Moon tree

Moon trees are trees grown from seeds taken into orbit around the Moon, initially by Apollo 14 in 1971, and later by Artemis 1 in 2022.[1] The idea was first proposed by Edward P. Cliff, then the Chief of the United States Forest Service, who convinced Stuart Roosa, the Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 14 mission, to bring a small canister containing about 500 seeds aboard the module in 1971. Seeds for the experiment were chosen from five species of tree: loblolly pine, sycamore, sweetgum, redwood, and Douglas fir.[2][3] In 2022, NASA announced it would be reviving the Moon tree program by carrying 1,000 seeds aboard Artemis 1.[4]

Bicentennial Moon Tree, planted in 1975 in Washington Square, Philadelphia
Moon Tree in front of Sebastian County Courthouse, in Fort Smith, Arkansas
Plaque at the base of the Fort Smith, Arkansas, Moon Tree.
A Moon Tree in Keystone Heights, Florida
Certificate of Authenticity of the Moon Tree in Piedmont, South Carolina.
Moon Tree in Piedmont, South Carolina, 1980s
Moon Tree, Waycross, Georgia

History

After the flight, the seeds were sent to the southern Forest Service station in Gulfport, Mississippi, and to the western station in Placerville, California, with the intent to germinate them. Nearly all the seeds germinated successfully, and after a few years, the Forest Service had about 420 seedlings. Some of these were planted alongside their Earth-bound counterparts, which were specifically set aside as controls. After more than 40 years, there was no discernible difference between the two classes of trees. Most of the Moon trees were given away in 1975 and 1976 to state forestry organizations, in order to be planted as part of the nation's bicentennial celebration. Since the trees were all of southern or western species, not all states received trees. A Loblolly Pine was planted at the White House, and trees were planted in Brazil, Switzerland, and presented to Emperor Hirohito, among others.[5]

The locations of many of the trees that were planted from these seeds were largely unknown for decades. In 1996, a third-grade teacher, Joan Goble, and her students found a tree in their local area with a plaque identifying it as a Moon tree. Goble sent an email to NASA, and reached employee Dave Williams. Williams was unaware of the trees' existence, as were most of his colleagues at NASA. Upon doing some research, Williams found some old newspaper clippings that described the initial actions taken by Roosa to bring these seeds to space and home to be planted.[6] Williams posted a page on NASA's official website asking for public help to find the trees. The page also contained a table listing the locations and species of known Moon trees. Williams began to hear from people around the United States who had seen trees with plaques identifying them as Moon trees. Williams began to manage a database listing details about such trees, including their location and species. In 2011, an article in Wired magazine described the effort, and provided Williams' email address, encouraging anyone to write who might have data on existing Moon trees.[7] As of 2022, efforts were continuing to identify and locate existing trees;[6] the NASA page remains active.[8]

In March 2021, the Royal Astronomical Society and the UK Space Agency asked for the help of the public to identify up to 15 Moon Trees that may be growing in the United Kingdom. As of April 2021, none of the trees that supposedly came to the UK have been identified.[9]

Current efforts

The Moon Tree Foundation is an organization run by Roosa's daughter, Rosemary, which seeks to plant Moon trees in regions around the world. The foundation sponsors and hosts ceremonies to plant new trees, with seeds produced by the original generation of trees that grew from the seeds carried by Roosa.[10]

Moon tree at the Goddard Space Flight Center

Locations
Table key
† Indicates a tree that is no longer alive.
‡ Indicates the exact date of planting is unknown.

