2023 Dutch general election

Early general elections are scheduled to be held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2023 to elect the members of the House of Representatives. The election had been expected to be held in 2025, but a snap election was called after the fourth Rutte cabinet collapsed on 7 July 2023 due to disagreements on immigration policy.[1] Incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte has announced that he will not lead his party into the election and that he will be retiring from politics.[2]

2023 Dutch general election
Netherlands
22 November 2023
All 150 seats in the House of Representatives
76 seats needed for a majority
PartyLeader Current seats
VVD Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius 34
D66 Rob Jetten 24
GL/PvdA Frans Timmermans 17[lower-alpha 1]
PVV Geert Wilders 16
CDA Henri Bontenbal 14
SP Lilian Marijnissen 9
PvdD Esther Ouwehand 6
FvD Thierry Baudet 5
CU Mirjam Bikker 5
BBB Caroline van der Plas 4
SGP Chris Stoffer 3
DENK Stephan van Baarle 3
Volt Laurens Dassen 2
JA21 Joost Eerdmans 1
BIJ1 Edson Olf 1
Map of results by municipality & province
Incumbent Cabinet
Fourth Rutte cabinet
VVD–D66–CDA–CU

Background
See also: 2021–2022 Dutch cabinet formation

The 2021 general election resulted in the formation of the fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Democrats 66 (D66) and the Christian Union (CU). Mark Rutte continued in his role as prime minister.[3]

The government resigned on 7 July 2023 after the four parties failed to agree on a proposed limitation of family reunification for refugees fleeing armed conflict.[1][4]

Leadership changes

On 10 July 2023, Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced he would not run again as lead candidate for the VVD, and leave politics when a new cabinet would be sworn in. Other party leaders and parliamentary leaders also announced they would not return, including Sigrid Kaag (D66), Wopke Hoekstra, Pieter Heerma (both CDA),[5] Attje Kuiken (PvdA),[6] Kees van der Staaij (SGP),[7] Farid Azarkan (DENK),[8] Liane den Haan (independent),[9] Nilüfer Gündoğan (independent),[10] and Sylvana Simons (BIJ1).[11] Jesse Klaver announced that, although he wanted to continue as member of parliament, he would not be candidate for leader of the Labour Party–GroenLinks alliance. Additionally, Vera Bergkamp, the current Speaker of the House of Representatives, will not stand for reelection.[12]

Electoral system
Main article: Elections in the Netherlands

Pursuant to articles C.1, C.2 and C.3 of the electoral law, elections for the House of Representatives take place every four years in March, unless a snap election is called. The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by open list proportional representation. The number of seats per list is determined using the D'Hondt method. A list must receive a number of votes equal to or exceeding the Hare quota (1 full seat) in order to qualify for seat distribution, meaning there is an electoral threshold of 0.67%.[13] Voters have the option to cast a preferential vote. The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively 1/4 of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list. If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received. Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.[14][15]

Political parties and lead candidates

The following parties have announced their intent to participate in the election:

List Party Main ideology Lead candidate 2021 result Districts Ref.
1 People's Party for Freedom and Democracy VVD Conservative liberalism Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius 21.87% (34 seats) 20 [16]
2 Democrats 66 D66 Social liberalism Rob Jetten 15.02% (24 seats) 20 [17]
3
GroenLinks-PvdA
 GL/PvdA Social democracy, green politics Frans Timmermans 10.88% (17 seats)[lower-alpha 1] 20 [18][19]
4 Party for Freedom PVV Right-wing populism Geert Wilders 10.79% (17 seats) 20 [20]
5 Christian Democratic Appeal CDA Christian democracy Henri Bontenbal 9.50% (15 seats) 20 [21][22]
6 Socialist Party SP Democratic socialism Lilian Marijnissen 5.98% (9 seats) 20 [23]
7 Forum for Democracy FVD National conservatism Thierry Baudet 5.02% (8 seats) 20 [24]
8 Party for the Animals PvdD Animal rights advocacy Esther Ouwehand 3.84% (6 seats) 20 [25]
9 Christian Union CU Christian democracy Mirjam Bikker 3.37% (5 seats) 20 [26]
10 Volt Netherlands Volt Eurofederalism Laurens Dassen 2.42% (3 seats) 20 [27][28]
11 JA21 JA21 Right-wing populism Joost Eerdmans 2.37% (3 seats) 20 [29]
12 Reformed Political Party SGP Christian right Chris Stoffer 2.07% (3 seats) 20 [30]
13 DENK DENK Minority interests Stephan van Baarle 2.03% (3 seats) 20 [31]
14 50PLUS 50+ Pensioners' interests Gerard van Hooft 1.02% (1 seat) 20 [32]
15 Farmer–Citizen Movement BBB Agrarianism Caroline van der Plas 1.00% (1 seat) 20 [33]
16 BIJ1 BIJ1 Anti-racism Edson Olf 0.84% (1 seat) 20 [34][35]
17
PPNL/DG Pirate politics, green politics Mark van Treuren 0.22% (0 seats)[lower-alpha 2] 20 [36][37]
18 Interest of the Netherlands BVNL Right-wing populism Wybren van Haga — 20 [38]
19 New Social Contract NSC Christian democracy Pieter Omtzigt — 20 [39]
20 Splinter SPL Social liberalism Femke Merel van Kooten-Arissen 0.29% (0 seats) 20 [40]
21 Libertarian Party LP Libertarianism Tom van Lamoen 0.05% (0 seats) 19 [41]
22 LEF – For the New Generation LEF Youth politics Daniël van Duijn — 19 [42]
23 Together for the Netherlands SvN Right-wing populism Michel Reijinga — 19 [43][44]
24 Netherlands with a Plan NLPLAN Participatory democracy Kok Kuen Chan — 17 [45]
25 Party for Sports PvdS Health promotion Annemarie van Duivenboden — 11 [46]
26 Political Party for Basic Income PPvB Universal basic income advocacy Sepp Hannen — 8 [47]

