Neodiapsida

Neodiapsida is a clade, or major branch, of the reptilian family tree, typically defined as including all diapsids apart from some early primitive types known as the araeoscelidians. Modern reptiles and birds belong to the neodiapsid subclade Sauria.

Neodiapsids
Temporal range:
Cisuralian–Present,
Skull of Orovenator, the earliest known neodiapsid
Skeleton of Megalancosaurus, a drepanosaur
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Diapsida
Clade: Neodiapsida
Benton, 1985
Subgroups and genera

The oldest known neodiapsids are Orovenator and Maiothisavros from the Early Permian of North America, around 290 million years old.[1][2]

Basal-non saurian neodiaspids were ancestrally lizard-like, but basal non-saurian neodiapsids also include specialised swimming forms (Hovasaurus)[3] the gliding lizard-like Weigeltisauridae,[4] as well as the Triassic chameleon-like drepanosaurs.[5] The position of the highly derived Mesozoic marine reptile groups Thalattosauria, Ichthyosauromorpha and Sauropterygia within Neodiapsida is uncertain, and they may lie within Sauria.[6]

Classification

The clade Neodiapsida was given a phylogenetic definition by Laurin in 1991. He defined it as the branch-based clade containing all animals more closely related to "Younginiformes" (later, more specifically, emended to Youngina capensis) than to Petrolacosaurus.[7] The cladogram presented here illustrates the "family tree" of reptiles, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by M.S. Lee, in 2013.[8] All genetic studies have supported the hypothesis that turtles are diapsid reptiles; some have placed turtles within archosauromorpha,[8][9] or, more commonly, as a sister group to extant archosaurs.[10][11][12][13] though a few have recovered turtles as lepidosauromorphs instead.[14] The cladogram of Lee (2013) below used a combination of genetic (molecular) and fossil (morphological) data to obtain its results.[8]

Diapsida

†Araeoscelidia

Neodiapsida

†Claudiosaurus

†Younginiformes

Sauria
Lepidosauromorpha

†Kuehneosauridae

Lepidosauria

Rhynchocephalia (tuatara and their extinct relatives)

Squamata (lizards and snakes)

Archosauromorpha

†Choristodera

†Prolacertiformes

†Trilophosaurus

†Rhynchosauria

Archosauriformes (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives)

This second cladogram is based on the 2017 study by Pritchard and Nesbiit.[15]

Neodiapsida

Orovenator

Drepanosauromorpha

Weigeltisauridae

Claudiosaurus

Younginidae (Youngina+unnamed species)

Tangasauridae (Hovasaurus, Thadeosaurus, Acerosodontosaurus)

Sauria

Lepidosauria

Archosauromorpha

Protorosaurus

Tanystropheidae

Rhynchosauria

Allokotosauria

Prolacerta

Archosauriformes

The following cladogram was found by Simões et al. (2022): [16]

Neoreptilia

†Procolophonomorpha

Neodiapsida

†Younginiformes

†Eunotosaurus

†Weigeltisauridae

Sauria
Lepidosauromorpha

Rhynchocephalia (tuatara and their extinct relatives)

Squamata (lizards and snakes)

Archelosauria

Pantestudines (turtles and extinct relatives)

Archosauromorpha
†Protorosauria

†Protorosauridae

†Tanystropheidae

†Kuehneosauridae

†Drepanosauromorpha

Archosauriformes (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives)

†Allokotosauria

†Rhynchosauria

†Ichthyosauromorpha

†Thalattosauria

†Sauropterygia

References
  1. Ford, David P.; Benson, Roger B. J. (May 2019). Mannion, Philip (ed.). "A redescription of Orovenator mayorum (Sauropsida, Diapsida) using high‐resolution μ CT , and the consequences for early amniote phylogeny". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (2): 197–239. doi:10.1002/spp2.1236. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 92485505.
  2. Mooney, Ethan D.; Maho, Tea; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Reisz, Robert R. (2022-11-30). Liu, Jun (ed.). "An intriguing new diapsid reptile with evidence of mandibulo-dental pathology from the early Permian of Oklahoma revealed by neutron tomography". PLOS ONE. 17 (11): e0276772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276772. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9710763. PMID 36449456.
  3. Nuñez Demarco, Pablo; Meneghel, Melitta; Laurin, Michel; Piñeiro, Graciela (2018-07-27). "Was Mesosaurus a Fully Aquatic Reptile?". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6: 109. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00109. ISSN 2296-701X.
  4. Pritchard, Adam C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Scott, Diane; Reisz, Robert R. (2021-05-20). "Osteology, relationships and functional morphology of Weigeltisaurus jaekeli (Diapsida, Weigeltisauridae) based on a complete skeleton from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer of Germany". PeerJ. 9: e11413. doi:10.7717/peerj.11413. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8141288. PMID 34055483.
  5. Pritchard, Adam C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (October 2017). "A bird-like skull in a Triassic diapsid reptile increases heterogeneity of the morphological and phylogenetic radiation of Diapsida". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (10): 170499. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470499P. doi:10.1098/rsos.170499. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5666248. PMID 29134065.
  6. Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33): eabq1898. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
  7. Reisz, Robert R.; Modesto, Sean P.; Scott, Diane M. (22 December 2011). "A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1725): 3731–3737. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0439. PMC 3203498. PMID 21525061.
  8. Lee, M. S. Y. (2013). "Turtle origins: Insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 26 (12): 2729–2738. doi:10.1111/jeb.12268. PMID 24256520. S2CID 2106400.
  9. Mannen, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S. -L. (Oct 1999). "Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 13 (1): 144–148. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0640. PMID 10508547.
  10. Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. (1998). "Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (24): 14226–14231. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9514226Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 24355. PMID 9826682.
  11. Iwabe, N.; Hara, Y.; Kumazawa, Y.; Shibamoto, K.; Saito, Y.; Miyata, T.; Katoh, K. (2004-12-29). "Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (4): 810–813. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi075. PMID 15625185.
  12. Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K.; Janke, Axel (Nov 2007). "Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (2): 663–673. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018. PMID 17719245.
  13. Katsu, Y.; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. (2010-03-17). "From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 127 (2–4): 79–93. doi:10.1159/000297715. PMID 20234127. S2CID 12116018.
  14. Tyler R. Lyson; Erik A. Sperling; Alysha M. Heimberg; Jacques A. Gauthier; Benjamin L. King; Kevin J. Peterson (2012-02-23). "MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade". Biology Letters. 8 (1): 104–107. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477. PMC 3259949. PMID 21775315.
  15. Pritchard, Adam C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2017-10-11). "A bird-like skull in a Triassic diapsid reptile increases heterogeneity of the morphological and phylogenetic radiation of Diapsida". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (10): 170499. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470499P. doi:10.1098/rsos.170499. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5666248. PMID 29134065.
  16. Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33): eabq1898. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
  • Callaway, J.M. (1997), Ichthyosauria: Introduction, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press, pp. 3–16.
  • Laurin, Michel and Gauthier, Jacques A. (2000) Autapomorphies of Diapsid Clades
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