Net income
In business and accounting, net income (also total comprehensive income, net earnings, net profit, bottom line, sales profit, or credit sales) is an entity's income minus cost of goods sold, expenses, depreciation and amortization, interest, and taxes for an accounting period.[1]
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It is computed as the residual of all revenues and gains less all expenses and losses for the period,[2] and has also been defined as the net increase in shareholders' equity that results from a company's operations.[3] It is different from gross income, which only deducts the cost of goods sold from revenue.
For households and individuals, net income refers to the (gross) income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g. mandatory pension contributions).
Definition
Net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income (also depending on UK and US usage), net earnings and net profit are commonly found as synonyms for net income. Often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is informally called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a company's income statement (a related term is top line, meaning revenue, which forms the first line of the account statement).
In simplistic terms, net profit is the money left over after paying all the expenses of an endeavor. In practice this can get very complex in large organizations. The bookkeeper or accountant must itemise and allocate revenues and expenses properly to the specific working scope and context in which the term is applied.
Net income is usually calculated per annum, for each fiscal year. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense (interest expense), and minority interest. Likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, and sales returns and allowances. For a product company, advertising, manufacturing, & design and development costs are included. Net income can also be calculated by adding a company's operating income to non-operating income and then subtracting off taxes.[4]
The net profit margin percentage is a related ratio. This figure is calculated by dividing net profit by revenue or turnover, and it represents profitability, as a percentage.
An equation for net income
Net profit: To calculate net profit for a venture (such as a company, division, or project), subtract all costs, including a fair share of total corporate overheads, from the gross revenues or turnover.[5]
A detailed example of a net income calculation:
Net profit is a measure of the fundamental profitability of the venture. "It is the revenues of the activity less the costs of the activity. The main complication is . . . when needs to be allocated" across ventures. "Almost by definition, overheads are costs that cannot be directly tied to any specific" project, product, or division. "The classic example would be the cost of headquarters staff." "Although it is theoretically possible to calculate profits for any sub-(venture), such as a product or region, often the calculations are rendered suspect by the need to allocate overhead costs." Because overhead costs generally do not come in neat packages, their allocation across ventures is not an exact science.[6]
Example
Net profit on a P & L (profit and loss) account:
- Sales revenue = price (of product) × quantity sold
- Gross profit = sales revenue − cost of sales and other direct costs
- Operating profit = gross profit − overheads and other indirect costs
- EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) = operating profit + interest income + other non-operating income
- EBT (Pretax profit, earnings before taxes) = EBIT − interest expenses − other non-operating expenses
- Net profit = EBT − tax
- Retained earnings = Net profit − dividends
Another equation to calculate net income:
Net sales (revenue) - Cost of goods sold = Gross profit - SG&A expenses (combined costs of operating the company) - Research and development (R&D) = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) - Depreciation and amortization = Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) - Interest expense (cost of borrowing money) = Earnings before taxes (EBT) - Tax expense = Net income (EAT)
Other terms
- Net sales = gross sales – (customer discounts, returns, and allowances)
- Gross profit = net sales – cost of goods sold
- Operating profit = gross profit – total operating expenses
- Net profit = operating profit – taxes – interest
- Net profit = net sales – cost of goods sold – operating expense – taxes – interest
See also
- Cost of goods sold – Carrying value of goods sold during a particular period
- Dividend – Payment made by a corporation to its shareholders, usually as a distribution of profits
- Economic value added – Value of a firm's profit after deduction of capital costs
- Gross income – Sum of all earnings before taxes
- Gross margin – Gross profit as a percentage (the difference between the sales and the production costs)
- Income statement – Type of financial statement
- Liquidating distribution – distribution made by a liquidating company to pay out its entire equity to its shareholders
- Net income per employee – accounting term; a company's net income divided by the number of employees
- Operating income – Measure of a firm's profit
- Operating Income Before Depreciation and Amortization (OIBDA) – Accounting measure of a company's profitability
- Opportunity cost – Benefit lost by a choice between options
- Profit (accounting) – Income distributed to enterprise owner
- Profit margin – Ratio between turnover and profit (ratio of net income to net sales)
- Revenue – Total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services
References
- "IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements" (PDF). IFRS Foundation. 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
- Stickney, et al. (2009) Financial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods, and Uses. Cengage Learning
- Needles, et al. (2010) Financial Accounting. Cengage Learning.
- "Net Income Formula". New Business Playbook. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19.
- "Gross Profit vs. Net Income: What's the Difference?". Investopedia.
- Farris, Paul W.; Neil T. Bendle; Phillip E. Pfeifer; David J. Reibstein (2010). Marketing Metrics: The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 0137058292. Content from this book used in this article has been licensed for modification and reuse under the Creative Commons Attribute Share Alike 3.0 and Gnu Free Documentation licenses. See talk. The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses the definitions, purposes, and constructs of classes of measures that appear in Marketing Metrics as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project.