Campaign

Debates
Dutch general election debates, 2023
Date Organisers Channel Venue  P  Present   I  Invited   NI  Not invited   A  Absent   Ref.
Olf
Van Hooft
22 October College Tour NPO 3 Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI NI P NI P NI NI NI P [48]
3 November NOS NPO Radio 1 Nieuwspoort, The Hague I I I I I I I I A I I I I I I I I I [49]
5 November RTL Nieuws RTL 4 Felix Meritis, Amsterdam 3 or 4 participants based on polling average by 26 October [50]
12 November 6 or 7 participants based on polling average by 1 November
16 November Talpa TV SBS6 Unknown 4 participants based on polling average by 1 November [51]
17 November EenVandaag NPO 1 Media Park, Hilversum NI I I NI NI NI I NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI [52]
18 November NI NI NI I I NI NI NI NI NI NI NI I NI NI NI NI NI [52]
18 November Omroep Brabant,
Omroep Zeeland, L1		 Evoluon, Eindhoven NI NI I NI NI I I NI A I NI A NI I NI NI I I [53]
19 November Jeugdjournaal NPO 3 Media Park, Hilversum 6 participants [49]
20 November EenVandaag NPO 1 Ahoy, Rotterdam NI NI NI NI NI I NI NI I NI NI I NI I NI NI I I [52]
21 November NOS Unknown Unknown [49]
Unknown 9 participants based on polling average by 1 November [49]

Opinion polls
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Dutch general election

See also

Notes
  1. As the Labour Party (9 seats) and GroenLinks (8 seats)
  2. As the Pirate Party (0 seats) and The Greens (0 seats)

