List of names of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, which began as an Anatolian beylik and became an empire through expansion, has been known historically by different names at different periods and in various languages. This page surveys the history of these names and their usage.
In different languages
- Medieval Latin: Turchia (Turkey) or Imperium Turcicum (Turkish Empire)[1]
- English: Ottoman Empire, Osmanic Empire, Osmanian Empire, Ottoman Turkey, Turkish Empire
- Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانيه Devlet-i Alîye-i Osmânîye (The Sublime Ottoman State)[2]
- Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Âlîye (The Exalted State)
- Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Ebed-Müddet (The Eternal State)
- Ottoman Turkish: Memâlik-i Mahrûse (The Well-Protected Domains)
- Ottoman Turkish: Memâlik-i Mahrûse-i Osmanîye (The Well-Protected Domains of the Ottomans)
- Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (Ottoman Empire), Osmanlı Devleti (Ottoman State), Osmanlı Türkiyesi (Ottoman Turkey)
- Azerbaijani: Osmanlı İmperiyası (Ottoman Empire), Osmanlı Dövləti (Ottoman State)
- Albanian: Perandoria Osmane (occasionally but very seldom "Otomane")
- Arabic: الدولةُ العليةُ العثمانيةُ Ad-Daulatu' l-ʿAliyatu' l-ʿUṯmāniyya (The Sublime Ottoman State) or الدولةُ العثمانيةُ Ad-Daulatu' l-ʿUṯmāniyya
- Aromanian: Imperiul Otoman
- Armenian: Օսմանյան Կայսրություն (Osmanyan Kaysroutyoun)
- Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: Османско царство (Osmansko Carstvo) / Отоманско царство (Otomansko Carstvo) / Османлијско царство (Osmanlijsko carstvo) / Турска (Turska) / Турско царство (Tursko carstvo)
- Bulgarian: Османска империя (Osmanska Imperia)
- Chinese: Lumi (魯迷) (originates from Rûm or Rumi.), or Rumu 如木 (originates from Rûm or Rumi.), or Du'erge 度爾格 (from Turkey), Tuliyesike 圖里耶斯科 (from Turkey), or Du'erke 都兒克 (from Turkey), or Du'erjia 都爾佳 (from Turkey), or Tuliya 圖里雅 (from Turkey), or Tu'erqi 土耳其 (from Turkey), or Hongke'er 烘克爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), Gongka'er 供喀爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), Hongke'er 烘克爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Hongga'er 紅噶爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Kongka'er 孔喀爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Kongka'er 空喀爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar), or Konggu'er 空谷爾 (from Mongolian Khungghar)
- Danish: Det Osmanske Rige (the Ottoman realm)
- Greek: Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία (Othomanikí Aftokratoría), informally, Τουρκιά (Tourkiâ)
- Georgian: ოსმალეთის იმპერია (Osmaletis Imperia)
- German: Osmanisches Reich (or Türkisches Reich)
- Hungarian: Oszmán Birodalom (Osman Empire)
- Macedonian: Отоманска Империја (Otomanska Imperija) or Османлиска Империја (Osmanliska Imperija)
- Mongolian: Khungghar (derives from Ottoman word hunkār)
- Persian: امپراطوری عثمانی (Empraturi Osmani)
- Polish: "Imperium Osmańskie" (the Osman Empire), "Turcja Osmańska" (Osman Turkey) unofficially "Turcja" (Turkey)
- Romanian: "Imperiul Otoman" (the Ottoman Empire), sometimes "Poarta Otomană" (the Ottoman Gate)
- Swedish: Osmanska riket (the Ottoman realm)[3]
- Serbo-Croatian: Osmansko Carstvo/Osmanlijsko Carstvo (The Ottoman Empire); Tursko Carstvo (Turkish Empire)[4]
- French: Empire ottoman
- Ukrainian: Османська Імперія (Osmans'ka Imperiya)
In diplomatic circles, the Ottoman government was often referred to as the "Porte" or the "Sublime Porte," a literal translation of the Ottoman Turkish Bâb-ı Âlî, which was the only gate of Topkapı Palace open to foreigners and the location where the Sultan and his viziers greeted ambassadors.
References
- K.H. Karpat, "Historical continuity and identity change or How to be modern Muslim, Ottoman, and Turk", in: K.H. Karpat (ed.), Ottoman past and today's Turkey (2000), 1-28, esp. 20; G. Ágoston & B.A. Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (2009), 574.
- O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
- "Osmanska riket - Uppslagsverk - NE.se".
- Новаковић, Стојан. Турско царство пред српски устанак 1780-1804 (in Serbian). Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.
External links
Historic maps using the alternative names of the Ottoman Empire
- Historic map by John Bartholomew & Co.: Changes in Turkey in Europe, 1856 to 1878
- Map of Turkey in Europe and Hungary in the 17th century, engraved by J. Russell, published in Barclay's Universal Dictionary, 1823
- Map of Turkey in Europe and Hungary in the 17th century, engraved by J. Barlow, published by Brightly & Kinnersley in the Rev. E. Blomfield's A Complete and Universal Dictionary, 1812
- Map of Turkey in Europe and Hungary, drawn and engraved by Sidney Hall, published in the General Atlas of Ancient and Modern Geography, 1827
- Map of Turkey in Europe by J. Rapkin, published by J & F Tallis, London, Edinburgh & Dublin, c.1851
- Map of Turkey in Europe by Sidney Hall, printed in colours by Fr. Schenck, Edinburgh and published by A & C Black, c.1856
- Map of Turkey in Europe by J. Wyld, engraved by N.R. Hewitt and published in Edinburgh by John Thompson & Co., c.1823
- Map of Turkey in Europe engraved by A. Findlay and published by Thomas Kelly in A New and Complete System of Universal Geography, 1818
- Map of Turkey in Europe by John Archer, published in The National Encyclopedia Atlas, 1868
- Map of Turkey in Europe by Keith Johnston. Published in Keith Johnston's The Royal Atlas of Modern Geography, 1861
- Map of Turkey in Asia engraved by John Archer, published in The College Atlas, c.1850
- Map of Turkey in Asia by J. Bartholomew, published in Philips' Imperial Library Atlas (edited by William Hughes), London, 1864
- Map of Turkey in Asia (Asia Minor) and Transcaucasia" by Keith Johnston, published in Keith Johnston's The Royal Atlas of Modern Geography, 1861
- Map of Turkey in Asia engraved by J. Russell, published in Barclay's Universal Dictionary, 1823
- Map of Turkey in Asia engraved by Sidney Hall and published in Black's General Atlas, Edinburgh, 1846
- Map of Turkey in Asia in Kelly's New System of Universal Geography, 1828
- Map of Turkey in Asia published in Cooke's Geography, 1817
- Map of the Turkish Empire (Imperium Turcicum in Europa, Asia et Africa; regiones proprias, tributarias, clientelares) by Johann Baptiste Homann, Nuremberg, 1737
- Map of the Turkish Empire in Europe and Asia, published by Letts, London, 1883
- Map of the Turkish Empire in Europe and Asia, by George Cram, Chicago, 1892
- Map of the Turkish Empire (Natoliam, Turcia Turcicive Imperii) published by De Jode, c.1590
- Map of the Turkish Empire (Imperium Turcicum complectens Europae, Asiae et Africae) by P. Schenk, Amsterdam, c. 1720
- Map of the Turkish Empire (Turcicum Imperium) by Jodocus Hondius, 1607. Published in English by Michael Sparke, London, 1635
- Map of the Turkish Empire (1844)
- Turcicum Imperium
- Turcicum Imperium
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