Monzonite

Monzonite is an igneous intrusive rock, formed by slow cooling of underground magma that has a moderate silica content and is enriched in alkali metal oxides. Monzonite is composed mostly of plagioclase and alkali feldspar.

Monzonite
Igneous rock
Monzonite specimen from Rock Library (NASA JPL)
Composition
Mostly plagioclase and alkali feldspar
Not to be confused with the rare earth-bearing phosphate mineral Monazite.

Syenodiorite is an obsolescent term for monzonite[1] or for monzodiorite.[2] Larvikite is a particular form of monzonite.[3]

Description
QAPF diagram for classification of intrusive igneous rocks, with the monzonite field highlighted
Photomicrograph of thin section of monzonite (in cross polarised light)
Photomicrograph of thin section of monzonite (in plane polarised light)
The Notch Peak monzonite intrusion in Utah inter-fingers (partly as a dike) with highly metamorphosed Cambrian carbonate host rocks

Monzonite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) igneous rock. Such rocks are classified by their relative percentages of quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and feldspathoid (the QAPF classification). Monzonite is defined as rock having less than 5% quartz in its QAPF fraction and in which alkali feldspar makes up between 35% and 65% of the total feldspar content. If quartz constitutes greater than 5% of the QAPF fraction, the rock is termed a quartz monzonite, while if feldspathoids are present as up to 10% of the QAPF fraction, the rock is termed a feldspathoid-bearing monzonite. Rock richer in alkali feldspar is classified as syenite, while rock richer in plagioclase is termed a monzodiorite. The volcanic equivalent of monzonite is latite.[2][4]

The plagioclase in monzonite is sodium-rich, ranging from oligoclase to andesine, and is moderately well shaped (subhedral to euhedral).[5] The alkali feldspar is typically orthoclase. Monzonite may also contain minor amounts of hornblende, biotite and other minerals.[2][4]

Occurrence

Monzonite is found in association with gabbro and granodiorite in the Khankandi pluton in the Alborz Mountains of Iran. The monzonite likely formed during the collision that closed the Tethys Ocean, from partial melting of upper mantle that had previously been altered by fluids released from a subducting ocean crust slab.[6][7] Monzonite can also form in extensional crustal settings[3][8] or by partial melting of lower crust of alkali basalt composition.[9]

Diorite, monzonite, and syenite are found together on the margins of the Paleoproterozoic North China craton. These likely formed during the assembly of Columbia and suggest the North China craton was in the interior of Columbia, between Laurentia and Siberia.[10]

The Bingham mine consists of porphyry copper deposits hosted in altered monzonite. Alteration has converted some of the monzonite to compositions resembling quartz monzonite or granite, by altering plagioclase to potassium feldspar and emplacing hydrothermal quartz.[11]

Fragments of monzonite have been found on the surface of the Moon. These likely formed as a mixture of immiscible granite liquid with cumulates composed of plagioclase and pyroxene, which supports the theory that lunar granites form through silicate liquid immiscibility. This is a process in which high-silica and low-silica components of a magma separate like oil and vinegar.[12]

Etymology

Monzonite was originally named after the Monzoni range in Val di Fassa (Trento Province, Italy) where it is abundant. As rock definitions have been systematized and codified, this association has lost any relevance to the rock's definition.[2]


References
  1. Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Monzonite". A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199653065.
  2. Le Maitre, R.W., Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, pp. 113 ISBN 0-521-66215-X
  3. Andersen, Tom (January 1984). "Crystallization history of a Permian composite monzonite-alkali syenite pluton in the Sande cauldron, Oslo rift, southern Norway". Lithos. 17: 153–170. doi:10.1016/0024-4937(84)90016-1.
  4. Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed, pp. 480-484 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  5. Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0716724383.
  6. Aghazadeh, Mehraj; Castro, Antonio; Omran, Nematallah Rashidnejad; Emami, Mohamad Hashem; Moinvaziri, Hossien; Badrzadeh, Zahra (May 2010). "The gabbro (shoshonitic)–monzonite–granodiorite association of Khankandi pluton, Alborz Mountains, NW Iran". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 38 (5): 199–219. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.01.002.
  7. Castro, Antonio; Aghazadeh, Mehraj; Badrzadeh, Zahra; Chichorro, Martim (November 2013). "Late Eocene–Oligocene post-collisional monzonitic intrusions from the Alborz magmatic belt, NW Iran. An example of monzonite magma generation from a metasomatized mantle source". Lithos. 180–181: 109–127. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2013.08.003.
  8. Köksal, Serhat; Toksoy-Köksal, Fatma; Göncüoğlu, M. Cemal; Möller, Andreas; Gerdes, Axel; Frei, Dirk (April 2013). "Crustal source of the Late Cretaceous Satansarı monzonite stock (central Anatolia – Turkey) and its significance for the Alpine geodynamic evolution". Journal of Geodynamics. 65: 82–93. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.003.
  9. Smith, I. E. M.; White, A. J. R.; Chappell, B. W.; Eggleton, R. A. (May 1988). "Fractionation in a zoned monzonite pluton: Mount Dromedary, southeastern Australia". Geological Magazine. 125 (3): 273–284. doi:10.1017/S0016756800010219.
  10. Wang, Wei; Liu, Shuwen; Bai, Xiang; Li, Qiugen; Yang, Pengtao; Zhao, Yue; Zhang, Shuanhong; Guo, Rongrong (March 2013). "Geochemistry and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes of the late Paleoproterozoic Jianping diorite–monzonite–syenite suite of the North China Craton: Implications for petrogenesis and geodynamic setting". Lithos. 162–163: 175–194. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.005.
  11. Lanier, G.; Raab, W. J.; Folsom, R. B.; Cone, S. (1 November 1978). "Alteration of equigranular monzonite, Bingham mining district, Utah". Economic Geology. 73 (7): 1270–1286. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.73.7.1270.
  12. Rutherford, M.J.; Hess, P.C.; Ryerson, F.J.; Campbell, H.W.; Dick, P.A. (1976). "The chemistry, origin and petrogenetic implications of lunar granite and monzonite". 7th Lunar Science Conference Proceedings, Houston, Texas. Pergamon Press, Inc. 2. A77-34651 15-91): 1723-1740. Bibcode:1976LPSC....7.1723R.
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