United States
City State Location Species Date planted Ref.
Salem OregonPrivate Residence2 Douglas Firs 1973 ‡
Wiggins  Mississippi Girl Scouts Camp Iti Kana Sycamore 1974 ‡
Starkville  Mississippi Dorman Hall, Mississippi State University Sycamore 1975 ‡ [11]
Philadelphia PennsylvaniaWashington Square Park Sycamore † May 6, 1975[12]
Bethesda MarylandSociety of American ForestersLoblolly PineSeptember 30, 1975[13]
Princeton  West Virginia USDA Forestry Sciences Laboratory Sycamore October 18, 1975 [14]
Fort Smith  Arkansas Sebastian County Courthouse Loblolly Pine March 15, 1976 [15]
Little Rock ArkansasForestry Commission Headquarters Loblolly Pine † March 15, 1976[16]
Monticello  Arkansas University of Arkansas at Monticello Loblolly Pine † March 15, 1976 [17]
Washington ArkansasHistoric Washington State Park Loblolly Pine March 15, 1976 [18]
Asheville North CarolinaBotanical Gardens at Asheville SycamoreMarch 19, 1976 [19]
College Station  Texas D. A. "Andy" Anderson Arboretum Sycamore † March 21, 1976 [20]
Birmingham AlabamaBirmingham Botanical Gardens, near Lane ParkSycamore April 1976 ‡ [21]
Montgomery AlabamaAlabama State Capitol BuildingLoblolly Pine April 1976 ‡ [22]
North Pembroke MassachusettsPembroke Historical Society Sycamore † April 1976 ‡ [23]
Elmer LouisianaPalustris Experiment Station, Kisatchie National ForestLoblolly Pine April 1976 ‡ [24]
Knoxville TennesseeForestry Experiment Station, University of TennesseeLoblolly Pine April 1976 ‡ [25]
Sewanee TennesseeWoods Laboratories, University of the SouthSycamore April 1976 ‡ [26]
Elizabethton  Tennessee Fort Watauga, Sycamore Shoals State Historic Area Sycamore † April 1976 ‡ [27]
Tullahoma TennesseeArnold Air Force Base Loblolly Pine † April 1976 ‡ [28]
Olympia WashingtonWashington State Capitol BuildingDouglas Fir April 1976 ‡ [29]
Albuquerque New MexicoHarry E. Kinney Civic Plaza Douglas Fir † April 7, 1976[30]
Indianapolis IndianaIndiana StatehouseSycamoreApril 9, 1976 [31]
Lansing MichiganMichigan State Capitol Building Sycamore † April 22, 1976[32]
Wyoming  Michigan Wyoming Police Department Sycamore † April 23, 1976 [33]
Niles  Michigan Fernwood Botanical Gardens and Nature Preserve Sycamore April 23, 1976 [34]
Salt Lake City  Utah Utah State Capitol Building Douglas Fir † April 28, 1976 [35]
Flagstaff ArizonaFrances Short Pond, formerly Flagstaff Junior High School Douglas Fir † April 30, 1976[36]
Tucson ArizonaKuiper Space Sciences Building, University of ArizonaSycamore April 30, 1976 [37]
Des Moines  Iowa Iowa State Capitol Building Sycamore April 30, 1976 [38]
Middletown PennsylvaniaCore Creek ParkSycamoreApril 30, 1976[39]
Salem OregonOregon State Capitol Building Douglas FirApril 30, 1976[40]
Hampton  Virginia Albert W. Patrick III, Elementary School Sycamore April 30, 1976 [41]
Arcata CaliforniaCalifornia State Polytechnic University, Humboldt3 Redwoods May 1976 ‡ [42]
Athens GeorgiaAthens-Clarke County Planning DepartmentLoblolly Pine May 1976 ‡ [43]
Lincoln City IndianaLincoln State ParkSycamoreMay 1, 1976[44]
Roseburg OregonRoseburg Veteran Affairs Medical Center Douglas FirMay 3, 1976[45]
Hollidaysburg PennsylvaniaHighland HallSycamoreMay 5, 1976[46]
Boise  Idaho Idaho State Capitol Building Douglas Fir † May 7, 1976 [47]
Capitan  New Mexico Smokey Bear State Park Sycamore † May 15, 1976 [48]
Topton  Pennsylvania Borough Hall Sycamore June 20, 1976 [49]
Cape Canaveral FloridaKennedy Space Center Sycamore † June 25, 1976[50]
Ebensburg PennsylvaniaCambria County CourthouseSycamoreJune 29, 1976[51]
King of Prussia PennsylvaniaLockheed Martin Space Systems BuildingSycamoreJune 30, 1976[52]
Missoula  Montana University Center Mall, University of Montana Douglas Fir July 17, 1976 [53]
New Orleans LouisianaNASA Michoud Assembly Facility Loblolly Pine † July 20, 1976[54]
Santa Fe  New Mexico New Mexico State Capitol Building Douglas Fir July 22, 1976 [55]
Atchison KansasInternational Forest of FriendshipSycamoreJuly 24, 1976 [56]
Berkeley CaliforniaNorthwest area of Tilden Nature Area2 RedwoodsJuly 26, 1976[57]
Monterey CaliforniaFriendly Plaza, near Colton HallRedwoodJuly 27, 1976[58]
Steubenville OhioFriendship Park SycamoreJuly 29, 1976[59]
San Luis Obispo CaliforniaMission Plaza RedwoodJuly 30, 1976[60]
Troy AlabamaPioneer Museum of Alabama Loblolly PineAugust 5, 1976[61]
Silver City New MexicoGough ParkSycamoreAugust 14, 1976[62]
Alamogordo  New Mexico New Mexico Museum of Space History Sycamore † October 5, 1976 [63]
Brevard North CarolinaCradle of Forestry, Pisgah National ForestSycamoreOctober 18, 1976[64]
Tuscumbia AlabamaIvy Green, historic monument and birthplace of Helen Keller Loblolly PineOctober 19, 1976[65]
Auburn AlabamaG.W. Andrews Forestry Sciences Lab, Auburn University Loblolly Pine † October 22, 1976[66]
Huntsville AlabamaU.S. Space and Rocket Center5 Sycamores, 2 Pines *October 29, 1976[67]
Tuskegee AlabamaVeteran Affairs Hospital (CAVHCS) Loblolly Pine † 1976 ‡ [21]
Sacramento CaliforniaCalifornia State Capitol Building Redwood 1976 ‡ [68]
El Dorado Hills  California St. Stephen's Lutheran Church Redwood † 1976 ‡ [69]
Tallahassee FloridaFlorida Department of AgricultureLoblolly Pine 1976 ‡ [70]
Waycross GeorgiaOkefenokee Regional Educational Service AgencyLoblolly Pine 1976 ‡ [71]
Cannelton IndianaGirl Scouts Camp KochSycamore 1976 ‡ [52]
Tell City IndianaHoosier National Forest Service Office2 Sweetgums 1976 ‡ [72]
Monmouth New JerseyMonmouth County Courthouse Sycamore † 1976 ‡ [73]
Clyde  North Carolina Disc Golf Course, Haywood Community College Sycamore 1976 ‡ [74]
Draper  Utah Lone Peak Conservation Center Sycamore 1976 ‡ [75]
Columbus  Ohio Franklin Park Conservatory Sycamore † 1976 ‡ [76]
Corvallis OregonPeavy Hall, Oregon State University Douglas Fir 1976 ‡ [77]
Cave Junction OregonSiskiyou Smokejumper Base, Illinois Valley Airport Douglas Fir † 1976 ‡ [78]
Eugene OregonErb Memorial Union, University of OregonDouglas Fir 1976 ‡ [79]
Doswell VirginiaKings Dominion Amusement Park2 Sycamores (1 dead) 1976 ‡ [80]
Washington, D.C. District of ColumbiaRose Garden, White House Loblolly Pine † January 19, 1977[81]
San Dimas  California San Dimas Technology and Development Center Redwood March 29, 1977 [82]
Gainesville FloridaUniversity of FloridaSycamore 1977 ‡ [83]
Boise IdahoLowell Elementary SchoolLoblolly Pine 1977 ‡ [84]
Greenbelt MarylandGoddard Space Flight CenterSycamoreJune 9, 1977[85]
Perry FloridaForest Capital Museum State ParkLoblolly PineApril 29, 1978[86]
Hamilton  Virginia Scott Jenkins Memorial Park Sweetgum September 1978 ‡ [87]
Westlake  Texas Private Residence Sycamore 1978 ‡ [88]
Lockeford  California Lockeford Plant Materials Center Redwood 1979 ‡ [89]
Dillsburg  Pennsylvania Dillsburg Elementary School Sycamore April 29, 1983 [90]
New Orleans LouisianaNew Orleans River Walk Loblolly Pine † June 1983 ‡ [23]
Holliston MassachusettsHolliston Police Station Sycamore 1982 ‡ [91]
Keystone Heights FloridaKeystone Heights LibrarySycamore 1984 ‡ [92]
Plano TexasPlano Senior High School Sycamore † November 4, 2009[93]
Houston TexasNASA's Johnson Space CenterLoblolly Pine February 2016 ‡
Tallahassee FloridaCascades ParkSycamore Unknown ‡[94]
Moscow IdahoAdministration Building, University of Idaho Sycamore † Unknown ‡[95]
Waynesboro MississippiForestry Commission Nursery SycamoreUnknown ‡[88]
DeSoto MissouriWalthers Park SycamoreUnknown ‡[96]
Elkton  Oregon D.L. Phipps State Forest Nursery Douglas Fir Unknown ‡ [97]
Coudersport  Pennsylvania Coudersport Area Recreational Park Sycamore Unknown ‡ [98]
Piedmont South CarolinaPrivate Residence SycamoreUnknown ‡[99]