References
  1. "Kabinet gevallen over asieldeal: Rutte weet nog niet of hij doorgaat als VVD-leider". ad.nl (in Dutch). 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
  2. "Rutte kondigt vertrek uit politiek aan: 'Niet meer beschikbaar als lijsttrekker VVD'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  3. "Huwelijk van kabinet-Rutte IV was gedoemd te mislukken". NOS (in Dutch). 7 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  4. "Hoe Rutte vriend en vijand verraste: reconstructie van de val van Rutte IV". NOS (in Dutch). 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  5. "Ook CDA-fractievoorzitter Heerma wil niet op kieslijst". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  6. "Attje Kuiken (PvdA) keert niet terug in de Tweede Kamer: 'Ik heb het fantastisch gehad'". AD.nl (in Dutch). 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  7. Dool, Pim van den (2023-08-25). "Met het vertrek van Kees van der Staaij verliest het parlement een schat aan ervaring en gezag". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  8. "DENK-voorman Farid Azarkan stopt: 'Tijd om andere dingen te gaan doen'". AD.nl (in Dutch). 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  9. "Ook ex-50Plus-Kamerlid Den Haan stopt: 'De huidige politiek is lelijk'". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 13 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  10. "Tweede Kamerlid Gündogan (ex-Volt) keert na verkiezingen niet terug". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 2023-08-23. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  11. "Ook Sylvana Simons (Bij1) verlaat Haagse politiek". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 2023-07-24. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  12. "Kamervoorzitter Vera Bergkamp verlaat politiek na verkiezingen". RTL.nl (in Dutch). 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  13. "Zetelverdeling over partijen". Kiesraad (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  14. Nederland, Parlementsverkiezingen, 15 maart 2017: Eindrapport (Report). OSCE/ODIHR. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  15. "Zetelverdeling over kandidaten". Kiesraad (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  16. "Dilan Yesilgöz officieel lijsttrekker van de VVD: 'Enorme eer'". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 14 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  17. "Rob Jetten gekozen als nieuwe lijsttrekker D66". NOS (in Dutch). 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  18. "Hoe de PvdA en GroenLinks samen de verkiezingen in gaan". PvdA (in Dutch). 20 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  19. "Timmermans officieel lijsttrekker PvdA/Groenlinks". NOS (in Dutch). 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  20. "Veel fractieleiders oppositie waarschijnlijk weer lijsttrekker". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). 12 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  21. "Lijsttrekker". CDA (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  22. "Henri Bontenbal moet CDA redden van de afgrond". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  23. "SP wijst opnieuw Lilian Marijnissen aan als lijsttrekker, 94 procent leden voor". NOS (in Dutch). 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  24. "Thierry Baudet opnieuw lijsttrekker FvD bij Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 14 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  25. "Bestuur Partij voor de Dieren stapt op, Ouwehand terug als lijsttrekker". NOS (in Dutch). 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  26. "Mirjam Bikker wil lijsttrekker ChristenUnie worden". NOS (in Dutch). 17 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  27. "Volt-bestuur wil opnieuw Laurens Dassen als lijsttrekker". NOS (in Dutch). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  28. "Dassen door als lijsttrekker Volt; meeste partijleiders nu bekend, maar wachten is op Omtzigt". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 31 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  29. "Joost Eerdmans door bestuur voorgedragen als lijsttrekker JA21". Parlement.com (in Dutch). 9 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  30. "Nestor Van der Staaij (SGP) verlaat politiek, Kamerlid Stoffer neemt stokje over". NOS (in Dutch). 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  31. "Kersverse Denk-fractievoorzitter Van Baarle aangewezen als lijsttrekker". NOS (in Dutch). 10 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  32. "'Tegenkandidaat' Van Hooft alsnog gekozen tot lijsttrekker 50Plus". NOS (in Dutch). 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  33. "Caroline van der Plas weer lijsttrekker BBB". NOS (in Dutch). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  34. "Bij1 doet definitief mee aan de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". Het Parool (in Dutch). 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  35. "Rotterdammer Edson Olf volgt Simons op als lijsttrekker Bij1". NOS (in Dutch). 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  36. Hofmans, Tijs (25 July 2023). "Piratenpartij doet bij verkiezingen mee als gezamenlijke lijst met De Groenen". Tweakers (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  37. "Persbericht: Piratenpartij kiest nieuwe lijsttrekker". Piratenpartij (in Dutch). 13 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  38. "BVNL doet mee aan de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". BVNL (in Dutch). 16 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  39. "Omtzigt doet mee aan verkiezingen met eigen partij: Nieuw Sociaal Contract". NOS (in Dutch). 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  40. "Verkiezingen 2023". Splinter (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  41. "LP presenteert kandidatenlijst Tweede Kamer". Libertaire Partij (in Dutch). 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  42. "H4_Ondersteuningsverklaring_TK2023_Nederland_LEFVoordeNieuweGeneratie.pdf" (PDF). LEF (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  43. "Nieuwsbrief - We zijn verkiesbaar!". Samen voor Nederland (in Dutch). 21 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  44. "Over ons". Samen voor Nederland (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  45. "Help ons met Ondersteunings-verklaringen". NL met een PLAN (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  46. "Ondersteuningsverklaring". PARTIJvdSPORT (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  47. "Brief van voorzitter – Juli 2023". Politieke Partij voor Basisinkomen (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  48. "Politici nemen het tegen elkaar op in het eerste College Tour verkiezingsdebat". KRO-NCRV (in Dutch). 15 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  49. "Alles over de verkiezingsuitzendingen van de NOS". NOS (in Dutch). 12 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  50. "RTL komt met twee tv-debatten rond Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". RTL Nederland (in Dutch). 5 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  51. "Wilfred Genee leidt eerste verkiezingsdebat van SBS ooit: 'Niet traditioneel'". nu.nl (in Dutch). 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  52. "EenVandaag-Verkiezingsdebat 'De toekomst van Nederland' in Ahoy". AVROTROS (in Dutch). 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  53. "Hulp voor zwevende kiezers: het Debat van het Zuiden komt eraan". Omroep Brabant (in Dutch). 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.