaret of Connaught. Felipe VI is descended from Victoria three ways and Christian IX twice. His father, King Juan Carlos I, is descended from Victoria and not Christian IX, while Juan Carlos' consort, Queen Sofía, is twice a descendant of Victoria and twice a great-great-granddaughter of Christian IX. Charles III is descended from both Christian IX and Queen Victoria twice, as his parents Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip were descendants of both monarchs.
King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is descended from Victoria, twice, as his parents were second cousins because they were both great-grandchildren of Victoria. In addition, Carl XVI Gustaf also descends on his maternal side from Victoria's half-sister Feodora. Carl XVI Gustaf is not a descendant of Christian IX; however, he descends on his maternal side from the parents of Christian IX through Christian IX's elder brother, Friedrich.
Conversely, Philippe, King of the Belgians is descended from King Christian IX but not Queen Victoria, although he is a descendant of Victoria's maternal uncle (as well as her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's paternal uncle), Leopold I, King of the Belgians. Philippe's father, King Albert II, who abdicated in the summer of 2013, is a first cousin to Harald V of Norway through their grandfather Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland, married to Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, a granddaughter of Christian IX.
In summation:
- The monarchs of Norway, Denmark, Spain and the United Kingdom are descended from both Victoria and Christian IX, with the King of Spain and the King of the United Kingdom having more than one line of descent of both.
- The King of Sweden is descended twice from Victoria (and from her half-sister), but not from Christian IX (although from one of his brothers).
- The King of the Belgians and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg are descended from Christian IX, but not from Victoria, although they are descendants of Leopold I of the Belgians, uncle of both Victoria and Albert.
- The King of the Netherlands is the only European monarch (along with the princes of Liechtenstein and Monaco) descended from neither Victoria nor Christian IX. He is, however, a sixth cousin twice removed of Harald V, Margrethe II and Carl XVI Gustaf through descent from Frederick, Prince of Wales; a sixth cousin four times removed of Felipe VI and sixth cousin thrice times removed of Charles III also via descent from Frederick; and a fourth cousin thrice removed of Philippe of Belgium through descent from William I of the Netherlands. Furthermore, William I of the Netherlands was also second cousin once removed to both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX, since he was the great-grandson of George II of Great Britain. Hence, all current reigning kings and queens in Europe, including the Netherlands, are related through the line of George II of Great Britain.
Monarchs descended from Queen Victoria
Monarchs descended from Queen Victoria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Monarchs descended from King Christian IX
Monarchs descended from King Christian IX | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Common ancestry between Victoria and Christian IX
Because so many monarchs descend from both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX of Denmark, the relationship between these two monarchs is of some interest. These monarchs were third cousins through their mutual descent from King George II of Great Britain. This relationship occurs twice because the maternal grandparents of King Christian IX of Denmark, Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (1744–1836) and Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831), were both children of daughters of King George II of Great Britain (1660–1727), and thus first cousins. Louise of Hesse-Kassel, wife of King Christian IX of Denmark, was a granddaughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse (1747–1837), the brother of the aforementioned Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel.
Thus King Christian IX of Denmark and his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel were both second and third cousins to each other and third cousins to Queen Victoria.
Common ancestry between Victoria and Christian IX | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The longest lived descendants of Victoria and of Christian IX
Longest living descendants
Living
Name of descendants | Born | Died | Age | Descended from | Through |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt | 1923 | Alive | 99 years, 320 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Louise of Denmark |
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | 1921 | 2021 | 99 years, 303 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark |
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Alice of Battenberg | ||||
Andrew Andreevich, Prince of Russia | 1923 | 2021 | 98 years, 311 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia |
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone | 1883 | 1981 | 97 years, 313 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany |
Christian Castenskjold | 1926 | Alive | 97 years, 107 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Dagmar of Denmark |
Margaret, Princess René of Bourbon-Parma | 1895 | 1992 | 97 years, 1 day | Christian IX of Denmark | Prince Valdemar of Denmark |
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | 1926 | 2022 | 96 years, 140 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom |
Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Alexandra of Denmark | ||||
Michael I of Romania | 1921 | 2017 | 96 years, 41 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Carol II of Romania |
Princess Sophie of Prussia | |||||
Christian IX of Denmark | Constantine I of Greece | ||||
Count Lennart Bernadotte of Wisborg | 1909 | 2004 | 95 years, 227 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia |
Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg | 1916 | 2012 | 95 years, 187 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Margaret of Connaught |
Count Sigvard Bernadotte of Wisborg | 1907 | 2002 | 94 years, 244 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Margaret of Connaught |
Lady Pamela Hicks | 1929 | Alive | 94 years, 189 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma |
Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark | 1913 | 2007 | 94 years, 151 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Sophie of Prussia |
Christian IX of Denmark | Constantine I of Greece | ||||
Olga, Princess Paul of Yugoslavia | 1903 | 1997 | 94 years, 127 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark |
Infanta Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi | 1909 | 2002 | 93 years, 153 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg |
Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma | 1924 | 2017 | 93 years, 119 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma |
Anne, Queen of Romania | 1923 | 2016 | 92 years, 318 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Margaret of Denmark |
Prince Wolfgang of Hesse | 1896 | 1989 | 92 years, 247 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Margaret of Prussia |
Prince Carl Bernadotte | 1911 | 2003 | 92 years, 168 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Ingeborg of Denmark |
Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma | 1926 | 2018 | 92 years, 125 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Margaret of Denmark |
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia | 1924 | 2016 | 91 years, 273 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark |
