Ethnic conflict in Nagaland

The insurgency in Nagaland, in northeastern India, is an ongoing conflict fought between the ethnic Nagas and the governments of India. Nagaland inhabited by the Nagas is located at the tri-junction border of India on the West and South, north and Myanmar on the East.

Ethnic conflict in Nagaland
Part of Insurgency in Northeast India

State of Nagaland
Date11 September 1958–present
(65 years, 1 month and 2 weeks)
Location
Status

Conflict ongoing

Belligerents

India India


Myanmar Myanmar

CKRF
KDF
KIA
KIF
KKK
KLA
KNF
NSCN-K
NSCN-IM
RNHPF
UKDA
UKLF
UNPC (until 2013)
Commanders and leaders
India Rajendra Prasad
India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
India Zakir Husain
India Varahagiri Venkata Giri
India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
India Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
India Zail Singh
India R. Venkataraman
India Shankar Dayal Sharma
India K. R. Narayanan
India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
India Pratibha Patil
India Pranab Mukherjee
India Ram Nath Kovind
India Droupadi Murmu

India Vishnu Sahay
India Braj Kumar Nehru
India Lallan Prasad Singh
India Sayed Muzaffar Hussain Burney
India Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao
India Lokanath Misra
India Gopal Singh
India Madathilparampil Mammen Thomas
India V.K. Nayyar
India O.N. Shrivastava
India Om Prakash Sharma
India Shyamal Datta
India K. Wilson
India Kateekal Sankaranarayanan
India Gurbachan Jagat
India Nikhil Kumar
India Ashwani Kumar
India Padmanabha Acharya
Myanmar Ba U
Myanmar Win Maung
Myanmar Ne Win
Myanmar San Yu
Myanmar Saw Maung
Myanmar Thein Sein
Myanmar Htin Kyaw
Myanmar Win Myint
Tha Aye
Myint Naing
Thuingaleng Muivah
Strength
India 200,000 (1995)[2] 4,500 NSCN-IM (2007)[3][4]
2,000 NSCN-K (2007)[5]
Casualties and losses
 India and  Burma:
Unknown
NSCN:
Unknown
2,000 Killed total (official).[3]
3,000 Killed total (independent sources).[6]

"National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)", which wants an independent "greater Nagaland" to also include territory now in Myanmar, based on ethnicity; and the "Naga National Council (Adino)".[7]

The question of "Naga Sovereignty" was put to plebiscite on 16 May 1951. To defend themselves, the Naga after much deliberation formed the armed wing of NNC, came to be known as NSG (Naga Safe Guards) under Kaito Sukhai.[8]

History

1946 saw the creation of the Naga National Council (NNC) under Phizo's leadership. The NNC leaders and the Governor of Assam, Sir Akbar Hydari, signed a Nine-Point Agreement which granted Nagas rights over their lands and legislative and executive powers. The judicial capacity of Naga courts were empowered and no law from the provincial or central legislatures could affect this agreement. Very significantly, the agreement included a clause demanding that the Nagas be brought into the same administrative unit at the earliest. However, one clause stipulated[9]

The Governor of Assam as the agent of the Government of India will have a special responsibility for a period of ten years to ensure that due observance of this agreement to be extended for a further period, or a new agreement regarding the future of the Naga people to be arrived at.

The interpretation of this clause has been contested between the Nagas and the Indian Government. To Nagas this clause meant independence from India at the end of the ten-year period. To the India Government this clause meant making a new agreement after the ten-year period if the present agreement did not address Naga issues sufficiently. Phizo rejected the Nine-Point Agreement to who the agreement fell short of dealing with the issue of Naga sovereignty.[10] The NNC under Phizo's leadership declared Naga independence on 14 August 1947 and with success propagated the idea of Naga sovereignty throughout the Naga tribes. A Naga plebiscite was organised on 16 May 1951.[11] The Naga struggle remained peaceful in the 1940s and early 1950s.[10]

The Naga insurgency, climaxing in 1956, was an armed ethnic conflict led by the Naga National Council (NNC) which aimed for the secession of Naga territories from India. The more radical sectors of NNC created the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN) which also included an underground Naga Army.[12]

The insurgency witnessed a new spark in 2021 when fourteen innocent citizens of Nagaland while returning to their homes after a day long work from the coal mines were ambushed and killed by the Indian Army Soldiers of the 21 Para Special Forces army unit.[13] The killings led to wide-ranging protests to hold the soldiers accountable and asked for repealing of the Armed Forces Special Power Act. The Act commonly known as AFSPA was enacted in the state in 1958 by central government of India which authorises soldiers of the armed forces to shoot any suspected individual without formal orders from any superior civilian authority.

Rebel groups

Several rebel groups have operated in Nagaland since the mid-twentieth century, including the following:

  1. Naga National Council: a political organisation active in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which became separatist under Angami Zapu Phizo
  2. Naga National Council (Adino) – NNC (Adino): the oldest political Naga organisation, now led by the daughter of Naga rebel A.Z. Phizo.
  3. National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah): formed on 31 January 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and S. S. Khaplang ADAMANT. They want to establish a ‘Greater Nagaland’ (‘Nagalim’ or the People’s Republic of Nagaland) based on Mao Tse Tung’s model.
  4. National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang): formed on 30 April 1988, its goal is to establish a ‘greater Nagaland’ based on ethnicity, comprising the Naga-dominated areas within India, and contiguous areas in Myanmar.
  5. Naga Federal Government: separatist movement active in Nagaland during the 1970s. After its leader was captured and the headquarters destroyed, NFG's activities decreased.[14]
  6. Naga Federal Army: separatist guerrilla organisation active in the 1970s. Several hundred members of NFA reportedly have received training in China.[14]

See also

References

  1. "Government signs landmark Nagaland peace treaty with NSCN(I-M) in presence of PM Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. India. 3 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  2. Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook pp. 81–82
  3. Anuario 2007 de los Procesos de Paz. ECP Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine pp. 86
  4. "National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Isak-Muivah". Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  5. "National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Khaplang". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  6. The India-Naga Conflict: A Long-Standing War with Few Prospects of Imminent Solution Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Katherine Phillips. Intern, Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit, London. CHRI News, verano de 2004.
  7. "Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume", p. 253, by P. K. Mohanty.
  8. Comdt Jassal (Retd) (31 October 2002). "The Truth And Naga Issue". Archived from the original on 15 December 2004.
  9. Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-134-51431-1.
  10. Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-134-51431-1.
  11. Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-134-51431-1.
  12. Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-134-51431-1.
  13. "India: Army Kills 14 Civilians in Nagaland". Human Rights Watch. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  14. Schmid, A.P.; Jongman, A.J. (2005). Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature. Transaction Publishers. p. 572. ISBN 9781412804691. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
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