Other countries
City Country Location Species Date planted Ref.
Brasília BrazilInstitute for Environment and Natural Renewable ResourcesSweetgumJanuary 14, 1980[100]
Santa Rosa BrazilSoybean Fairgrounds, Parque Municipal de ExposiçõesRedwoodAugust 18, 1981[101]
Cambará do Sul  Brazil St. Joseph Central Square Redwood September 26, 1982 [102]
Lucerne SwitzerlandSwiss Transport MuseumSycamore15 August 1976 (not planted until later)

See also

References
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  5. Williams, David R. (28 July 2009). "The "Moon Trees"". Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  6. We Almost Forgot About the Moon Trees: A collection of tree seeds that went round and round the moon was scattered far and wide back home, by Marina Koren. The seeds orbited the Moon, but were not landed on it. The Atlantic, January 31, 2022.
  7. The Mystery of the Missing Moon Trees: 15 years after NASA astronomer David Williams started searching for them, hundreds of trees grown from space-faring seeds are still missing. The moon trees, whose seeds circled the moon 34 times in Apollo 14 astronaut Stuart Roosa‘s pocket, were welcomed back to Earth with great fanfare in 1971. February 10, 2011, wired.com.
  8. The "Moon Trees", official NASA website, accessed Feb 3, 2022.
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