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn | 1850 | 1942 | 91 years, 260 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Queen Victoria (son & daughter) |
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll | 1848 | 1939 | 91 years, 260 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | |
Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner | 1932 | Alive | 91 years, 255 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom |
Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Alexandra of Denmark | ||||
Haakon VII of Norway | |||||
Princess Märtha of Sweden | |||||
Princess Louise Viktoria of Prussia | 1917 | 2009 | 91 years, 212 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Louise of Denmark |
Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 1910 | 2001 | 91 years, 100 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Alexandra of Hanover |
Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen | 1932 | Alive | 91 years, 105 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Anne Liddell-Grainger | 1932 | Alive | 91 years, 89 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Lady May Abel Smith |
Prince George William of Hanover | 1915 | 2006 | 90 years, 289 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick |
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia | ||||
Ingrid, Queen of Denmark | 1910 | 2000 | 90 years, 224 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Margaret of Connaught |
Countess Birgitta Bernadotte of Wisborg | 1933 | Alive | 90 years, 236 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Lennart Bernadotte |
Marianne von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha | 1933 | Alive | 90 years, 203 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Prince David Chavchavadze | 1924 | 2014 | 90 years, 138 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia |
Oldest living descendants
Currently holding Royal Office
Name of descendants | Born | Age | Descended from | Through |
---|---|---|---|---|
Christian, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt | 9 December 1923 | 99 years, 320 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Louise of Denmark |
Christian Castenskjold | 10 July 1926 | 97 years, 107 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Dagmar of Denmark |
Lady Pamela Hicks | 19 April 1929 | 94 years, 189 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma |
Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner | 12 February 1932 | 91 years, 255 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Haakon VII of Norway |
Princess Alexandra of Denmark | ||||
Princess Märtha of Sweden | ||||
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | |||
Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen | 12 July 1932 | 91 years, 105 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Anne Liddell-Grainger | 28 July 1932 | 91 years, 89 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Lady May Abel Smith |
Countess Birgitta Bernadotte of Wisborg | 3 March 1933 | 90 years, 236 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Lennart Bernadotte |
Marianne von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha | 5 April 1933 | 90 years, 203 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Albert II of Belgium | 6 June 1934 | 89 years, 141 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Astrid of Sweden |
Princess Dorothea of Hesse | 24 July 1934 | 89 years, 93 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark |
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Prince Christoph of Hesse | |||
Princess Alice of Battenberg | ||||
Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler | 31 October 1934 | 88 years, 359 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten |
Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
Hans Veit, Count of Toerring-Jettenbach | 1 January 1935 | 88 years, 287 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark |
Countess Victoria of Castell-Rüdenhausen | 26 February 1935 | 88 years, 241 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Archduchess Alexandra of Austria | 21 May 1935 | 88 years, 157 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Ileana of Romania |
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent | 9 October 1935 | 88 years, 16 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Alexandra of Denmark |
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark | ||||
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | |||
Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia | 7 April 1936 | 87 years, 201 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark |
Elizabeth Abel Smith | 5 September 1936 | 87 years, 50 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Lady May Abel Smith |
Princess Christa of Prussia | 31 October 1936 | 86 years, 359 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Prince Wilhelm of Prussia |
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy | 25 December 1936 | 86 years, 304 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Alexandra of Denmark |
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark | ||||
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | |||
Princess Birgitta of Sweden | 19 January 1937 | 86 years, 279 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten |
Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
Harald V of Norway | 21 February 1937 | 86 years, 246 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Haakon VII of Norway |
Princess Märtha of Sweden | ||||
Princess Alexandra of Denmark | ||||
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | |||
Prince Ludwig of Baden | 16 March 1937 | 86 years, 223 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Berthold, Margrave of Baden |
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark | ||||
Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Alice of Battenberg | |||
Countess Helene of Toerring-Jettenbach | 20 May 1937 | 86 years, 158 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark |
Archduke Dominic of Austria | 4 July 1937 | 86 years, 113 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Princess Ileana of Romania |
Juan Carlos I of Spain | 5 January 1938 | 85 years, 293 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona |
Countess Amélie of Castell-Castell | 25 May 1938 | 85 years, 153 days | Christian IX of Denmark | Princess Alexandrine-Louise of Denmark |
Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld | 2 June 1938 | 85 years, 145 days | Victoria of the United Kingdom | Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten |
Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
See also
- Descendants of Queen Victoria
- John William Friso, Prince of Orange, the most recent ancestor of all European monarchs that have reigned since World War II
- Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, the most recent ancestor of all current European royal houses
Notes
- "The Family Relationships that Couldn't Stop World War I". 20 December 2013.
- Flantzer, Susan. "How are current European monarchs related to each other?". Unofficial Royalty. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
References
- Aronson, Theo. Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph and the Tragedy of European Monarchy 1910–1918
- Aronson, Theo. A Family of Kings: The Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark
- Aronson, Theo. Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria, 1973
- Carter, Miranda. Three Emperors: Three Cousins, Three Empires and the Road to the First World War. London, Penguin. 2009. ISBN 978-0-670-91556-9
- Gelardi, Julia P. Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria
- Potts, D. M. and W. T. W. Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family