Monorepo

In version-control systems, a monorepo ("mono" meaning 'single' and "repo" being short for 'repository') is a software-development strategy in which the code for a number of projects is stored in the same repository.[1] This practice dates back to at least the early 2000s,[2] when it was commonly called a shared codebase.[2] Google,[3] Meta,[4] Microsoft,[5] Uber,[6] Airbnb, and Twitter[7] all employ very large monorepos with varying strategies to scale build systems and version control software with a large volume of code and daily changes.

A related concept is the monolithic application, but whereas a monolith combines its sub-projects into one large project, a monorepo may contain multiple independent projects.[8][9][10]

Advantages

There are a number of potential advantages to a monorepo over individual repositories:[3][11]

Ease of code reuse
Similar functionality or communication protocols can be abstracted into shared libraries and directly included by projects, without the need of a dependency package manager.
Simplified dependency management
In a multiple repository environment where multiple projects depend on a third-party dependency, that dependency might be downloaded or built multiple times. In a monorepo the build can be easily optimized, as referenced dependencies all exist in the same codebase.
Atomic commits
When projects that work together are contained in separate repositories, releases need to sync which versions of one project work with the other. And in large enough projects, managing compatible versions between dependencies can become dependency hell.[6] In a monorepo this problem can be negated, since developers may change multiple projects atomically.[12]
Large-scale code refactoring
Since developers have access to the entire project, refactors can ensure that every piece of the project continues to function after a refactor.
Collaboration across teams
In a monorepo that uses source dependencies (dependencies that are compiled from source),[7] teams can improve projects being worked on by other teams. This leads to flexible code ownership.

Limitations and disadvantages
Loss of version information
Although not required, some monorepo builds use one version number across all projects in the repository. This leads to a loss of per-project semantic versioning.[13]
Lack of per-project access control
With split repositories, access to a repository can be granted based upon need. A monorepo allows read access to all software in the project, possibly presenting new security issues.[14] Note that there are versioning systems in which this limitation is not an issue. For example, when Subversion is used, it's possible to download any part of the repo (even a single directory), and path-based authorization can be used to restrict access to certain parts of a repository.
More storage needed by default
With split repositories, you fetch only the project you are interested in by default. With a monorepo, you check out all projects by default. This can take up a significant amount of storage space. While all versioning systems have a mechanism to do a partial checkout,[15][16][17] doing so defeats some of the advantages of a monorepo.

Scalability challenges

Companies with large projects have come across hurdles with monorepos, specifically concerning build tools and version control systems.[4] Google's monorepo, speculated to be the largest in the world, meets the classification of an ultra-large-scale system[3] and must handle tens of thousands of contributions every day in a repository over 80 terabytes in size.[18]

Scaling version control software
See also: Version control

Companies using or switching to existing version control software found that software could not efficiently handle the amount of data required for a large monorepo. Facebook and Microsoft chose to contribute to or fork existing version control software Mercurial and Git respectively, while Google eventually created their own version control system.

For more than ten years, Google had relied on Perforce hosted on a single machine. In 2005 Google's build servers could get locked up to 10 minutes at a time. Google improved this to 30 seconds–1 minute in 2010.[19] Due to scaling issues, Google eventually developed its own in-house distributed version control system dubbed Piper.[3]

Facebook ran into performance issues with the version control system Mercurial and made upstream contributions to the client,[20] and in January 2014 made it faster than a competing solution in Git.[21]

In May 2017 Microsoft announced that virtually all of its Windows engineers use a Git monorepo.[5] In the transition, Microsoft made substantial upstream contributions to the Git client to remove unnecessary file access and improve handling of large files with Virtual File System for Git.[22]

Scaling build software
See also: Build automation

Few build tools work well in a monorepo,[7] and flows where builds and continuous integration testing of the entire repository are performed upon check-in will cause performance problems.[13][14] Directed graph builds systems like Buck, Bazel, Pants, and Please solve this by compartmentalizing builds and tests to the active area of development.[23]

Twitter began development of Pants in 2011, as both Facebook's Buck and Google's Bazel were closed-source at the time.[24] Twitter open-sourced Pants in 2012 under the Apache 2.0 License.[25]

Please, a Go-based build system, was developed in 2016 by Thought Machine who was also inspired by Google's Bazel and dissatisfied with Facebook's Buck.[26]

References
  1. "Infrastructure as Code | Second edition". Thoughtworks. 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  2. Mark "Nurgle." Collins (2001). Linux Game Programming. Prima Tech. ISBN 978-0-7615-3255-2. OCLC 1044194694.
  3. Levenberg, Rachel Potvin, Josh (July 2016). "Why Google Stores Billions of Lines of Code in a Single Repository". Communications of the ACM. Retrieved 20 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. GOODE, DURHAM; Rain (7 January 2014). "Scaling Mercurial at Facebook – Facebook Code". fb code. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  5. Lardinois, Frederic (24 March 2017). "Microsoft now uses Git and GVFS to develop Windows". TechCrunch. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  6. Aimee Lucido (7 April 2017). Uber Technology Day: Monorepo to Multirepo and Back Again. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  7. Dorothy Ordogh (5 April 2018). Pants and Monorepos. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  8. Reece, Brock (November 7, 2017). "From Monolith to Monorepo". From Monolith to Monorepo. Since starting at Croud. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  9. Savkin, Victor (August 14, 2019). "Misconceptions about Monorepos: Monorepo != Monolith". blog.nrwl.io. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  10. Oberlehner, Markus (Jun 12, 2017). "Monorepos in the Wild". Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  11. Brousse, Nicolas (2019). "The issue of monorepo and polyrepo in large enterprises". Proceedings of the Conference Companion of the 3rd International Conference on Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1145/3328433.3328435. ISBN 9781450362573. S2CID 201670751. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  12. Santacroce, Ferdinando; Olsson, Aske; Voss, Rasmus; Narebski, Jakub (2016). Git: Mastering Version Control. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 756. ISBN 9781787122796.
  13. Farina, Matt. "Dangers of Monorepo Projects - DZone DevOps". DZone. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  14. 点融黑帮 (16 August 2017). "浅谈monorepo" [Talking about monorepo]. Sohu (in Chinese). Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  15. git partial clone
  16. Svn Book: Sparse Directories
  17. Perforce: Clone
  18. Metz, Cade (16 September 2015). "Google Is 2 Billion Lines of Code—And It's All in One Place". WIRED. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  19. Bloch, Dan. "Still All on One Server: Perforce at Scale" (PDF). Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  20. Claburn, Thomas. "Facebook is writing a Mercurial server in Rust. This is not a drill". The Register. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  21. Blewitt, Alex (9 Jan 2014). "Facebook makes Mercurial faster than Git". InfoQ. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  22. Bright, Peter (24 May 2017). "Windows switch to Git almost complete: 8,500 commits and 1,760 builds each day". Ars Technica. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  23. Hammant, Paul; Smith, Steve. "Trunk Based Development". trunkbaseddevelopment. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  24. Mohilo, Dominik (10 June 2016). "8 Build-Tools im Vergleich: Ant – Buildr – Maven – Bazel – Buck – Gradle – Pants – sbt - JAXenter" [8 build tools compared: Ant - Buildr - Maven - Bazel - Buck - Gradle - Pants - sbt]. JAXenter (in German). Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  25. Moore, Madison (3 May 2016). "GitLab releases security fixes, Pants 1.0, and Sauce Labs integration for JIRA—SD Times news digest: May 3, 2016 - SD Times". SD Times. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  26. Ebden, Peter (December 2017). "Please - the Thought Machine Build System". Blog. Thought Machine. Archived from the original on 2019-12-28.
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